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---
name: Error report
about: Create a report to help us improve
title: "[BUG]"
labels: bug
assignees: pulkitkrishna00
---
**Describe the bug**
A clear and concise description of what the problem is.
**To Reproduce**
Steps to reproduce the behavior:
1. Go to '...'
2. Click on '....'
3. Scroll down to '....'
4. See the problem
**Expected behavior**
A clear and concise description of what you expected to be written.
**Screenshots**
If applicable, add screenshots to help explain your problem.
**Desktop (please complete the following information):**
- OS: [e.g. iOS]
- Browser [e.g. chrome, safari]
- Version [e.g. 22]
**Smartphone (please complete the following information):**
- Device: [e.g. iPhone6]
- OS: [e.g. iOS8.1]
- Browser [e.g. stock browser, safari]
- Version [e.g. 22]
**Additional context**
Add any other context about the problem here.

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---
name: Tutorial request
about: Suggest an idea for this project
title: "[REQUEST]"
labels: enhancement
assignees: pulkitkrishna00
---
**Is your request related to a problem? Please describe.**
A clear and concise description of what the problem is. Ex. I'm always frustrated when [...]
**Describe the solution you'd like**
A clear and concise description of what you want to happen.
**Describe alternatives you've considered**
A clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or methods you've considered.
**Additional context**
Add any other context or screenshots about the feature request here.

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I have corrected an error found on this page:
< url-of-the-page >
Here is the description of the issue:
< description >
The GitHub Issue associated with this problem is #[Issue Number].

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# Dependencies
/node_modules
# Production
/build
# Generated files
.docusaurus
.cache-loader
# Misc
.DS_Store
.env.local
.env.development.local
.env.test.local
.env.production.local
npm-debug.log*
yarn-debug.log*
yarn-error.log*

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# Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct
## Our Pledge
We as members, contributors, and leaders pledge to make participation in our
community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body
size, visible or invisible disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender
identity and expression, level of experience, education, socio-economic status,
nationality, personal appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity
and orientation.
We pledge to act and interact in ways that contribute to an open, welcoming,
diverse, inclusive, and healthy community.
## Our Standards
Examples of behavior that contributes to a positive environment for our
community include:
* Demonstrating empathy and kindness toward other people
* Being respectful of differing opinions, viewpoints, and experiences
* Giving and gracefully accepting constructive feedback
* Accepting responsibility and apologizing to those affected by our mistakes,
and learning from the experience
* Focusing on what is best not just for us as individuals, but for the
overall community
Examples of unacceptable behavior include:
* The use of sexualized language or imagery, and sexual attention or
advances of any kind
* Trolling, insulting or derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
* Public or private harassment
* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or email
address, without their explicit permission
* Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
professional setting
## Enforcement Responsibilities
Community leaders are responsible for clarifying and enforcing our standards of
acceptable behavior and will take appropriate and fair corrective action in
response to any behavior that they deem inappropriate, threatening, offensive,
or harmful.
Community leaders have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject
comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are
not aligned to this Code of Conduct, and will communicate reasons for moderation
decisions when appropriate.
## Scope
This Code of Conduct applies within all community spaces, and also applies when
an individual is officially representing the community in public spaces.
Examples of representing our community include using an official e-mail address,
posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed
representative at an online or offline event.
## Enforcement
Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be
reported to the community leaders responsible for enforcement at
<a href="mailto:contact@virtualhub.eu.org">contact@virutalhub.eu.org</a>.
All complaints will be reviewed and investigated promptly and fairly.
All community leaders are obligated to respect the privacy and security of the
reporter of any incident.
## Enforcement Guidelines
Community leaders will follow these Community Impact Guidelines in determining
the consequences for any action they deem in violation of this Code of Conduct:
### 1. Correction
**Community Impact**: Use of inappropriate language or other behavior deemed
unprofessional or unwelcome in the community.
**Consequence**: A private, written warning from community leaders, providing
clarity around the nature of the violation and an explanation of why the
behavior was inappropriate. A public apology may be requested.
### 2. Warning
**Community Impact**: A violation through a single incident or series
of actions.
**Consequence**: A warning with consequences for continued behavior. No
interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction with
those enforcing the Code of Conduct, for a specified period of time. This
includes avoiding interactions in community spaces as well as external channels
like social media. Violating these terms may lead to a temporary or
permanent ban.
### 3. Temporary Ban
**Community Impact**: A serious violation of community standards, including
sustained inappropriate behavior.
**Consequence**: A temporary ban from any sort of interaction or public
communication with the community for a specified period of time. No public or
private interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction
with those enforcing the Code of Conduct, is allowed during this period.
Violating these terms may lead to a permanent ban.
### 4. Permanent Ban
**Community Impact**: Demonstrating a pattern of violation of community
standards, including sustained inappropriate behavior, harassment of an
individual, or aggression toward or disparagement of classes of individuals.
**Consequence**: A permanent ban from any sort of public interaction within
the community.
## Attribution
This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage],
version 2.0, available at
https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/2/0/code_of_conduct.html.
Community Impact Guidelines were inspired by [Mozilla's code of conduct
enforcement ladder](https://github.com/mozilla/diversity).
[homepage]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org
For answers to common questions about this code of conduct, see the FAQ at
https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq. Translations are available at
https://www.contributor-covenant.org/translations.

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# How to contribute to VirtualHub?
First of all, thank you for showing your interest in contributing
to the VirtualHub website. If you contribute to this
project, you contribute to the large effort of conserving old
software.
VirtualHub is a continuous project. Its goal is to provide
instructions for installing old Operating Systems and other old
software on Virtual Machines and emulators.
We will probably create most of the tutorials here ourselves in
the order of their release, but you may want to see a tutorial
sooner or we may have forgotten some software. You may also want a
tutorial on installing the OS or other software on a specific
Hypervisor or emulator which we have not covered. In that case,
you may use
[GitHub Issues](https://github.com/InstallerLegacy/virtualhub.eu.org/issues)
to ask for a specific tutorial.
You may want to report errors in the existing tutorials.
You can use [GitHub Issues](https://github.com/InstallerLegacy/virtualhub.eu.org/issues)
for that also. If you know enough about Docusaurus to make an edit
yourself then you are welcome to fork, make the edit and open
a pull request.
If you have enough knowledge of Docusaurus and installing old
Operating Systems in Virtual Machines or Emulators, you can
contribute a tutorial by creating a pull request. You will be
given appropriate credits. If you have any questions, you can
contact us at
[contact@virtualhub.eu.org](mailto:contact@virtualhub.eu.org).
Thank You once again for showing interest in this project.

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<div align="center">
<img src="https://virtualhub.eu.org/logo-virtualhub.webp" alt="VirtualHub logo" width="120" style="border-radius: 50%;">
<h1>VirtualHub</h1>
[![Netlify Status](https://api.netlify.com/api/v1/badges/f3628b8f-6401-45f2-8363-1c1db1543cfe/deploy-status)](https://app.netlify.com/sites/virtua1hub/deploys)
[![CodeQL](https://github.com/InstallerLegacy/virtualhub.eu.org/actions/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/InstallerLegacy/virtualhub.eu.org/actions/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml)
[![Hyas CI](https://github.com/InstallerLegacy/virtualhub.eu.org/actions/workflows/node.js-ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/InstallerLegacy/virtualhub.eu.org/actions/workflows/node.js-ci.yml)
[![Discord](https://discordapp.com/api/guilds/1176107431013646357/widget.png?style=shield)](https://chat.virtualhub.eu.org)
<p align="center">Welcome to VirtualHub, the playground of legacy Operating Systems. Here, we are going to install the same operating system in many different Virtual Environments and Emulators.</p>
---
</div>
> Visit [VirtualHub Blog](https://virtualhub.eu.org/blog/) to know more about the fascinating history and stories about VirtualHub.
[VirtualHub](https://virtualhub.eu.org) is a repository of tutorials and resources on how to install old operating systems and apps in virtual machines and emulators. We believe that *everyone* should learn about the heritage of computing. What is the best way to learn how the classical operating systems used to look and behave? What is the best way to learn what the users of those systems felt? To run those systems and apps yourself, of course.
We help you do that by providing you clear guidance on how to start running those systems and apps on the emulator or VM software of your choice. We believe that each emulator and VM software has their own advantage. So, we cover installing the same operating system on many of them.
We provide many resources to help you learn how to use the OSs and apps too. We provide links to many sites and third-party tutorials related to the OS or app. One of the characteristic features of the old software were their manuals. We provide links to PDF copies of the documentation manuals of those OS and apps, if available, so that you can have the same learning experience as the people in that age.
We also provide tutorials on how to install the emulators themselves, but since they are modern software and ever-changing, those tutorials need to be updated very frequently. Hence, we host those on a separate site: [https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org).
Though we believe that everyone should *run* these operating systems and apps themselves to feel their real power, we know that not everyone has time or resources to do so. That's why we have a separate site with screenshots of these operating systems and apps: [https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org).
While the computing history is diverse, the majority of desktop apps made after 1980 run on DOS or Windows. Though we can run those on the emulated operating systems, we can also run them in a better way using software such as [DOSBox-X](https://dosbox-x.com/) or [WINE](https://www.winehq.org/). Most old apps made for Windows can also directly run on modern Windows. We will soon launch a separate website with tutorials on how to run such apps via these methods.
VirtualHub is a volunteer project. We do *not* display any advertisement or track you in any way. We do not have any income from the VirtualHub project. While we use only free tools to make and host these websites, so we don't have any expenses, our work is still unpaid. You can help us by [contributing to VirtualHub](https://github.com/InstallerLegacy/virtualhub.eu.org/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md).

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# Reporting Security Issues
The VirtualHub team and community take security issues in VirtualHub websites and tools very seriously. We appreciate your efforts to responsibly disclose your findings, and will make every effort to acknowledge your contributions.
To report a security issue, email [contact@virtualhub.eu.org](mailto:contact@virtualhub.eu.org) and include the word "SECURITY" in the subject line.
We'll endeavor to respond quickly, and will keep you updated throughout the process.

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---
title: A preview is available!
description: A preview of the new VirtualHub website powered by Jekyll is now available.
slug: a-preview-is-available
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [legacy]
keyword: [jekyll, virtualhub]
image: ./img/preview.webp
---
:::note
This version of VirtualHub is powered by [Docusaurus](https://docusaurus.io/). This blog post is old and may contain wrong info. The preview mentioned below is no longer available.
:::
A preview of the new VirtualHub website powered by Jekyll is now available.<!-- truncate --> You can see it in action on [https://neo.virtualhub.eu.org/](https://web.archive.org/web/20240105090049/https://neo.virtualhub.eu.org/)!
![Neo VirtualHub preview](./img/preview.webp)

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---
title: Jekyll it is!
description: So, after testing Wordpress, CloudCannon and Publli, I have started using Jekyll. As I have told you in the previous post, this blog is created using it.
slug: jekyll-it-is
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [legacy]
keyword: [jekyll, virtualhub]
image: ./img/jekyll-it-is-1.webp
---
:::note
This version of VirtualHub is powered by [Docusaurus](https://docusaurus.io/). This blog post is old and may contain wrong info.
:::
So, after testing [WordPress](https://wordpress.org/), [CloudCannon](https://cloudcannon.com/) and [Publli](https://getpublii.com/), I have started using [Jekyll](https://jekyllrb.com/). As I have told you in the previous post, this blog is created using it.
<!-- truncate -->
## A bit about this Blog
This blog is a testing ground for me to check how well Jekyll performs according to my needs. Till now, it has performed exceptionally well. So, how did I create this blog?
The first thing I would like to tell you is that I am using [Ubuntu](https://ubuntu.com/) (Default GNOME edition) now. So, I tried to search for how to install Jekyll on Ubuntu. Jekyll is built using [Ruby](https://www.ruby-lang.org/), so I needed to install Ruby first. Ruby came in the form of a [snap](https://snapcraft.io/ruby), so I installed it. Why did I install the snap and not the [regular DEB version](https://packages.ubuntu.com/jammy/ruby-full)? I was not sure if Jekyll would be interesting enough for me. [Snaps](https://snapcraft.io/) are much easier to remove and purge from the system than DEB packages. So, I installed Ruby using snap.
But, the snap package did not work for me. It spilled an error when I tried to install Jekyll. I did not try to troubleshoot it. I did not want to invest too much time into Jekyll. So I then installed the DEB package. The installation went smoothly. I followed the [instructions](https://jekyllrb.com/docs/) from the official Jekyll website and all went well. I installed Jekyll successfully.
Then came the next phase - searching for an appropriate theme. I searched on various websites and tested several themes, but none of the themes pleased me. If I found a theme that I liked, I found that it was abandoned and did not work now. At last, I came to this theme: [https://lanyon.getpoole.com/](https://lanyon.getpoole.com/)
This theme was not at all perfect for VirtualHub, but it gave me a new idea - the idea of this blog. So, I created this blog and after some time decided that Jekyll was useful enough to try to port VirtualHub into.
## Neo.VirtualHub
Once again, I started to search for a theme suitable for the VirtualHub website. I tested a lot more themes. I then decided on [https://chirpy.cotes.page/](https://chirpy.cotes.page/). This theme has most of the features I needed including search, Dark Mode/Light Mode preference for viewers, Categories, and Tags Support. It just lacked one thing: the layout I wanted:
![VirtualHub Publii layout](./img/jekyll-it-is-1.webp)
But, I decided to live with that. I decided to use [giscus](https://giscus.app/) for the commenting system. I played with [staticman](https://staticman.net/) but decided not to use it.
That's all for today!
In the next post, I will tell you why I did not choose _insert_your_favorite_theme_here_.
Stay tuned!

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---
title: Introducing VirtualHub Blog!
description: Welcome to the VirtualHub Blog. This blog has been created to record my continued struggle for finding a perfect CMS/SSG for the VirtualHub website.
slug: introducing-virtualhub-blog
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [welcome, legacy]
keyword: [welcome, virtualhub]
---
Welcome to the VirtualHub Blog. This blog has been created to record my continued struggle for finding a perfect CMS/SSG for the VirtualHub website.<!-- truncate --> Until now, I have used WordPress, CloudCanon, and Publii. None of them proved to be the tool I have dreamed of.
:::note
This version of VirtualHub is powered by [Docusaurus](https://docusaurus.io/). This blog post is old and may contain wrong info.
:::
Now I am trying Jekyll. This blog is generated using it. Stay tuned, and you can access an early insight into the VirtualHub website powered by Jekyll.
I will continue posting different stories about what I am planning to do with the VirtualHub and Legacy Installer sites and other projects that I think of.
Stay tuned!

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---
title: "A bit about your favorite theme..."
description: A preview of the new VirtualHub website powered by Jekyll is now available.
slug: a-bit-about-your-favorite-theme...
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [legacy]
keyword: [jekyll, virtualhub]
---
:::note
This version of VirtualHub is powered by [Docusaurus](https://docusaurus.io/). This blog post is old and may contain wrong info.
:::
As promised in the previous post, today I am going to tell you why I did not choose your favorite theme for [VirtualHub](https://virtualhub.eu.org).
<!-- truncate -->
So basically I wanted a few features to be present in the template:
- Free
- Actively Maintained
- Dark/Light Theme Mode
- Search
- Good Syntax Highlighting
- Lightweight Commenting System
- SEO & Performance Optimization
- Good Documentation
- Atom Feeds (Optional)
- Auto-generated Related Posts (Optional)
- Table of Contents (Optional)
- Hierarchical Categories (Optional)
- PWA (Optional)
- Cards Layout (Optional)
So, Here are my findings on testing several sites:
## [GitHub.com #jekyll-theme repos](https://github.com/topics/jekyll-theme)
### Minimal Mistakes
- GitHub: [https://github.com/mmistakes/minimal-mistakes](https://github.com/mmistakes/minimal-mistakes)
- Demo: [https://mmistakes.github.io/minimal-mistakes/](https://mmistakes.github.io/minimal-mistakes/)
This is the first theme that comes on GitHub after searching `jekyll-theme` but it is not so good according to me. Simply put, it is not good-looking. The features not present on this site are:
- Dark/Light Theme Mode
- Lightweight Commenting System
- Hierarchical Categories (Optional)
- PWA (Optional)
- Cards Layout (Optional)
### Hux Blog
- GitHub: [https://github.com/Huxpro/huxpro.github.io](https://github.com/Huxpro/huxpro.github.io)
- Demo: [http://huangxuan.me/](http://huangxuan.me/)
The Demo is in Chinese and does not use SSL. I know most of the themes are made by Chinese developers, but most of them have a demo in English. I simply dismissed this theme due to this fact. The features not present on this site are:
- Dark/Light Theme Mode
- Search
- Good Syntax Highlighting (?)
- Good Documentation
- Lightweight Commenting System (?)
- Auto-generated Related Posts (Optional)
- Hierarchical Categories (Optional)
- Cards Layout (Optional)
### Just the Docs
- GitHub: [https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs](https://github.com/just-the-docs/just-the-docs)
- Demo: [https://just-the-docs.github.io/just-the-docs/](https://just-the-docs.github.io/just-the-docs/)
A good theme for what it is, but I needed a blogging theme and not a documentation theme, so I did not choose it. I will probably use it, but for some other project. The features not present in this theme:
- Dark/Light Theme Mode
- Lightweight Commenting System<sup>\*</sup>
- Atom Feeds (Optional)<sup>\*</sup>
- Auto-generated Related Posts (Optional)<sup>\*</sup>
- PWA (Optional)
- Cards Layout (Optional)<sup>\*</sup>
<sup>\*</sup>Not needed, since it is not a blog theme.
### Beautiful Jekyll
- GitHub: [https://github.com/daattali/beautiful-jekyll](https://github.com/daattali/beautiful-jekyll)
- Demo: [https://beautifuljekyll.com/](https://beautifuljekyll.com/)
Not a completely free theme. Also, too simple for my taste. It lacks the following features:
- Free (Not completely)
- Dark/Light Theme Mode (Not in the free version)
- Lightweight Commenting System
- Auto-generated Related Posts (Optional)
- Table of Contents (Optional)
- Hierarchical Categories (Optional)
- PWA (Optional)
- Cards Layout (Optional)
### al-folio
- GitHub: [https://github.com/alshedivat/al-folio](https://github.com/alshedivat/al-folio)
- Demo: [https://alshedivat.github.io/al-folio/](https://alshedivat.github.io/al-folio/)
Overall a good theme. But I did not like the default look much. I think it is better suited for one of my other projects. It lacks the following features:
- Lightweight Commenting System
- Auto-generated Related Posts (Optional)
- Table of Contents (Optional)
- PWA (Optional)
- Cards Layout (Optional)
### Hyde
- GitHub: [https://github.com/poole/hyde](https://github.com/poole/hyde)
- Demo: [https://hyde.getpoole.com/](https://hyde.getpoole.com/)
Not suited for my purpose. Missing features are:
- Actively Maintained
- Dark/Light Theme Mode
- Search
- Good Syntax Highlighting
- Lightweight Commenting System
- SEO & Performance Optimization (?)
- Atom Feeds (Optional)
- Table of Contents (Optional)
- Hierarchical Categories (Optional)
- PWA (Optional)
- Cards Layout (Optional)
### Lanyon
- GitHub: [https://github.com/poole/lanyon](https://github.com/poole/lanyon)
- Demo: [https://lanyon.getpoole.com/](https://lanyon.getpoole.com/)
A good theme for what it is. It is the theme powering this blog, but it was not suited for VirtualHub since it lacked the following features:
- Actively Maintained
- Dark/Light Theme Mode
- Search
- Good Syntax Highlighting
- Lightweight Commenting System
- Atom Feeds (Optional)
- Table of Contents (Optional)
- Hierarchical Categories (Optional)
- PWA (Optional)
- Cards Layout (Optional)
### Poole
- GitHub: [https://github.com/poole/poole](https://github.com/poole/poole)
- Demo: [https://demo.getpoole.com/](https://demo.getpoole.com/)
Too simple for anything. Lanyon and Hyde are based on it, so I think it is a good base theme to create other themes. It lacks the following features:
- Actively Maintained
- Dark/Light Theme Mode
- Search
- Good Syntax Highlighting
- Lightweight Commenting System
- SEO & Performance Optimization (?)
- Atom Feeds (Optional)
- Table of Contents (Optional)
- Hierarchical Categories (Optional)
- PWA (Optional)
- Cards Layout (Optional)
### TeXt Theme
- GitHub: [https://github.com/kitian616/jekyll-TeXt-theme](https://github.com/kitian616/jekyll-TeXt-theme)
- Demo: [https://tianqi.name/jekyll-TeXt-theme/test/](https://tianqi.name/jekyll-TeXt-theme/test/)
A good theme and a good candidate for the VirtualHub website, but it lacks the following features:
- Dark/Light Theme Mode<sup>\*</sup>
- Lightweight Commenting System
- SEO & Performance Optimization
- Auto-generated Related Posts (Optional)
- PWA (Optional)
## [jamstackthemes.dev](https://jamstackthemes.dev/)
### devlopr-jekyll
- GitHub: [https://github.com/sujaykundu777/devlopr-jekyll](https://github.com/sujaykundu777/devlopr-jekyll)
- Demo: [https://devlopr.netlify.app/](https://devlopr.netlify.app/)
A good theme but lacks the following features:
- Dark/Light Theme Mode (Only Dark Mode)
- Auto-generated Related Posts (Optional)
- Table of Contents (Optional)
- Hierarchical Categories (Optional)
- PWA (Optional)
- Cards Layout (Optional)
## [jekyllthemes.org](http://jekyllthemes.org/)
### Kross Jekyll
- GitHub: [https://github.com/themefisher/kross-jekyll](https://github.com/themefisher/kross-jekyll)
- Demo: [https://demo.themefisher.com/kross/](https://demo.themefisher.com/kross/)
The first theme I considered using on VirtualHub. A bit like the WordPress theme I use on [Legacy Installer Website](https://legacyinstaller.pcriot.com). It lacks the following features:
- Dark/Light Theme Mode
- Search
- Good Syntax Highlighting (?)
- Atom Feeds (Optional)
- Table of Contents (Optional)
- Hierarchical Categories (Optional)
- PWA (Optional)
## [jekyllthemes.io](https://jekyllthemes.io/)
### Mediumish
- GitHub: [https://github.com/wowthemesnet/mediumish-theme-jekyll](https://github.com/wowthemesnet/mediumish-theme-jekyll)
- Demo: [https://wowthemesnet.github.io/mediumish-theme-jekyll/](https://wowthemesnet.github.io/mediumish-theme-jekyll/)
One of the best themes I have ever seen. Inspired by [Medium](https://medium.com/). I would have used it for VirtualHub had it been actively maintained. Sadly, it does not work with the latest version of Jekyll and throws many warnings even on v2.7. It also lacks the following features:
- Actively Maintained
- Dark/Light Theme Mode
- Hierarchical Categories (Optional)
- PWA (Optional)
### Mundana
- GitHub: [https://github.com/wowthemesnet/mundana-theme-jekyll](https://github.com/wowthemesnet/mundana-theme-jekyll)
- Demo: [https://wowthemesnet.github.io/mundana-theme-jekyll/index.html](https://wowthemesnet.github.io/mundana-theme-jekyll/index.html)
Another [Medium](https://medium.com/) inspired theme. It lacks the following features:
- Actively Maintained
- Dark/Light Theme Mode
- Good Syntax Highlighting
- Atom Feeds (Optional)
- Auto-generated Related Posts (Optional)
- Table of Contents (Optional)
- Hierarchical Categories (Optional)
- PWA (Optional)
### Affiliates
- GitHub: [https://github.com/wowthemesnet/affiliates-jekyll-theme](https://github.com/wowthemesnet/affiliates-jekyll-theme)
- Demo: [https://wowthemesnet.github.io/affiliates-jekyll-theme/](https://wowthemesnet.github.io/affiliates-jekyll-theme/)
I am going to use this theme for a project I have been thinking about for a long time. I will announce two new projects in the next post, and one of them will use this theme. The theme lacks the following features required for VirtualHub:
- Actively Maintained
- Dark/Light Theme Mode
- Search
- Good Syntax Highlighting
- Lightweight Commenting System
- Auto-generated Related Posts (Optional)
- Table of Contents (Optional)
- Hierarchical Categories (Optional)
- PWA (Optional)
## Conclusion
That's it. These are the themes I considered using for VirtualHub, but the winner is none of them. It is:
### Chirpy Starter
- GitHub: [https://github.com/cotes2020/chirpy-starter/](https://github.com/cotes2020/chirpy-starter/)
- Demo: [https://chirpy.cotes.page/](https://chirpy.cotes.page/)
It is not the perfect theme, but it is good enough for my needs. The only feature it does not include is:
- Cards Layout (Optional)
So, that's that. Remember, these are only the themes I considered using for VirtualHub. There are countless other themes on the internet. If you find a good one matching at least most of the features I need, then please comment below.
A word to the author of the themes about which I wrote: I have no hard feelings against you. You are doing good work and should keep up. If you implement the features I want in your theme, I think everyone would benefit. If not, then no problem.
Remember, I am going to announce two new projects in the next post, So,
Stay tuned!
![Indian Flag](./img/flag-india.webp)

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---
title: "A fresh start..."
description: "Do not worry! I am not going to start the VirtualHub website from scratch once again. Instead, this post is about the Operating System I use."
slug: a-fresh-start...
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [legacy]
keyword: [ubuntu, virtualhub]
image: ./img/Ubuntu-18.04.webp
---
:::note
This blog post is old and may contain wrong info. I no longer use this setup.
:::
Do not worry! I am not going to start the VirtualHub website from scratch once again. Instead, this post is about the Operating System I use.<!-- truncate --> I plan to start blogging about everything I do related to VirtualHub from the start, from installing the operating system.
I plan to install a total of 5 operating systems:
- Ubuntu 18.04 (Default Gnome edition)
- Ubuntu 20.04 (Default Gnome edition)
- Ubuntu 22.04 (Default Gnome edition)
- Debian Testing (with KDE)
- Fedora Workstation (Default Gnome edition)
I will update Ubuntu 22.04 and Kubuntu 22.04 to 22.10 when the update comes. I will post about all of these - how I install them, configure them, and make them usable.
Furthermore, I am going to use Ubuntu 22.04 as my main operating system, while using others to create tutorials occasionally.
I have been thinking about doing this for a long time. I will also probably upload videos on YouTube, but no promise. Here is a picture for you:
Stay tuned!
![MS-DOS 6.22 on VirtualBox on Ubuntu 18.04](./img/Ubuntu-18.04.webp)

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---
title: "A fresh restart..."
description: "Hello and Welcome to the new VirtualHub Blog experience! This new experience is a part of something big - a complete overhaul of VirtualHub."
slug: a-fresh-restart...
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [legacy]
keyword: [history, virtualhub]
image: ./img/LegacyInstaller.webp
---
:::note
This version of VirtualHub is powered by [Docusaurus](https://docusaurus.io/). This blog post is old and may contain wrong info. No VirtualHub website use Jekyll now. The VirtualHub blog is now merged in the main VirtualHub site.
:::
Hello and Welcome to the new VirtualHub Blog experience! This new experience is a part of something big - a complete overhaul of VirtualHub.<!-- truncate --> To tell the story of this new VirtualHub, I need to tell you some history first. Once upon a time when the COVID-19 pandemic was at its peak in India, and I was trapped in my home due to lockdown, I was exploring the internet and saw something new - a [tutorial to install Windows 3.1 on VirtualBox](https://socket3.wordpress.com/2016/08/25/install-configure-ms-dos-6-22-and-windows-3-1-using-oracle-virtualbox/). This awakened my interest in old software.
## Legacy OS
I decided to start my own blog and started with [Blogger](https://www.blogger.com/) like any other novice. The blog is still available at [https://tutorialsonlegacyos.blogspot.com](https://tutorialsonlegacyos.blogspot.com), but some of the older posts now redirect to the Legacy Installer site (See below for more info).
![Legacy OS Website](./img/LegacyOS.webp)
## Legacy Installer
But like everyone, I soon grew tired of Blogger's limits. I started a new website this time using [WordPress](https://wordpress.org). It is available at [https://legacyinstaller.pcriot.com](https://legacyinstaller.pcriot.com).
![Legacy Installer Website](./img/LegacyInstaller.webp)
## VirtualHub
### Old VirtualHub
But again, I found WordPress too slow for my liking. I started to search for alternatives and found [Publii](https://getpublii.com). The site I created using it is now available at [https://old.virtualhub.eu.org](https://old.virtualhub.eu.org). It was fast in writing and editing and the website also was very fast, but the building step took a long time even with only 30 posts, and it was nowhere close to my purpose.
![Old VirtualHub Website](./img/OldVirtualHub.webp)
Also, this version of VirtualHub was to complement the Legacy Installer website and not replace it. To know more about what I planned, see its [About page](https://old.virtualhub.eu.org/about-virtualhub/).
### NeoVirtualHub
The next alternative: Jekyll. It was fast. It built fast. I found [a theme that met my expectations](/blog/a-bit-about-your-favorite-theme.../). So, I started to port the VirtualHub website to Jekyll. You can view my work here - [https://neo.virtualhub.eu.org](https://neo.virtualhub.eu.org).
![NeoVirtualHub Website](./img/NeoVirtualHub.webp)
Then this happened - [A fresh start](/blog/a-fresh-start.../). It was not a success, but I got a new idea.
## The New VirtualHub experience
:::note
This version of VirtualHub is powered by [Docusaurus](https://docusaurus.io/). This blog post is old and may contain wrong info. No VirtualHub website use Jekyll now. The VirtualHub blog is now merged in the main VirtualHub site.
:::
I am happy to announce the new bunch of VirtualHub sites that complement each other. They are built using Jekyll and Hugo, and they are _fast_. These are the websites:
- [VirtualHub](https://virtualhub.eu.org) - A hub of tutorials on installing old OS.
- [VirtualHub Setup](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org) - Set up your system for VirtualHub.
- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org) - Screenshots of old Software.
- [VirtualHub DOSBox-X](https://dosbox-x.virtualhub.eu.org) - Installing old software on DOSBox-X.
- [VirtualHub Blog](https://blog.virtualhub.eu.org) - The story about VirtualHub.
Surprised to see the last one? I told you in the beginning, this redesign is a part of something big. Now, this blog is powered by Hugo instead of Jekyll.
This is not all. I have also created YouTube channels for VirtualHub and VirtualHub Setup. The YouTube channels for VirtualHub Screencasts and VirtualHub DOSBox-X will come soon.
- [VirtualHub YouTube Channel](https://www.youtube.com/@Virtua1Hub)
- [VirtualHub Setup YouTube Channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtualhubsetup)
Now every tutorial will be accompanied by a video.
I will use [Storj](https://www.storj.io/) to deliver large files to you.
Stay tuned for more stories about VirtualHub!

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---
title: 1981 (Old Plan)
description: "In the last few days, we have installed and configured Kubuntu. If you have not seen the tutorials yet, here are the links:"
slug: 1981-old
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [legacy]
keyword: [virtualhub]
image: ./img/1981.webp
---
:::note
This post is old and contains WRONG information. Please see [newer posts](/blog).
:::
In the last few days, we have installed and configured Kubuntu. If you have not seen the tutorials yet, here are the links:
<!-- truncate -->
- [How to create a Kubuntu installation media?](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/create-kubuntu-installation-media/)
- [How to install Kubuntu 22.04?](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/install-kubuntu/)
- [What to do after installing Kubuntu?](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/kubuntu-post-installation/)
The videos:
- [How to create a Kubuntu installation media?](https://youtu.be/YgtnF2ZQBk0)
- [How to install Kubuntu 22.04?](https://youtu.be/hM27bdsNYeQ)
- [What to do after installing Kubuntu?](https://youtu.be/GxXiRfft-6w)
![1981](./img/1981.webp)
Now we will start installing old operating systems. Starting from 1981, I have created a list of OS and software I will install which were released in that year. For year 1981, here is the list:
<iframe width="800" height="600" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" src="https://onedrive.live.com/embed?resid=DB7A942C121D54F2%211195&authkey=%21AHqs5PDvwe7FUe8&em=2&wdAllowInteractivity=False&Item='1981'!A1%3AI38&wdHideGridlines=True&wdInConfigurator=True&wdInConfigurator=True&edesNext=false&resen=false"></iframe>
I plan to complete all these tutorials by the end of November, but it may take more time. So, the first tutorial on [VirtualHub](https://virtualhub.eu.org) will be on how to install 86-DOS on the Altair-Z80 emulator, but first there will be a tutorial on [VirtualHub Setup](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org) on how to install Altair-Z80 on Kubuntu and other Linux distributions.
Stay tuned!

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---
title: 1960s Plan
description: "After a lot of research, I have decided to start from the 1960s instead of the 80s. No Personal/Micro Computer was there in the 60s, hence no personal operating system."
slug: 1960s
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [plan, 1960s]
keyword: [1960s, virtualhub]
image: ./img/1960s.webp
---
![PDP-7 from 1960s](./img/1960s.webp)
After a lot of research, I have decided to start from the 1960s instead of the 80s. No personal/microcomputer was there in the 60s, hence no personal operating system.<!-- truncate --> There were mainframe operating systems and some minicomputer operating systems.
We will not cover Mainframe operating systems here at VirtualHub. We _will_ cover Mini Computer operating systems. They will be prefixed with a "!" to denote that they are not a personal/microcomputer operating system. There are not many such operating systems. Actually, there are only 3, which I have identified to run on an emulator.
I _will_ cover some mainframe operating systems here in this blog, which I have successfully run on an emulator using instructions elsewhere. Those posts will have screenshots of the operating systems as well as links to the instructions on how to install them.
That's it.
Stay tuned!
<hr/>
Cover Image from [en:User:Toresbe](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pdp7-oslo-2005.jpeg), [CC SA 1.0](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/sa/1.0/), via Wikimedia Commons

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---
title: 1965 Plan
description: "There were two operating systems of our interest which were released in the year 1965. They are ! DECSys-7 and ! 4K DMS."
slug: 1965
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [plan, 1960s]
keyword: [1965, 1960s, virtualhub]
image: ./img/1965.webp
date: 2023-03-18T10:00
---
![DECSys-7 from 1965](./img/1965.webp)
There were two operating systems of our interest which were released in the year 1965. They are ! DECSys-7 and ! 4K DMS.<!-- truncate --> Both of them can be installed on SIMH emulators. ! DECSys-7 can be used on ! PDP-7 emulator and ! 4K DMS on ! PDP-8 emulator.
I will cover them soon.
Stay tuned!

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---
title: "Mainframe Operating Systems of 1960s"
description: "In this post, we will see some Mainframe operating systems which were released in the 1960s and can be run on an emulator."
slug: mainframe-operating-system-of-1960s
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [mainframe, 1960s]
keyword: [1960s, virtualhub, mainframe]
image: ./img/leoiii.webp
date: 2023-03-18T12:00
---
![Leo III from 1960s](./img/leoiii.webp)
In this post, we will see some Mainframe operating systems which were released in the 1960s and can be run on an emulator.
<!-- truncate -->
## 1960
### IBSys
In the year 1960, an operating system called [IBSys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_7090/94_IBSYS) was released for the [IBM 7094](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_7090#IBM_7094) mainframe computer. It was a very crude operating system. You can download a kit for running it using the SIMH emulator [here](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/kits/ibsys_kit.zip). The kit is made for Windows only. It needs to be heavily modified to run on Linux. You can download manuals from [bitsavers](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/7090/).
## 1961
### Leo III
[Leo III](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEO_(computer)#Applications_and_successors>) was a computer, actually, but the operating system that ran on it had no name. So, we will refer to it as Leo III.
You can download a demo from [here](http://sw-pres.computerconservationsociety.org/Downloads/LeoIIIdemo3.zip). Follow the instructions in the `readme.htm` file inside the archive, and you should be up and running.
## 1966
### DOS/360
[DOS/360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS/360) was an operating system for [IBM System/360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360), [System/370](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/370) and later mainframe computers. Very detailed instructions on how to run it in an emulator are available [here](https://sites.google.com/site/dos360install/).
You can download the manuals from [bitsavers](https://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/dos/).
### OS/360
[OS/360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360_and_successors) was also an operating system for [IBM System/360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360). You can run it using the instructions from [here](http://www.conmicro.com/hercos360/). Manuals are available from [bitsavers](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/).
## 1967
### MTS
[MTS (Michigan Terminal System)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Terminal_System) was an operating system developed for the [IBM System/360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360) and compatible mainframes at the University of Michigan. You can run it in an emulator using instructions [here](https://try-mts.com/up-and-running-1-installation/). Manuals are available from [bitsavers](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/univOfMichigan/mts/).
### ITS
[ITS (Incompatible Timesharing System)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatible_Timesharing_System) was an operating system for [PDP-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-6) and [PDP-10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-10) mainframe computers. It can be run on the SIMH emulator by following the instructions [here](https://www.cosmic.com/u/mirian/its/itsbuild.html). You can read more about it on the [Computer History Wiki](https://gunkies.org/wiki/Incompatible_Timesharing_System).
## 1969
### Multics
[Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics) was an influential early time-sharing operating system for the [GE-645](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_645) mainframes and the [Honeywell 6180](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell_6000_series) series machines. It can be run in an emulator using the instructions [here](https://multics-wiki.swenson.org/index.php/Getting_Started). You can download manuals from [bitsavers](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/honeywell/large_systems/multics/).
### George 3
[George 3](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEORGE_(operating_system)#GEORGE_3_&_4>) was an operating system for the [ICL 1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICT_1900_series) series of mainframes. It can be run in an emulator by following the instructions [here](http://perso.calvaedi.com/~john/George3/Linux.html).
That's it. Of course there are many more Operating Systems which I have not covered, but these are all of them which I was able to find and run in emulators. If you know of more, please let me know in the comment section.
Stay tuned!

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---
title: 1968 Plan
description: "There was one operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1968. It was ! TSS/8. It can be installed on SIMH."
slug: 1968
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [plan, 1960s]
image: ./img/1968.webp
keyword: [1968, 1960s, virtualhub]
---
![TSS/8 from 1965](./img/1968.webp)
There was one operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1968. It was ! TSS/8. It can be installed on SIMH ! PDP-8 emulator.
<!-- truncate -->
I will cover it soon.
Stay tuned!

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---
title: 1970s Plan
description: "1970s was the decade which saw the rise of many historic operating systems including Unix, Alto OS (pictured above), Apple DOS and CP/M."
slug: 1970s
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [plan, 1970s]
image: ./img/1970s.webp
keyword: [1970s, virtualhub]
---
We have covered the 1960s. If I have missed any operating system which you have tested successfully on any emulator, please let me know in the comments.
![Alto OS from 1970s](./img/alto.webp)
1970s were the age in which microcomputers evolved, but the majority of operating systems we are going to cover are still minicomputer ones. This decade saw the rise of many historic operating systems including Unix, Alto OS (pictured above), Apple DOS and CP/M.
<!-- truncate -->
We will cover them and a lot more soon.
Stay tuned!

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---
title: "Mainframe Operating Systems of 1970s"
description: "In this post, we will see some Mainframe operating systems which were released in the 1970s and can be run on an emulator."
slug: mainframe-operating-system-of-1970s
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [mainframe, 1970s]
image: ./img/tops10.webp
keyword: [1970s, virtualhub, mainframe]
date: 2023-08-20T10:00
---
![TOPS-10 from 1970s](./img/tops10.webp)
In this post, we will see some Mainframe operating systems which were released in the 1970s and can be run on an emulator.
<!-- truncate -->
## 1970
### TOPS-10
In the year 1970, an operating system called [TOPS-10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPS-10) (pictured above) was released for the [DEC PDP-10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-10) mainframe computer. You can follow the [instructions here](https://bigdanzblog.wordpress.com/2013/09/21/running-your-very-own-decsystem-10-pdp-10/) to install it. You can download manuals from [bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp10/TOPS10_softwareNotebooks/).
## 1972
### OS/VS1
[OS/VS1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/VS1) was an operating system for [IBM System/370 mainframes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/370). You can run it in an emulator using the instructions from [this GitHub repository](https://github.com/moshix/OSVS1). The manuals are available from [this website](http://www.j76.org/vs1/documentation.html).
### VM/370
Another operating system for [IBM System/370](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/370) and related mainframes in [VM/370](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VM_(operating_system)>). You can run it on [Hercules emulator](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(emulator)>) by following [these instructions](https://gunkies.org/wiki/Installing_VM/370_on_Hercules). Manuals are available from [bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/370/VM_370/Release_6/).
## 1974
### MVS
[MVS (Multiple Virtual Storage)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVS) was yet another operating system for [IBM System/370](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/370) and related mainframes. The instruction on how to install it are available from [this page](https://www.jaymoseley.com/hercules/installMVS/iMVSintroV7.htm). Manuals are available from [bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/370/MVS/).
## 1975
### NOS
[NOS (Network Operating System)](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOS_(software)>) was an operating system which ran on the [CDC 6000 series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_6000_series) of mainframe computers and their successors. You can install it in an emulator from [these instructions](http://www.hccc.org.uk/nosicem/nosinfo.html). Manuals are available from [bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/cyber/nos/).
## 1976
### TOPS-20
[TOPS-20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPS-20) was an operating system for [PDP-10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-10) and other DEC's 36-bit mainframe computers. Instructions to install it on [SIMH](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/) are available [from here](https://gunkies.org/wiki/Running_TOPS-20_V4.1_under_SIMH). Manuals are available from [bitsavers](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp10/TOPS20/).
That's it. Of course there are many more Operating Systems which I have not covered, but these are all of them which I was able to find and run in emulators. If you know of more, please let me know in the comment section.
Stay tuned!

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---
title: 1970 Plan
description: "There were four operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1970. All of them can be installed on one of the SIMH emulators."
slug: 1970
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [plan, 1970s]
image: ./img/1970.webp
keyword: [1970, 1970s, virtualhub]
---
![PDP-7 Unix from 1965](./img/1970.webp)
There were four operating system of our interest which were released in the year 1970. They were:
<!-- truncate -->
- ! PDP7 Unix
- ! CAPS-11
- ! ADSS-15
- ! DOS-15
All of them can be installed on one of the SIMH emulators.
I will cover them soon.
Stay tuned!

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---
title: "Building ! PDP7 Unix images yourself"
description: In this post, we will see how you can build ! PDP7 UNIX system images yourself from the source from the preservation repository."
slug: building-pdp7-unix-images-yourself
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [unix, 1970s]
image: ./img/make.webp
keyword: [pdp7, unix, 1970, 1970s, virtualhub]
---
As promised in the [tutorial on how to use ! PDP 7 Unix on SIMH](/1970s/1970/pdp7unix/simh/), in this post, we will see how you can build ! PDP7 UNIX system images yourself from the source from the original [project to resurrect Unix on the PDP-7 from a scan of the original assembly code](https://github.com/DoctorWkt/pdp7-unix).
<!-- truncate -->
This post assumes that you are running a Linux distribution. If you have not installed Linux yet, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu, a beginner-friendly distro](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/). If you really want to use Windows, you can use [WSL](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/) to follow this tutorial.
First, we need to install some tools and dependencies to build it. On Ubuntu/Debian based distros, run the following command:
```bash
sudo apt install git make perl gcc libdatetime-perl
```
On Fedora and related distros, run:
```bash
sudo dnf install git make perl gcc perl-DateTime
```
On openSUSE and related distros, run:
```bash
sudo zypper in git make perl gcc perl-DateTime
```
On Arch based distros, run:
```bash
sudo pacman -S git make perl gcc perl-datetime
```
Now, move to the Downloads folder and clone the [pdp7-unix](https://github.com/DoctorWkt/pdp7-unix) repository:
```bash
cd ~/Downloads
git clone https://github.com/DoctorWkt/pdp7-unix.git
```
![Cloning the project site](./img/clone.webp)
Move to the `pdp7-unix` folder:
```bash
cd pdp7-unix
```
Run the following command to start making the images:
```bash
make binaries
```
![Making the images](./img/make.webp)
After the command has completed, you will find files called `boot.rim` and `image.fs` in the `binaries` folder. Copy them somewhere and use them when asked in the [tutorial on how to use ! PDP 7 Unix on SIMH](/1970s/1970/pdp7unix/simh/).

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---
title: 1971 Plan
description: "There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1971. Both of them can be installed on one of the SIMH emulators."
slug: 1971
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [plan, 1970s]
image: ./img/1971.webp
keyword: [1971, 1970s, virtualhub]
---
![Unix v1 from 1965](./img/1971.webp)
There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1971. They were:
<!-- truncate -->
- ! Unix v1
- ! OS/8
Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of Unix v1, but we do have a copy with v1 [kernel](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)>) and v2 [userland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space). It can be used on SIMH PDP-11 emulator.
OS/8 can be used on SIMH PDP-8 emulator.
I will cover them soon.
Stay tuned!

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---
title: 1973 Plan
description: "There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1973. Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of ! Unix v4."
slug: 1973
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [plan, 1970s]
image: ./img/1973.webp
keyword: [1973, 1970s, virtualhub]
---
![Alto OS from 1973](./img/1973.webp)
There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1973. They were:
<!-- truncate -->
- Alto OS
- ! Unix v4
Alto OS can be used on the [ContrAlto](https://github.com/livingcomputermuseum/ContrAlto) emulator.
Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of Unix v4, but we do have a copy of a [kernel](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)>) that is from between v3 and v4. We can use that kernel with v5 [userland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space). It can be used on SIMH PDP-11 emulator.
I will cover them soon.
Stay tuned!

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---
title: "How to put the nsys kernel on a disk image of Unix v5?"
description: "In this post, we will see how you can put the nsys kernel on a disk image of Unix v5."
slug: how-to-put-the-nsys-kernel-on-a-disk-image-of-unix-v5
authors: legacyinstaller
tags: [unix, 1970s]
image: ./img/nsys.webp
keyword: [nsys, unix, 1973, 1970s, virtualhub]
---
![Making the image with nsys](./img/nsys.webp)
In this post, we will see how you can put the `nsys` kernel on a disk image of Unix v5.
<!-- truncate -->
This post assumes that you are running a Linux distribution. If you have not installed Linux yet, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu, a beginner-friendly distro](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/). If you really want to use Windows, you can use [WSL](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/) to follow this tutorial.
:::note
You need the SIMH `pdp11` emulator for this tutorial. If you have not already installed it, follow the [VirtualHub Setup tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp11/) on how to do so.
:::
First, you need to download a Unix v5 disk image and the `nsys` kernel modified to run with Unix v5 userland.
- [Modified `nsys` kernel archive](https://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/Research/Dennis_v3/modified_nsys.tar.gz)
- [Unix v5 disk image](https://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/Research/Dennis_v5/v5root.gz)
Extract both archives, and move the file in the folder `modified_nsys/conf/` called `unix` as well as the file called `v5root` into a new folder. Rename the file called `unix` to `nsys.binary` to avoid any confusion. You can do all this with these commands:
```bash
gzip -d v5root.gz
tar --one-top-level -xzf modified_nsys.tar.gz
mkdir nsys
cd nsys
cp ../modified_nsys/conf/unix nsys.binary
cp ../v5root v5root
```
Now, we need to add a buffer to the `nsys.binary` file. You can run the following command to buffer it with zeroes:
```bash
dd if=/dev/zero of=zero bs=1 count=1000
cat zero >> nsys.binary
```
Now run `pdp11`. After the emulator has started, run the following commands:
```ini
set cpu 11/45
att rk0 v5root
att rk1 nsys.binary
boot rk0
```
You will get to a `@` prompt. Type `unix` and press enter to boot into Unix v5. Once you get a `login:` prompt, type `root` and press enter. Now we need to set up the `/dev/` entries of the disks. Run the following commands:
```bash
/etc/mknod /dev/rrk0 b 0 0
/etc/mknod /dev/rrk1 b 0 1
```
Now we will extract the `nsys` kernel. Run the following files:
```bash
dd if=/dev/rrk1 count=50 of=z
dd if=z of=nsys bs=11761 count=2
rm z
sync
```
Now press `Ctrl` + `e` to pause the emulation and then run `exit` to quit the emulator. Rename the file called `v5root` to something more appropriate, like `nsysroot`.
```bash
mv v5root nsysroot
```
That's it. Now you can use the image called `nsysroot` with the tutorial on [how to install ! Unix v4 on SIMH](/1970s/1973/unix-v4/simh/).

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legacyinstaller:
name: Pulkit Krishna
title: Founder of VirtualHub
url: https://github.com/pulkitkrishna00
image_url: /img/logo.webp

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---
keywords: ["4K DMS", "PDP-8", "PDP-4", 1960s, 1965]
image: ./4kdms.webp
description: "! 4K DMS (Disk Monitor System) was an operating system for the DEC PDP-8 computer. We can run it on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator."
sidebar_position: 2
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# ! 4K DMS
![! 4K DMS](./4kdms.webp)
! 4K DMS (Disk Monitor System) was an operating system for the DEC PDP-8 computer. We can run it on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator.
<DocCardList />
## Manuals
You can download the ! 4K DMS manuals from here:
- [! 4K DMS Manual](http://www.pdp8online.com/pdp8cgi/query_docs/tifftopdf.pl/pdp8docs/dec-08-odsma-a-d.pdf)
- [! 4K DMS Programmer's Reference Manual](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/software/DEC-D8-SDAB-D_diskMonPgmRef.pdf)
You may also be interested in the PDP-8 manuals. They were the computers on which ! 4K DMS was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
- [PDP-8 Manuals](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/)
## Related Pages
- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1960s/1965/4kdms/)
- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-8_4K_Disk_Monitor_System)
- [Computer History Wiki PDP-8 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-8)
## Credits
- The manuals were taken from [www.pdp8online.com](http://www.pdp8online.com/) and [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

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---
keywords: ["4K DMS", "PDP-8", "PDP-4", SIMH, 1960s, 1965]
image: ./4K-DMS-SIMH-3.webp
description: 'We can run ! 4K DMS on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator. First, we need to download the ! 4K DMS kit. You can download the kit needed to run ! 4K DMS on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator from the "SIMH Legacy" website:'
sidebar_position: 1
sidebar_label: "! 4K DMS on SIMH"
---
# How to install ! 4K DMS on SIMH?
![SIMH PDP-8 emulator with ! 4K DMS](./4K-DMS-SIMH-3.webp)
We can run [! 4K DMS](/1960s/1965/4kdms) on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator. First, we need to download the ! 4K DMS kit.
## Downloads
You can download the kit needed to run ! 4K DMS on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator from the ["SIMH Legacy" website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/):
- [! 4K DMS kit](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/kits/dms8.zip)
## Using ! 4K DMS
:::tip
If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-8 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp8/) on Linux and Windows.
:::
Extract the kit you downloaded. Inside you will find several files. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM, and move the file named `dms.df32` into it.
Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp8.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
```ini
set df enabled
att df dms.df32
boot -d df
```
![pdp8.ini](./4K-DMS-SIMH-1.webp)
Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
```bash
pdp8
```
![pdp8](./4K-DMS-SIMH-2.webp)
After the emulator starts, type `PIP` and press enter. Then press `L`. You will see the following screen:
![.PIP -> *OPT-L](./4K-DMS-SIMH-3.webp)
Type `S:` and press enter. It will list all the files available on the disk.
![List of files in ! 4K DMS](./4K-DMS-SIMH-4.webp)
That's it! We used ! 4K DMS. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `4K-DMS.sh` with the following content:
```bash
#!/bin/bash
pdp8
```
Now make the file executable:
```bash
chmod +x 4K-DMS.sh
```
Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
See the [manuals section](/1960s/1965/4kdms/#manuals) on the [main ! 4K DMS page](/1960s/1965/4kdms/) to learn how to use it.
### Windows
:::tip
You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
:::
On Windows, you need to place the `PDP8.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp8#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `4K-DMS.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
## Credits
- The disk image and other files used above are from a kit available on [SimH "Classic" website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/).
## Video tutorial
Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? Here it is:
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/j-EA1iLc02Y?si=TYw9Wmd05zw2EDer" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<hr/>
Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1960s/1965/4kdms/simh/).

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---
keywords: [DECSys-7, "PDP-7", 1960s, 1965]
image: ./decsys.webp
description: "! DECSys-7 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-7 computer. It was DEC's first operating system for a computer smaller than its 36-bit timesharing systems."
sidebar_position: 1
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# ! DECSys-7
![! DECSys-7](./decsys.webp)
! DECSys-7 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-7 computer. It was DEC's first operating system for a computer smaller than its 36-bit timesharing systems. We can run it on the SIMH PDP-7 emulator.
<DocCardList />
## Manuals
You can download the ! DECSys-7 manual from here:
- [! DECSys-7 Operating Manual (7-5-S)](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp7/DECSYS-7_OperMan.pdf)
You may also be interested in the PDP-7 and PDP-4 manuals. They were the computers on which ! DECSys-7 was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
- [PDP-7 Manuals](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp7/)
- [PDP-4 Manuals](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp4/)
Out of those, these are the ones referenced by the Operating Manual:
- [PDP-7 User's Handbook (F-75)](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp7/F-75_PDP-7userHbk_Jun65.pdf)
- [PDP-7 Programming Manual, FORTRAN II (7-2-S)](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp7/PDP-7_FortranII.pdf)
- [PDP-7 Programming Manual, Symbolic Assembler (7-3-S)](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp7/PDP-7_AsmMan.pdf)
- [PDP-7 Programming Manual, Debugging System (7-4-S)](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp7/PDP-7_DDT_Ref.pdf)
- [PDP-7 DECTOG Program, PDP-7 Program Library (7-20-10-FB)](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp7/DIGITAL-7-20-IO-FB_DECTOG.pdf)
## Related Pages
- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1960s/1965/decsys/)
- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-7#Software)
- [Computer History Wiki PDP-7 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-7)
- [Computer History Wiki PDP-4 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-4)
## Credits
- The manuals were taken from [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

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---
keywords: [DECSys-7, "PDP-7", SIMH, 1960s, 1965]
image: ./DECSys-7-SIMH-3.webp
description: 'We can run ! DECSys-7 on the SIMH PDP-7 emulator. First, we need to download the ! DECSys-7 kit. You can download the kit needed to run DECSys on the SIMH PDP-7 emulator from the "SIMH Legacy" website:'
sidebar_position: 1
sidebar_label: "! DECSys-7 on SIMH"
---
# How to install ! DECSys-7 on SIMH?
![SIMH PDP-7 emulator with ! DECSys-7](./DECSys-7-SIMH-3.webp)
We can run [! DECSys-7](/1960s/1965/decsys) on the SIMH PDP-7 emulator. First, we need to download the ! DECSys-7 kit.
## Downloads
You can download the kit needed to run ! DECSys-7 on the SIMH PDP-7 emulator from the ["SIMH Legacy" website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/):
- [! DECSys-7 kit](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/kits/decsys.zip)
## Using ! DECSys-7
:::tip
If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-7 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp7/) on Linux and Windows.
:::
Extract the kit you downloaded. Inside you will find several files. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM, and move the file named `decsys.dtp` and `decsys.rim` into it.
Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp7.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
```ini
att dt2 decsys.dtp
att dt3 scratch.dtp
load decsys.rim 17640
run
```
![pdp7.ini](./DECSys-7-SIMH-1.webp)
Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
```bash
pdp7
```
![pdp7](./DECSys-7-SIMH-2.webp)
After the emulator starts, type `CONTEN` followed by `!`. All commands in ! DECSys-7 execute when you type `!`. You will see the following screen:
![CONTEN!](./DECSys-7-SIMH-3.webp)
Type `S,L,W` followed by `!`. It will list all the files available on the disk.
![List of files in ! DECSys-7](./DECSys-7-SIMH-4.webp)
That's it! We used ! DECSys-7. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `DECSys-7.sh` with the following content:
```bash
#!/bin/bash
pdp7
```
Now make the file executable:
```bash
chmod +x DECSys-7.sh
```
Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
See the [manuals section](/1960s/1965/decsys/#manuals) on the [main ! DECSys-7 page](/1960s/1965/decsys) to learn how to use it.
### Windows
:::tip
You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
:::
On Windows, you need to place the `PDP7.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp7#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `DECSys-7.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
## Credits
- The disk image and other files used above are from a kit available on [SimH "Classic" website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/).
## Video tutorial
Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? Here it is:
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/osLz_k75ibE?si=TYw9Wmd05zw2EDer" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<hr/>
Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1960s/1965/decsys/simh/).

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---
keywords: [1960s, 1965]
image: ./1965.webp
description: "There were two operating systems in which we are interested which were released in the year 1965. They were ! DECSys-7 and ! 4K DMS."
sidebar_position: 2
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# 1965
![! DECSys-7](./1965.webp)
There were two operating systems in which we are interested, which were released in the year 1965. They were ! DECSys-7 and ! 4K DMS.
<DocCardList />

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---
keywords: [1960s, 1968]
image: ./1968.webp
description: "There was one operating system in which we are interested which was released in the year 1968. It was called ! TSS/8."
sidebar_position: 3
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# 1968
![! TSS/8](./1968.webp)
There was one operating system in which we are interested, which was released in the year 1968. It was called ! TSS/8.
<DocCardList />

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---
keywords: ["TSS/8", "PDP-8", 1960s, 1968]
image: ./tss8.webp
description: "! TSS/8 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-8 computer. We can run it on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator."
sidebar_position: 1
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# ! TSS/8
![! TSS/8](./tss8.webp)
! TSS/8 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-8 computer. We can run it on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator.
<DocCardList />
## Manuals
You can download the ! TSS/8 manuals from here:
- [! TSS/8 User's Guide](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/tss8/DEC-T8-MRFB-D_UserGde_Feb70.pdf)
- [! TSS/8 System Manager's Guide](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/tss8/TSS8MgrsGuide.pdf)
- [! TSS/8 Monitor Guide](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/tss8/DEC-T8-MRFA-D_Monitor_Sep68.pdf)
- [! TSS/8 BASIC-8 Programming Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/tss8/DEC-T8-KJZA-D-TSS-8_BASIC_8_Programming_Manual_Mar1969.pdf)
You may also be interested in the PDP-8 manuals. They were the computers on which ! TSS/8 was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
- [PDP-8 Manuals](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/)
## Related Pages
- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1960s/1968/tss8/)
- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSS/8)
- [Computer History Wiki PDP-8 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/TSS/8)
- [Running TSS/8 on the DEC PiDP-8/i and SIMH (Raymii.org)](https://raymii.org/s/articles/Running_TSS_8_on_the_DEC_PiDP-8_i_and_SIMH.html)
- [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/dec/pdp8/tss8/)
## Credits
- The manuals were taken from [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

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---
keywords: ["TSS/8", "PDP-8", 1960s, 1968]
image: ./TSS8-B.webp
description: 'We can run ! TSS/8 on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator. First, we need to download the ! TSS/8 kit. You can download the kit needed to run ! TSS/8 on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator from the "SIMH Legacy" website:'
sidebar_position: 1
sidebar_label: "! TSS/8 on SIMH"
---
# How to install ! TSS/8 on SIMH?
![SIMH PDP-8 emulator with ! TSS/8](./TSS8-B.webp)
We can run [! TSS/8](/1960s/1968/tss8) on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator. First, we need to download the ! TSS/8 kit.
## Downloads
You can download the kit needed to run ! TSS/8 on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator from the ["SIMH Legacy" website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/):
- [! TSS/8 kit](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/kits/tss8.zip)
## Using ! TSS/8
:::tip
If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-8 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp8/) on Linux and Windows.
:::
Extract the kit you downloaded. Inside you will find several files. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM and move the files named `tss8_init.bin` and `tss8_rf.dsk` into it.
Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp8.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
```ini
load tss8_init.bin
set rf enabled
set df disabled
attach rf tss8_rf.dsk
attach ttix 4000
run 24200
```
![pdp8.ini](./TSS8-1.webp)
Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
```bash
pdp8
```
![pdp8](./TSS8-2.webp)
After the emulator starts, type `START` and press enter. When asked, enter the date in `MM-DD-YY` format. Year should be between 74 and 85. Then enter time in `HH:MM` 24-hour format.
Press enter until you get a `.` prompt. Then type the following:
```bash
LOGIN 2 LXHE
```
There will be no output on screen as you type this, but it is being typed. Press enter after you are done. Here, 2 is the username and `LXHE` is the password. There are other users too. You can learn about them from Manuals and site listed below. Finally, you will get to this screen:
![Login Successful](./TSS8-3.webp)
Type `R CAT` and press enter. It will list all the files available on the disk.
![List of files in ! TSS/8](./TSS8-4.webp)
That's it! We used ! TSS/8. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `TSS8.sh` with the following content:
```bash
#!/bin/bash
pdp8
```
Now make the file executable:
```bash
chmod +x TSS8.sh
```
Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
See the [manuals section](/1960s/1968/tss8/#manuals) on the [main ! TSS/8 page](/1960s/1968/tss8/) and [this website](https://raymii.org/s/articles/Running_TSS_8_on_the_DEC_PiDP-8_i_and_SIMH.html) to learn how to use it.
### Windows
:::tip
You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
:::
On Windows, you need to place the `PDP8.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp8#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `TSS8.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
## Credits
- The disk image and other files used above are from a kit available on [SimH "Classic" website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/).
## Video tutorial
Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? Here it is:
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/yzhpLOdqkJ8?si=TYw9Wmd05zw2EDer" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<hr/>
Archives of this tutorial may be available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1960s/1968/tss8/simh/).

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---
keywords: [1960s]
image: ./1960s.webp
sidebar_label: Introduction
sidebar_position: 1
description: "The 1960s were mainly the years of mainframes and minicomputers. In this section, we cover the operating systems for minicomputers only."
---
import pdp7ImageUrl from './1960s.webp';
# 1960s
<div className='text--center'>
<figure>
<img width="512" height="384" src={pdp7ImageUrl} alt="PDP-7" style={{borderRadius: '15%'}}/>
<figcaption>PDP-7 <sup><a href="#footnote1" id="1">1</a></sup></figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
The 1960s were mainly the years of mainframes and minicomputers. In this section, we cover the operating systems for minicomputers only. Mainframe operating systems are covered in [this blog post](/blog/mainframe-operating-system-of-1960s/). It contains links to external sites with instructions on how to install those operating systems in emulators.
<div className='container'>
<div className="row">
<div className="col text--center padding-horiz--md padding-vert--md">
<a href="/1960s/1965" className="button button--primary">1965</a>
</div>
<div className="col text--center padding-horiz--md padding-vert--md">
<a href="/1960s/1968" className="button button--primary">1968</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<hr/>
<sup><a href="#1" id="footnote1">1</a></sup> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pdp7-oslo-2005.jpeg">en:User:Toresbe</a>, <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/sa/1.0/">CC SA 1.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons

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---
keywords: ["ADSS-15", "PDP-15", 1970s, 1970]
image: ./adss-15.webp
description: "! ADSS-15 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-15 computer. We can run it in the SIMH PDP-15 emulator."
sidebar_position: 3
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# ! ADSS-15
![! ADSS-15](./adss-15.webp)
! ADSS-15 (PDP-**15** **Ad**vanced **S**oftware **S**ystem) was an operating system for the DEC PDP-15 computer. We can run it in the SIMH PDP-15 emulator.
<DocCardList />
## Manuals
You can download the ! ADSS-15 manual from here:
- [! ADSS-15 Programmer's Reference Manual](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp15/DEC-15-MR2B-D_AdvMonPgmRef.pdf)
You may also be interested in the PDP-15 manuals. It was the computer on which ! ADSS-15 was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
- [PDP-15 Manuals](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp15/)
## Related Pages
- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1970/adss-15/)
- [Wikipedia PDP-15 page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-15)
- [Computer History Wiki PDP-15 page](http://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-15)
## Credits
- The manuals were taken from [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

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---
keywords: ["ADSS-15", "PDP-15", SIMH, 1970s, 1970]
image: ./adss-15-SIMH-3.webp
description: 'We can run ! ADSS-15 on the SIMH PDP-15 emulator. First, we need to download the ! ADSS-15 kit. You can download the kit needed to run ! ADSS-15 on the SIMH PDP-15 emulator from the "SIMH Legacy" website.'
sidebar_position: 1
sidebar_label: "! ADSS-15 on SIMH"
---
# How to install ! ADSS-15 on SIMH?
![SIMH PDP-15 emulator with ! ADSS-15](./adss-15-SIMH-3.webp)
We can run [! ADSS-15](/1970s/1970/adss-15) on the SIMH PDP-15 emulator. First, we need to download the ! ADSS-15 kit.
## Downloads
You can download the kit needed to run ! ADSS-15 on the SIMH PDP-15 emulator from the ["SIMH Legacy"](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/) website:
- [! ADSS-15 kit](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/kits/adss15.zip)
## Using ! ADSS-15
:::tip
If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-15 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp15/) on Linux and Windows.
:::
Extract the kit you downloaded. Inside you will find several files. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM and move those two files named `adss15_32k.dtp` and `dec-15u.rim` into it.
Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp15.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
```ini
load dec-15u.rim 77637
ex pc
attach dt adss15_32k.dtp
set lpt disa
set lp9 ena
run
```
![pdp15.ini](./adss-15-SIMH-1.webp)
Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
```bash
pdp15
```
![pdp15](./adss-15-SIMH-2.webp)
After the emulator starts, you can enter `D` to see the list of files:
![D](./adss-15-SIMH-2.webp)
That's it! We used ! ADSS-15. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `adss-15.sh` with the following content:
```bash
#!/bin/bash
pdp15
```
Now make the file executable:
```bash
chmod +x adss-15.sh
```
Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
See the [manuals section](/1970s/1970/adss-15/#manuals) on the [main ! ADSS-15 page](/1970s/1970/adss-15) to learn how to use it.
### Windows
:::tip
You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
:::
On Windows, you need to place the `PDP15.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp15#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `adss-15.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
## Credits
- The disk image and other files used above are from a kit available on [SimH “Classic” website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/).
## Video tutorial
Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1970/adss-15/simh/).

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---
keywords: ["CAPS-11", "PDP-11", 1970s, 1970]
image: ./caps-11.webp
description: "! CAPS-11 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-11 computer. It is one of the earliest available operating system to be run on a PDP-11."
sidebar_position: 2
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# ! CAPS-11
![! CAPS-11](./caps-11.webp)
! CAPS-11 (**Ca**ssette **P**rogramming **S**ystem) was an operating system for the DEC PDP-11 computer. It is one of the earliest available operating system to be run on a PDP-11.
<DocCardList />
## Manuals
You can download the ! CAPS-11 manual from here:
- [! CAPS-11 User Guide](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/caps-11/DEC-11-OTUGA-A-D_CAPS-11_Users_Guide_Oct73.pdf)
You may also be interested in the PDP-11 manuals. It was the computer on which ! CAPS-11 was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
- [PDP-11 Manuals](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/)
## Related Pages
- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1970/caps-11/)
- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11#Operating_systems)
- [A third-party PDP-11 + CAPS-11 restoration bog post (with a YouTube video)](http://www.datormuseum.se/computers/digital-equipment-corporation/pdp-11-04.html)
## Credits
- The manuals were taken from [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

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---
keywords: ["CAPS-11", "PDP-11", SIMH, 1970s, 1970]
image: ./caps-11-SIMH-3.webp
description: 'We can run ! CAPS-11 on the SIMH PDP-11 emulator. First, we need to download the ! CAPS-11 kit. You can download the kit needed to run it on the SIMH PDP-11 emulator from the "SIMH Legacy" website.'
sidebar_position: 1
sidebar_label: "! CAPS-11 on SIMH"
---
# How to install CAPS-11 on SIMH?
![SIMH PDP-11 emulator with ! CAPS-11](./caps-11-SIMH-3.webp)
We can run [! CAPS-11](/1970s/1970/caps-11) on the SIMH PDP-11 emulator. First, we need to download the ! CAPS-11 kit.
## Downloads
You can download the kit needed to run ! CAPS-11 on the SIMH PDP-11 emulator from the [“SIMH Legacy” website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/):
- [! CAPS-11 kit](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/kits/caps11_system.zip)
## Using ! CAPS-11
:::tip
If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-11 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp11/) on Linux and Windows.
:::
Extract the kit you downloaded. Inside you will find two files. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM, and move the file named `caps11.t60` into it.
Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp11.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
```ini
set cpu 11/05
set throttle 5%
set cpu 32k
set ptr disabled
set ptp disabled
set lpt disabled
set dz disabled
set rk disabled
set rl disabled
set hk disabled
set rx disabled
set rp disabled
set rq disabled
set tm disabled
set tq disabled
set ta enabled
att ta0 caps11.t60
d 1000 012700
d 1002 177500
d 1004 005010
d 1006 010701
d 1010 062701
d 1012 000052
d 1014 012702
d 1016 000375
d 1020 112103
d 1022 112110
d 1024 100413
d 1026 130310
d 1030 001776
d 1032 105202
d 1034 100772
d 1036 116012
d 1040 000002
d 1042 120337
d 1044 000000
d 1046 001767
d 1050 000000
d 1052 000755
d 1054 005710
d 1056 100774
d 1060 005007
d 1062 017640
d 1064 002415
d 1066 112024
d sr 0
run 1000
```
![pdp11.ini](./caps-11-SIMH-1.webp)
Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
```bash
pdp11
```
![pdp11](./caps-11-SIMH-2.webp)
After the emulator starts, you can type `dir` followed by enter. It will list all the files available on the disk.
![List of files in ! CAPS-11](./caps-11-SIMH-3.webp)
That's it! We used ! CAPS-11. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `caps-11.sh` with the following content:
```bash
#!/bin/bash
pdp11
```
Now make the file executable:
```bash
chmod +x caps-11.sh
```
Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
See the [manuals section](/1970s/1970/caps-11/#manuals) on the [main ! CAPS-11 page](/1970s/1970/caps-11) to learn how to use it.
### Windows
:::tip
You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
:::
On Windows, you need to place the `PDP11.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp11#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `caps-11.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
## Credits
- The disk image and other files used above are from a kit available on [SimH “Classic” website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/).
## Video tutorial
Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1970/caps-11/simh/).

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---
keywords: ["DOS-15", "PDP-15", 1970s, 1970]
image: ./dos-15.webp
description: "! DOS-15 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-15 computer. We can run it in the SIMH PDP-15 emulator."
sidebar_position: 4
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# ! DOS-15
![! DOS-15](./dos-15.webp)
! DOS-15 (not to be confused with MS-DOS or IBM PC-DOS) was an operating system for the DEC PDP-15 computer. We can run it in the SIMH PDP-15 emulator.
<DocCardList />
## Manuals
You can download the ! DOS-15 manuals from here:
- [! DOS-15 Users Manual](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp15/DEC-15-ODUMA-B-D_DOS-15_USERS_MANUAL.pdf)
- [! DOS-15 System Manual](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp15/DEC-15-ODFFA-B-D_DOS-15_SYSTEM_MANUAL.pdf)
- [! PIP DOS Monitor Utility Program Manual](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp15/DEC-15-UPIPA-A-D_PIP_DOS_MONITOR_UTILITY_PROGRAM.pdf)
- [! SGEN DOS Utility Program Manual](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp15/DEC-15-USGNA-A-D_SGEN_DOS_Utility_Program.pdf)
You may also be interested in the PDP-15 manuals. It was the computer on which ! DOS-15 was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
- [PDP-15 Manuals](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp15/)
## Related Pages
- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1970/dos-15/)
- [Wikipedia PDP-15 page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-15)
- [Computer History Wiki PDP-15 page](http://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-15)
## Credits
- The manuals were taken from [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

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---
keywords: ["DOS-15", "PDP-15", SIMH, 1970s, 1970]
image: ./dos-15-SIMH-5.webp
description: 'We can run ! DOS-15 on the SIMH PDP-15 emulator. First, we need to download the ! DOS-15 kit. You can download the kit needed to run ! DOS-15 on the SIMH PDP-15 emulator from the "SIMH Legacy" website.'
sidebar_position: 1
sidebar_label: "! DOS-15 on SIMH"
---
# How to install ! DOS-15 on SIMH?
![SIMH PDP-15 emulator with ! DOS-15](./dos-15-SIMH-5.webp)
We can run [! DOS-15](/1970s/1970/dos-15) on the SIMH PDP-15 emulator. First, we need to download the ! DOS-15 kit.
## Downloads
You can download the kit needed to run ! DOS-15 on the SIMH PDP-15 emulator from the ["SIMH Legacy"](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/) website:
- [! DOS-15 kit](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/kits/dos15.zip)
## Using ! DOS-15
:::tip
If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-15 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp15/) on Linux and Windows.
:::
Extract the kit you downloaded. Inside you will find several files. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM and move those two files named `dosv2a_4p.rf` and `rfsboot.rim` into it.
Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp15.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
```ini
at -e rf dosv2a_4p.rf
load rfsboot.rim 77637
run
```
![pdp15.ini](./dos-15-SIMH-1.webp)
Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
```bash
pdp15
```
![pdp15](./dos-15-SIMH-2.webp)
When asked for a date, enter it in `MM/DD/YY` format. You _cannot_ use backspace to erase characters, even if it looks like you can. Try entering a date before the year 2000, to avoid problems related to [Y2K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2000_problem).
![Enter date](./dos-15-SIMH-3.webp)
Now that DOS-15 is ready, let's run some commands on it. Type `D` and press enter to see the system's date:
![See date](./dos-15-SIMH-4.webp)
You can run `I` to see a list of commands you can run:
![List of commands](./dos-15-SIMH-5.webp)
That's it! We used ! DOS-15. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `dos-15.sh` with the following content:
```bash
#!/bin/bash
pdp15
```
Now make the file executable:
```bash
chmod +x dos-15.sh
```
Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
See the [manuals section](/1970s/1970/dos-15/#manuals) on the [main ! DOS-15 page](/1970s/1970/dos-15) to learn how to use it.
### Windows
:::tip
You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
:::
On Windows, you need to place the `PDP15.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp15#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `dos-15.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
## Credits
- The disk image and other files used above are from a kit available on [SimH “Classic” website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/).
## Video tutorial
Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1970/dos-15/simh/).

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---
keywords: [1970s, 1970]
image: ./1970.webp
description: "There were four operating system of our interest which were released in the year 1970. They were:"
sidebar_position: 2
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# 1970
![! PDP7 Unix from 1970](./1970.webp)
There were four operating system of our interest which were released in the year 1970. They were:
<DocCardList />

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---
keywords: ["PDP7", "PDP-7", "Unix", 1970s, 1970]
image: ./pdp7unix.webp
description: "! PDP7 Unix was an operating system for the DEC PDP-7 computer. It is the earliest available Unix version to be able to run in an emulator."
sidebar_position: 1
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# ! PDP7 Unix
![! PDP7 Unix](./pdp7unix.webp)
! PDP7 Unix was an operating system for the DEC PDP-7 computer. It is the earliest available Unix version to be able to run in an emulator. We can run it on the SIMH PDP-7 emulator.
<DocCardList />
## Manuals
You can download the ! PDP7 Unix manual from here:
- [! Unix Edition Zero Manual](https://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/Research/McIlroy_v0/UnixEditionZero-Threshold_OCR.pdf)
You may also be interested in the PDP-7 manuals. It was the computer on which ! PDP7 Unix was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
- [PDP-7 Manuals](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp7/)
## Related Pages
- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1970/pdp7unix/)
- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX)
- [Computer History Wiki ! PDP7 Unix page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-7_UNIX)
- [Computer History Wiki PDP-7 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-7)
- [The project to resurrect Unix on the PDP-7 from a scan of the original assembly code](https://github.com/DoctorWkt/pdp7-unix)
## Credits
- The manuals were taken from [The Unix Heritage Society (TUHS)](https://www.tuhs.org) and [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

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---
keywords: ["PDP7", "Unix", "PDP-7", SIMH, 1970s, 1970]
image: ./pdp7unix-SIMH-4.webp
description: "We can run ! PDP7 Unix on the SIMH PDP-7 emulator. First, we need to download the ! PDP7 Unix kit. You can download the kit needed to run it on the SIMH PDP-7 emulator from our GitHub repo."
sidebar_position: 1
sidebar_label: "! PDP7 Unix on SIMH"
---
# How to install ! PDP7 Unix on SIMH?
![SIMH PDP-7 emulator with ! PDP7 Unix](./pdp7unix-SIMH-4.webp)
We can run [! PDP7 Unix](/1970s/1970/pdp7unix) on the SIMH PDP-7 emulator. First, we need to download the ! PDP7 Unix kit.
## Downloads
You can download the kit needed to run ! PDP7 Unix on the SIMH PDP-7 emulator from [our GitHub repo fork](https://github.com/InstallerLegacy/pdp7-unix) of the original [project to resurrect Unix on the PDP-7 from a scan of the original assembly code](https://github.com/DoctorWkt/pdp7-unix):
- [! PDP7 Unix kit](https://github.com/InstallerLegacy/pdp7-unix/releases/latest/download/pdp7.zip)
If you want to build the kit yourself, refer to [our guide on how to do so](/blog/building-pdp7-unix-images-yourself/).
## Using ! PDP7 Unix
:::tip
If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-7 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp7/) on Linux and Windows.
:::
Extract the kit you downloaded. Inside you will find two files. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM and move those two files named `boot.rim` and `image.fs` into it.
Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp7.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
```ini
set cpu 8k
set cpu eae
set cpu history=100
show cpu
set tti unix
set rb ena
att rb image.fs
set g2in ena
att -U g2in 12345
set lpt disa
set drm disa
set dt disa
show dev
load boot.rim 010000
go
```
![pdp7.ini](./pdp7unix-SIMH-1.webp)
Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
```bash
pdp7
```
![pdp7](./pdp7unix-SIMH-2.webp)
After the emulator starts, login using the ID `ken` and password `ken`. You will see the following screen:
![login](./pdp7unix-SIMH-3.webp)
:::tip
There are other user accounts on the image like `dmr` (password: `dmr`). Do you know who `dmr` and `ken` were? Check the first comment to find out, or search it on the web!
:::
Type `ls` followed by enter. It will list all the files available on the disk.
![List of files in ! PDP7 Unix](./pdp7unix-SIMH-4.webp)
That's it! We used ! PDP7 Unix. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `pdp7unix.sh` with the following content:
```bash
#!/bin/bash
pdp7
```
Now make the file executable:
```bash
chmod +x pdp7unix.sh
```
Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
See the [manuals section](/1970s/1970/pdp7unix/#manuals) on the [main ! PDP7 Unix page](/1970s/1970/pdp7unix) to learn how to use it.
### Windows
:::tip
You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
:::
On Windows, you need to place the `PDP7.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp7#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `pdp7unix.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
## Credits
- The disk image and other files used above are from a kit built from the [project to resurrect Unix on the PDP-7 from a scan of the original assembly code](https://github.com/DoctorWkt/pdp7-unix).
## Video tutorial
Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1970/pdp7unix/simh/).

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---
keywords: [1970s, 1971]
image: ./1971.webp
description: "There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1971. They were:"
sidebar_position: 3
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# 1971
![! Unix v1 from 1971](./1971.webp)
There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1971. They were:
<DocCardList />

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---
keywords: ["OS/8", "PDP-8", 1970s, 1971]
image: ./os8.webp
description: "! OS/8 was the most famous operating system for the DEC PDP-8 computer. We can run it on SIMH emulator."
sidebar_position: 2
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# ! OS/8
![! OS/8](./os8.webp)
! OS/8 was the most famous operating system for the DEC PDP-8 computer. We can run it on SIMH emulator.
<DocCardList />
## Manuals
You can download the ! OS/8 manuals from here:
- [! OS/8 Handbook](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/OS8_Handbook_Apr1974.pdf)
- [! OS/8 Handbook Update](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/DEC-S8-OSHBA-A_DN4_OS8_Handbook_Update_Sep77.pdf)
- [! OS/8 System Reference Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-H607A-TA_OS8_V3D_sysMan.pdf)
- [! OS/8 Language Reference Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-H609A-TA_OS8_Language_Reference_Manual_Mar79.pdf)
- [! OS/8 TECO Reference Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-H608A-TA_os8teco_mar79.pdf)
- [! OS/8 Software Support Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/DEC-S8-OSSMB-A-D_OS8_v3ssup.pdf)
- [! OS/8 System Generation Notes](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-H606A-TA_os8SysgenNotes.pdf)
- [! OS/8 Device Extensions User's Guide](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-D319A-TA_os8DevExt.pdf)
- [! OS/8 Error Messages](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-H610A-TA_os8errMsg_mar79.pdf)
- [FORTRAN IV Software Support Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/DEC-S8-LFSSA-A-D_F4swSupp.pdf)
You may also be interested in the PDP-8 manuals. They were the computers on which ! OS/8 was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
- [PDP-8 Manuals](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/)
## Related Pages
- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1971/os8/)
- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/8)
- [Computer History Wiki ! OS/8 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/OS/8)
- [Computer History Wiki PDP-8 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-8)
- [pdp8online OS/8 page](https://www.pdp8online.com/os/os8/)
## Credits
- The manuals were taken from [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

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---
keywords: ["OS/8", "PDP-8", SIMH, 1970s, 1971]
image: ./OS8-SIMH-3.webp
description: 'We can run ! OS/8 on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator. First, we need to download the ! OS/8 kit. You can download the kit needed to run ! OS/8 on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator from the "SIMH Legacy" website:'
sidebar_position: 1
sidebar_label: "! OS/8 Unix on SIMH"
---
# How to install ! OS/8 on SIMH?
![SIMH PDP-8 emulator with ! OS/8](./OS8-SIMH-3.webp)
We can run [! OS/8](/1970s/1971/os8) on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator. First, we need to download the ! OS/8 kit.
## Downloads
You can download the kit needed to run ! OS/8 on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator from the ["SIMH Legacy" website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/):
- [! OS/8 kit](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/kits/os8swre.tar.Z)
If you are on Windows, you may need to install additional software such as [7-Zip](https://www.7-zip.org/) to extract the kit.
## Using ! OS/8
:::tip
If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-8 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp8/) on Linux and Windows.
:::
Extract the kit you downloaded. Inside you will find two folders. Open the folder named `Disks`. Inside, you will find two files. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM, and move the file named `os8_rx.dsk` into it.
Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp8.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
```ini
attach rx0 os8_rx.dsk
boot rx0
```
![pdp8.ini](./OS8-SIMH-1.webp)
Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
```bash
pdp8
```
![pdp8](./OS8-SIMH-2.webp)
After the emulator starts, you can enter `DIR` to see a list of files available:
![List of files in ! OS/8](./OS8-SIMH-3.webp)
That's it! We used ! OS/8. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `OS8.sh` with the following content:
```bash
#!/bin/bash
pdp8
```
Now make the file executable:
```bash
chmod +x OS8.sh
```
Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
See the [manuals section](/1970s/1971/os8/#manuals) on the [main ! OS/8 page](/1970s/1971/os8/) to learn how to use it.
### Windows
:::tip
You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
:::
On Windows, you need to place the `PDP8.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp8#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `OS8.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
## Credits
- The disk image and other files used above are from a kit available on [SimH "Classic" website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/).
## Video tutorial
Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
Archives of this tutorial may be available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1971/os8/simh/).

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---
keywords: ["Unix", "Unix v1", "PDP-11", 1970s, 1971]
image: ./unix-v1.webp
description: "! Unix v1 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-11 computer. It was developed by Bell Labs."
sidebar_position: 1
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# ! Unix v1
![! Unix v1](./unix-v1.webp)
! Unix v1 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-11 computer. It was developed by Bell Labs. Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of Unix v1, but we do have a copy with v1 [kernel](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)>) and v2 [userland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space), which we can run on SIMH.
<DocCardList />
## Manuals
You can download the ! Unix v1 manual from here:
- [! Unix Programmer's Manual, 1st Edition](https://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/Research/Dennis_v1/UNIX_ProgrammersManual_Nov71.pdf)
Since the copy we have has v2 userland, you will be interested in ! Unix v2 manual as well:
- [! Unix Programmer's Manual, 2nd Edition](https://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/Research/Dennis_v2/v2man.pdf)
You may also be interested in the PDP-11 manuals. It was the computer on which ! Unix v1 as well as ! Unix v2 was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
- [PDP-11 Manuals](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/)
In particular, you may be interested in these:
- [PDP-11 Processor handbook](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/handbooks/PDP1120_Handbook_1972.pdf)
- [PDP-11 Peripherals and Interfacing handbook](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/handbooks/PDP11_PeripheralsHbk_1972.pdf)
## Related Pages
- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1971/unix-v1/)
- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Unix#1970s)
- [Computer History Wiki ! Unix v1 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/UNIX_First_Edition)
- [Computer History Wiki ! Unix v2 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/UNIX_Second_Edition)
- [Computer History Wiki PDP-11 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-11)
- [The project to resurrect ! Unix v1/v2](https://code.google.com/archive/p/unix-jun72/)
## Credits
- The manuals were taken from [The Unix Heritage Society (TUHS)](https://www.tuhs.org) and [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

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---
keywords: ["Unix", "Unix v1", "PDP-11", SIMH, 1970s, 1971]
image: ./unix-v1-SIMH-4.webp
description: "Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of ! Unix v1, but we do have a copy with v1 kernel and v2 userland, which we can run on SIMH."
sidebar_position: 1
sidebar_label: "! Unix v1 on SIMH"
---
# How to install ! Unix v1 on SIMH?
![SIMH PDP-11 emulator with ! Unix v1](./unix-v1-SIMH-4.webp)
Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of [! Unix v1](/1970s/1971/unix-v1), but we do have a copy with v1 kernel and v2 userland, which we can run on SIMH. We will refer to that copy as Unix v1 from now on. First, we need to download the ! Unix-v1 kit.
## Downloads
You can download the kit needed to run ! Unix-v1 on the SIMH PDP-11 emulator from the [Google Code archive of the project which recreated the image](https://code.google.com/archive/p/unix-jun72/):
- [! Unix-v1 kit](https://storage.googleapis.com/google-code-archive-downloads/v2/code.google.com/unix-jun72/images-20080625.tgz)
If you are on Windows, you may need to install additional software such as [7-Zip](https://www.7-zip.org/) to extract the kit.
## Using ! Unix-v1
:::tip
If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-11 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp11/) on Linux and Windows.
:::
Extract the kit you downloaded. Inside you will find several files. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM and move the files named `m792low.load`, `rf0.dsk`, `rfk.dsk` and `tape` into it.
Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp11.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
```ini
set cpu 11/20
set cpu 32K
set rk0 enabled
att rk0 rk0.dsk
set rf 2p
set rf enabled
att rf rf0.dsk
set tc enabled
att tc tape
set hk disabled
set tm disabled
set rx disabled
set rl disabled
set tq disabled
set tc enabled
set rf enabled
set ke enabled
set dci en
set dci lines=8
set dco 7b
load m792low.load
dep system sr 173700
go 73700
```
![pdp11.ini](./unix-v1-SIMH-1.webp)
Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
```bash
pdp11
```
![pdp11](./unix-v1-SIMH-2.webp)
After the emulator starts, you will be asked to log in. Type `root` and press enter to log in. There is no password.
![! Unix-v1 login](./unix-v1-SIMH-3.webp)
You can now run `ls` to see the list of files. To change directory, you need to use the `chdir` command, `cd` is not available.
![! Unix-v1 list of files in root.](./unix-v1-SIMH-4.webp)
That's it! We used ! Unix-v1. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `unix-v1.sh` with the following content:
```bash
#!/bin/bash
pdp11
```
Now make the file executable:
```bash
chmod +x unix-v1.sh
```
Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
See the [manuals section](/1970s/1971/unix-v1/#manuals) on the [main ! Unix-v1 page](/1970s/1971/unix-v1) to learn how to use it.
### Windows
:::tip
You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
:::
On Windows, you need to place the `PDP11.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp11#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `unix-v1.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
## Credits
- The disk image and other files used above are from a kit available on the [Google Code archive of the project which recreated the image](https://code.google.com/archive/p/unix-jun72/).
## Video tutorial
Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1971/unix-v1/simh/).

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---
keywords: ["Alto OS", "Xerox", "Alto", "ContrAlto", 1970s, 1973]
image: ./alto-os-contralto-7.webp
description: "We can run Alto OS on ContrAlto emulator. First we need to download a disk image of Alto OS. You can download the Alto OS Non-programmer's disk image bitsavers:"
sidebar_position: 1
sidebar_label: "Alto OS on ContrAlto emulator"
---
# How to install Alto OS on ContrAlto emulator?
![Alto OS running on ContrAlto emulator](./alto-os-contralto-7.webp)
We can run [Alto OS](/1970s/1973/alto-os/) on ContrAlto emulator. First, we need to download a disk image of Alto OS.
## Downloads
You can download the Alto OS Non-programmer's disk image [bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org/bits/Xerox/Alto/simulator/salto/disks/):
- [Alto OS Non-programmer's disk image](http://bitsavers.org/bits/Xerox/Alto/simulator/salto/disks/nonprog.dsk.Z)
If you are on Windows, you may need to install additional software such as [7-Zip](https://www.7-zip.org/) to extract the kit.
## Setting Up
:::tip
If you have not already installed ContrAlto emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/contralto/) on Linux and Windows.
:::
### Linux
Extract the `nonprog.dsk.Z` you downloaded. Inside you will find the `nonprog.dsk` disk image file. Copy that file to where you have stored the files for ContrAlto emulator.
Now open the file called `Contralto.cfg` in a text editor. Find the following line:
```ini
# Drive0Image =
```
and replace it with the following:
```ini
Drive0Image = nonprog.dsk
```
![Contralto.cfg](./alto-os-contralto-1.webp)
Save and quit the file.
Now open a terminal and move to the ContrAlto folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
```bash
mono Contralto.exe
```
![mono Contralto.exe](./alto-os-contralto-2.webp)
In the console window that appears, type `start` followed by enter. The main emulation window will turn white, and Alto OS will start.
![start (console)](./alto-os-contralto-3.webp)
![start (emulation)](./alto-os-contralto-4.webp)
You can now continue with [installing Alto OS](#installing-alto-os).
### Windows
:::tip
You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
:::
Start the ContrAlto emulator from Start menu. After it opens, click on `System` > `Drive 0` > `Load`. Choose the `nonprog.dsk` file. Now click on `System` > `Start`. The emulation will start. You can now continue with [installing Alto OS](#installing-alto-os).
## Installing Alto OS
:::tip
To interact with Alto OS, you need to click on the emulation window. Doing so will lock your mouse and keyboard to inside the window. To free them again, press the `Alt` key.
:::
Run `install` in the emulation window to start the installation. When asked whether you want the long installation dialog, press `N`. Enter your username and the name you want to give to the disk.
![Installation](./alto-os-contralto-5.webp)
If you want to set up a password, press `Y` else press `N`. If you choose to set up a password, enter it. You will need the password every time you start Alto OS, so make sure to remember it.
Afterward, Alto OS will restart. If you have set up a password, it will ask for it. Note that while the password is shown as you type when setting it, there is no feedback while you are entering your password now, similar to Unix systems, but the password is being entered.
![Password](./alto-os-contralto-6.webp)
After entering the password, Alto OS will start and display your username as well as the disk name you gave. You can type `?` to see the list of files:
![List of files](./alto-os-contralto-7.webp)
That's it! We installed Alto OS. See the [manuals section](/1970s/1973/alto-os/#manuals) on the [main Alto OS page](/1970s/1973/alto-os/) to learn how to use it.
There are several preinstalled apps on the disk image. We cover them here:
- [Preinstalled apps in Alto OS](/1970s/1973/alto-os/preinstalled-apps/)
## Credits
- The disk image and other files used above are from [bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org/bits/Xerox/Alto/simulator/salto/disks/). They have disk images of many apps which run on Alto OS. You may want to try them.
## Video tutorial
Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org1970s/1973/alto-os/contralto/).

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---
keywords: ["Alto OS", "Xerox", "Alto", 1970s, 1973]
image: ./alto-os.webp
description: "The Xerox Alto OS, was the first GUI system. It was way ahead of its time. We can run it on ContrAlto emulator."
sidebar_position: 1
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# Alto OS
![Alto OS](./alto-os.webp)
The Xerox Alto OS, was the first GUI system. It was way ahead of its time. We can run it on ContrAlto emulator.
<DocCardList />
## Manuals
:::tip
The manuals refer to the mouse buttons by their color. On a modern 3-button mouse, the colors map as the following:
- Red = Left mouse button
- Yellow = Middle mouse button
- Blue = Right mouse button
On most mouses, pressing the scroll-wheel simulates pressing the middle mouse button.
:::
You can download the Alto OS manuals from [bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/). These are the most useful ones:
- [Alto User's Handbook](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/Alto_Users_Handbook_Sep79.pdf)
- [Alto Subsystems Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/AltoSubsystems_Oct79.pdf)
- [Alto Operating System Reference Manual (Part 1)](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/AltoSWRef.part1.pdf)
- [Alto Operating System Reference Manual (Part 2)](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/AltoSWRef.part2.pdf)
- [BCPL Reference Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/bcpl/AltoBCPLdoc.pdf)
- [Bravo Course Outline](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BravoCourse.pdf)
You may also be interested in the Alto hardware manual:
- [Alto Hardware Manual (Part 1)](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/AltoHWRef.part1.pdf)
- [Alto Hardware Manual (Part 2)](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/AltoHWRef.part2.pdf)
## Apps
- [Preinstalled Apps](/1970s/1973/alto-os/preinstalled-apps/)
## Related Pages
- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1973/alto-os/)
- [Run Alto OS in your browser: ContrAltoJS](https://archives.loomcom.com/contraltojs/)
- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_Alto#Software)
- [Computer History Wiki Alto page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/Xerox_Alto)
- [Toasty Tech Xerox Alto page](http://toastytech.com/guis/alto.html)
- [Toasty Tech page on running Alto OS on the older `salto` emulator](http://toastytech.com/guis/salto.html)
- [Computer History Museum: Xerox Alto Source Code Release](https://computerhistory.org/blog/xerox-alto-source-code/)
## Credits
- The manuals were taken from [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

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---
keywords: ["Neptune", "Draw", "Markup", "Laurel", "Bravo", "Alto OS", "Xerox", "Alto", "ContrAlto", 1970s, 1973]
image: ./alto-os-pi-5.webp
description: "There are quite a few preinstalled apps in Alto OS. It includes things from file manager to Word processing software. Let's start with the simplest, the file manager."
sidebar_position: 2
---
# Preinstalled apps in Alto OS
![Bravo Word Processor](./alto-os-pi-5.webp)
:::tip
To interact with Alto OS, you need to click on the emulation window. Doing so will lock your mouse and keyboard to inside the window. To free them again, press the `Alt` key.
:::
Now that we have [installed Alto OS](/1970s/1973/alto-os/contralto/), let's use some apps on it. There are quite a few preinstalled apps in Alto OS. It includes things from file manager to Word processing software. Let's start with the simplest, the file manager. First, start Alto OS.
:::tip
You can learn how to use all of these apps by referring to Alto OS [manuals](/1970s/1973/alto-os/#manuals) on the [main Alto OS page](/1970s/1973/alto-os/).
:::
## Neptune
Neptune is the file manager of Alto OS. You can start it by running `neptune` in the Alto OS Executive.
![Neptune File Manager](./alto-os-pi-1.webp)
It can do things like copying, renaming and deleting files. To quit it, click on `Quit`.
## Draw
Draw is a vector based drawing program. To start it, run `draw`.
![Draw](./alto-os-pi-2.webp)
To quit it, press `Ctrl` + `Q`. Then press `Y` to confirm.
## Markup
Markup is a bitmap based drawing program. To start it, run `markup`. When asked for input file, press enter, unless you want to open an already existing file. When asked for output file, enter the name with which you want to save the file. If you don't want to save the file, just press enter.
![Markup](./alto-os-pi-3.webp)
To show its menu, press the middle mouse button, and then move the mouse around a little. To quit it, press the middle mouse button, and then move the mouse right until `quit` appears. Then, while keeping the middle mouse button pressed, move the pointer so that it is above `quit` and then release the mouse button.
## Laurel
Laurel is the email client of Alto. To start it, run `laurel`. It is not much useful now, as we don't have a mail server, but you can load a tutorial mail file. To do so, click on "Mail File" and then erase "Active" and instead type `tutorial.mail`.
![Laurel](./alto-os-pi-4.webp)
To quit it, click on `Quit` and then press `ESC` to confirm.
## Bravo
Bravo is a word processor software for Alto OS. Run `bravo` to start it.
![Bravo](./alto-os-pi-5.webp)
To quit it, type `q`. Then press enter to confirm. If you have not saved the file, you will be asked to confirm again if you really want to exit. Press `y` if you want to exit anyway.
## More?
- [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org/bits/Xerox/Alto/simulator/salto/disks/) have disk images of many apps and games which run on Alto OS. You may want to try them.
## Video tutorial
Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org1970s/1973/alto-os/preinstalled-apps/).

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---
keywords: [1970s, 1973]
image: ./1973.webp
description: "There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1973. They were:"
sidebar_position: 4
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# 1973
![! Alto OS Draw from 1973](./1973.webp)
There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1973. They were:
<DocCardList />

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---
keywords: ["nsys", "Unix v4", "Unix", "PDP-11", 1970s, 1973]
image: ./nsys.webp
description: "! Unix v4 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-11 computer. It was developed by Bell Labs."
sidebar_position: 2
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# ! Unix v4
![! Unix v4](./nsys.webp)
! Unix v4 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-11 computer. It was developed by Bell Labs. Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of Unix v4, but we do have a copy of a [kernel](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)>) that is from between v3 and v4. We can use that kernel with v5 [userland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space). It can be used on SIMH PDP-11 emulator.
<DocCardList />
## Manuals
Since the kernel is from between v3 and v4, and we use the userland of v5, here are the manuals of all of them:
- [! Unix Programmer's Manual, 3rd Edition](https://dspinellis.github.io/unix-v3man/v3man.pdf)
- [! Unix Programmer's Manual, 4th Edition](https://dspinellis.github.io/unix-v4man/v4man.pdf)
- [! Unix Programmer's Manual, 5th Edition](https://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/Research/Dennis_v5/v5man.pdf)
You may also be interested in the PDP-11 manuals. It was the computer on which ! Unix v3, v4 as well as v5 was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
- [PDP-11 Manuals](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/)
In particular, you may be interested in these:
## Related Pages
- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1973/unix-v4/)
- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Unix#1970s)
- [Computer History Wiki ! Unix v3 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/UNIX_Third_Edition)
- [Computer History Wiki ! Unix v4 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/UNIX_Fourth_Edition)
- [Computer History Wiki ! Unix v5 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/UNIX_Fifth_Edition)
- [Computer History Wiki PDP-11 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-11)
## Credits
- ! Unix v3 and v4 manuals were taken from the page of the GitHub user "[dspinellis](https://github.com/dspinellis)".
- The rest of the manuals were taken from [The Unix Heritage Society (TUHS)](https://www.tuhs.org) and [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

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---
keywords: ["Unix v1", "Unix", "PDP-11", "SIMH", 1970s, 1973]
image: ./unix-v4-SIMH-5.webp
description: "Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of Unix v4, but we do have a copy of a kernel that is from between v3 and v4. We can use that kernel with v5 userland."
sidebar_position: 1
sidebar_label: "! Unix v4 on SIMH"
---
# How to install ! Unix v4 on SIMH?
![SIMH PDP-11 emulator with ! Unix v4](./unix-v4-SIMH-5.webp)
Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of Unix v4, but we do have a copy of a kernel that is from between v3 and v4. We can use that kernel with v5 userland. It can be used on SIMH PDP-11 emulator.
## Downloads
First, we need to prepare an image of Unix v5 with the `nsys` kernel. We have prepared such an image for you to download:
- [! Unix-v4 image (v5 root with nsys kernel)](https://github.com/InstallerLegacy/nsys-image/releases/latest/download/nsysroot.zip)
If you want to prepare the image yourself, refer to [our guide on how to do so](/blog/how-to-put-the-nsys-kernel-on-a-disk-image-of-unix-v5/).
## Using ! Unix-v5
:::tip
If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-11 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp11/) on Linux and Windows.
:::
Extract the archive you downloaded. Inside you will find a file called `nsysroot`. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM and move that file into it.
Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp11.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
```ini
set cpu 11/45
att rk0 nsysroot
boot rk0
```
![pdp11.ini](./unix-v4-SIMH-1.webp)
Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
```bash
pdp11
```
![pdp11](unix-v4-SIMH-2.webp)
After the emulator starts, you will get a `@` prompt. Type `nsys` and press enter to run the `nsys` kernel.
![boot](./unix-v4-SIMH-3.webp)
You will be asked to log in. Type `root` and press enter to log in. There is no password.
![! Unix-v4 login](./unix-v4-SIMH-4.webp)
You can now run `ls` to see the list of files. To change directory, you need to use the `chdir` command, `cd` is not available.
![! Unix-v4 list of files in root](./unix-v4-SIMH-5.webp)
That's it! We used ! Unix-v4. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `unix-v4.sh` with the following content:
```bash
#!/bin/bash
pdp11
```
Now make the file executable:
```bash
chmod +x unix-v4.sh
```
Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
See the [manuals section](/1970s/1973/unix-v4/#manuals) on the [main ! Unix-v4 page](/1970s/1973/unix-v4) to learn how to use it.
### Windows
:::tip
You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
:::
On Windows, you need to place the `PDP11.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp11#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `unix-v4.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
## Credits
- The Unix v5 image, the `nsys` kernel and other files used above are from [TUHS](https://www.tuhs.org).
## Video tutorial
Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1973/unix-v4/simh/).

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---
keywords: [1970s]
image: ./1970s.webp
sidebar_label: Introduction
sidebar_position: 1
description: "1970s were the age in which microcomputers evolved. This decade saw the rise of many historic operating systems including Unix, Alto OS, Apple DOS and CP/M."
---
# 1970s
![Alto OS Neptune File Manager from 1970s](./1970s.webp)
1970s were the age in which microcomputers evolved, but the majority of operating systems we are going to cover are still minicomputer ones. This decade saw the rise of many historic operating systems including Unix, Alto OS (pictured above), Apple DOS and CP/M.
<div className='container'>
<div className="row">
<div className="col text--center padding-horiz--md padding-vert--md">
<a href="/1970s/1970" className="button button--primary">1970</a>
</div>
<div className="col text--center padding-horiz--md padding-vert--md">
<a href="/1970s/1971" className="button button--primary">1971</a>
</div>
<div className="col text--center padding-horiz--md padding-vert--md">
<a href="/1970s/1973" className="button button--primary">1973</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>

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---
keywords: ["Start Here", "VirtualHub"]
sidebar_position: 1
description: "Categorizing the tutorials on basis of type of OS."
---
# Start Here
This page categorizes the tutorials on basis of type of OS. If you are interested in operating systems from specific years, use the navigation bar above and choose the appropriate decade under "OSs".
<div className='container'>
<div className="row">
<div className="col text--center padding-horiz--md padding-vert--md">
<a href="/start-here/unix" className="button button--primary">Unix</a>
</div>
<div className="col text--center padding-horiz--md padding-vert--md">
<a href="/start-here/others" className="button button--primary">Other Operating Systems</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>

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---
keywords: ["1960s", "Others", "Start Here", "VirtualHub"]
description: "Operating Systems released in the 1960s, which do not fit in other categories."
sidebar_position: 1
sidebar_label: 1960s
---
# Other OSs from 1960s
Operating Systems released in the 1960s, which do not fit in other categories.
- [! DECSys-7](/1960s/1965/decsys/)
- [! 4K DMS](/1960s/1965/4kdms/)
- [! TSS/8](/1960s/1968/tss8/)

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---
keywords: ["1970s", "Others", "Start Here", "VirtualHub"]
description: "Operating Systems released in the 1970s which, do not fit in other categories."
sidebar_position: 2
sidebar_label: 1970s
---
# Other OSs from 1970s
Operating Systems released in the 1970s, which do not fit in other categories.
- [! CAPS-11](/1970s/1970/caps-11/)
- [! ADSS-15](/1970s/1970/adss-15/)
- [! DOS-15](/1970s/1970/dos-15/)
- [! OS/8](/1970s/1971/os8/)
- [Alto OS](/1970s/1973/alto-os/)

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description: "Operating Systems which are unique and do not fit in other categories."
sidebar_position: 3
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# Other Operating Systems
These operating systems are unique and do not fit in other categories.
<DocCardList />

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---
keywords: ["Start Here", "Unix", "VirtualHub"]
description: "Unix and Unix-like operating systems."
sidebar_position: 2
---
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
# Unix
To learn more about Unix, see [this Wikipedia page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix).
<DocCardList />

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---
keywords: ["Research Unix", "Start Here", "Unix", "VirtualHub"]
description: "Original versions of Unix from Bell Labs."
sidebar_position: 1
---
# Research Unix
To learn more about Research Unix, see [this Wikipedia page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Unix).
- [! PDP-7 Unix](/1970s/1970/pdp7unix/)
- [! Unix v1](/1970s/1971/unix-v1/)
- [! Unix v4](/1970s/1973/unix-v4/)

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{
label: '1960s',
to: '/1960s',
},
{
label: '1970s',
to: '/1970s',
},
],
},
{
title: 'Community',
items: [
{
label: 'Discord',
href: 'https://chat.virtualhub.eu.org/',
},
{
label: 'Telegram',
href: 'https://t.me/Virtua1Hub',
},
{
label: 'Twitter',
href: 'https://x.com/virtua1hub',
},
{
label: 'YouTube',
href: 'https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub',
},
{
label: 'Github Discussions',
href: 'https://github.com/orgs/InstallerLegacy/discussions',
},
],
},
{
title: 'More',
items: [
{
label: 'VirtualHub Setup',
href: 'https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/',
},
{
label: 'VirtualHub Screenshots',
href: 'https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/',
},
{
label: 'GitHub Repository',
href: 'https://github.com/InstallerLegacy/virtualhub.eu.org',
},
],
},
],
copyright: `Copyright © ${new Date().getFullYear()} Legacy Installer. Built with Docusaurus.`,
},
prism: {
theme: prismThemes.github,
darkTheme: prismThemes.dracula,
additionalLanguages: [
'bash',
'ini',
],
},
}),
};
export default config;

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{
"name": "virtualhub",
"version": "0.0.0",
"private": true,
"scripts": {
"docusaurus": "docusaurus",
"start": "docusaurus start",
"build": "docusaurus build",
"swizzle": "docusaurus swizzle",
"deploy": "docusaurus deploy",
"clear": "docusaurus clear",
"serve": "docusaurus serve",
"write-translations": "docusaurus write-translations",
"write-heading-ids": "docusaurus write-heading-ids"
},
"dependencies": {
"@docusaurus/core": "3.1.0",
"@docusaurus/plugin-pwa": "^3.1.0",
"@docusaurus/preset-classic": "3.1.0",
"@mdx-js/react": "^3.0.0",
"clsx": "^2.1.0",
"docusaurus-lunr-search": "^3.3.2",
"docusaurus-plugin-image-zoom": "^1.0.1",
"prism-react-renderer": "^2.3.1",
"react": "^18.2.0",
"react-dom": "^18.2.0"
},
"devDependencies": {
"@docusaurus/module-type-aliases": "3.1.0",
"@docusaurus/types": "3.1.0",
"@giscus/react": "^2.4.0",
"prettier": "3.1.1"
},
"browserslist": {
"production": [
">0.5%",
"not dead",
"not op_mini all"
],
"development": [
"last 3 chrome version",
"last 3 firefox version",
"last 5 safari version"
]
},
"engines": {
"node": ">=18.0"
}
}

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/**
* Creating a sidebar enables you to:
- create an ordered group of docs
- render a sidebar for each doc of that group
- provide next/previous navigation
The sidebars can be generated from the filesystem, or explicitly defined here.
Create as many sidebars as you want.
*/
// @ts-check
/** @type {import('@docusaurus/plugin-content-docs').SidebarsConfig} */
const sidebars = {
Sidebar1960s: [{type: 'autogenerated', dirName: '1960s'}],
Sidebar1970s: [{type: 'autogenerated', dirName: '1970s'}],
SidebarStartHere: [{type: 'autogenerated', dirName: 'start-here'}],
};
export default sidebars;

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import clsx from 'clsx';
import Heading from '@theme/Heading';
import styles from './styles.module.css';
const FeatureList = [
{
title: '1960s',
description: (
<>
The 1960s were mainly the years of mainframes and minicomputers. It saw the rise of DEC minicomputers like PDP-1, PDP-4, PDP-7, PDP-9, PDP-15, PDP-5, PDP-8, PDP-12 and the PDP-11. There were many interesting operating systems made for these computers.
</>
),
link: '/1960s',
buttontext: "Let's Go!",
},
{
title: '1970s',
description: (
<>
1970s were the age in which microcomputers evolved, but many of the operating systems we are going to cover are still minicomputer ones. This decade saw the rise of many historic operating systems including Unix, Alto OS, Apple DOS, VAX/VMS and CP/M.
</>
),
link: '/1970s',
buttontext: "Let's Go!",
},
{
title: '1980s',
description: (
<>
The 1980s were the years of personal computing. The release of IBM PC in 1981 started a new era. There were also many other famous microcomputers which came out in this decade, like the Commodore 64, BBC Micro and the Tandy 2000. There were many OSs for these systems.
</>
),
link: '#',
buttontext: 'Coming Soon!',
},
{
title: '1990s',
description: (
<>
Done with the 80s? Let's go explore the newer versions of those OS and software which survived to the new decade and the ones which were newly introduced. This was the decade in which Windows evolved from a shell on top of DOS to a full fledged OS.
</>
),
link: '#',
buttontext: 'Coming Soon!',
},
{
title: '2000s',
description: (
<>
Operating Systems released in 2000s are not really "old", so we are not going to cover proprietary operating systems from that era, but we are going to cover the open source ones. This includes Linux distros and other modern FOSS versions of the classic OSs.
</>
),
link: '#',
buttontext: 'Coming Soon!',
},
{
title: 'Apps',
description: (
<>
Using Operating Systems with built-in apps only is boring. See our tutorials on how to install different third-party apps from on different operating systems. Explore the old <em>killer</em> apps like Visicalc and Word Star and feel their power.
</>
),
link: '#',
buttontext: 'Coming Soon!',
},
];
function Feature({title, description, link, buttontext}) {
return (
<div className={clsx('col col--4')}>
<div className="text--center padding-horiz--md padding-vert--md">
<Heading as="h2">{title}</Heading>
<p>{description}</p>
<div className={styles.buttons}>
<a
className="button button--primary button--md"
href={link}>
{buttontext}
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
);
}
export default function HomepageFeatures() {
return (
<section className={styles.features}>
<div className="container">
<div className="row">
{FeatureList.map((props, idx) => (
<Feature key={idx} {...props} />
))}
</div>
</div>
</section>
);
}

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.features {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
padding: 2rem 0;
width: 100%;
}
.featureSvg {
height: 200px;
width: 200px;
}
.buttons {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}

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/**
* Any CSS included here will be global. The classic template
* bundles Infima by default. Infima is a CSS framework designed to
* work well for content-centric websites.
*/
/* You can override the default Infima variables here. */
:root {
--ifm-color-primary: #2e8555;
--ifm-color-primary-dark: #29784c;
--ifm-color-primary-darker: #277148;
--ifm-color-primary-darkest: #205d3b;
--ifm-color-primary-light: #33925d;
--ifm-color-primary-lighter: #359962;
--ifm-color-primary-lightest: #3cad6e;
--ifm-code-font-size: 95%;
--docusaurus-highlighted-code-line-bg: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}
/* For readability concerns, you should choose a lighter palette in dark mode. */
[data-theme='dark'] {
--ifm-color-primary: #25c2a0;
--ifm-color-primary-dark: #21af90;
--ifm-color-primary-darker: #1fa588;
--ifm-color-primary-darkest: #1a8870;
--ifm-color-primary-light: #29d5b0;
--ifm-color-primary-lighter: #32d8b4;
--ifm-color-primary-lightest: #4fddbf;
--docusaurus-highlighted-code-line-bg: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
}
.header-github-link::before {
content: '';
width: 20px;
height: 20px;
display: flex;
background-color: var(--ifm-navbar-link-color);
mask-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 24 24' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='none' stroke='currentColor' stroke-width='2' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'%3E%3Cpath d='M9 19c-5 1.5-5-2.5-7-3m14 6v-3.87a3.37 3.37 0 0 0-.94-2.61c3.14-.35 6.44-1.54 6.44-7A5.44 5.44 0 0 0 20 4.77 5.07 5.07 0 0 0 19.91 1S18.73.65 16 2.48a13.38 13.38 0 0 0-7 0C6.27.65 5.09 1 5.09 1A5.07 5.07 0 0 0 5 4.77a5.44 5.44 0 0 0-1.5 3.78c0 5.42 3.3 6.61 6.44 7A3.37 3.37 0 0 0 9 18.13V22'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
transition: background-color var(--ifm-transition-fast)
var(--ifm-transition-timing-default);
}
.header-github-link:hover::before {
background-color: var(--ifm-navbar-link-hover-color);
}
.header-twitter-link::before {
content: '';
width: 20px;
height: 20px;
display: flex;
background-color: var(--ifm-navbar-link-color);
mask-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 24 24' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='none' stroke='currentColor' stroke-width='2' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'%3E%3Cpath d='M23 3a10.9 10.9 0 0 1-3.14 1.53 4.48 4.48 0 0 0-7.86 3v1A10.66 10.66 0 0 1 3 4s-4 9 5 13a11.64 11.64 0 0 1-7 2c9 5 20 0 20-11.5a4.5 4.5 0 0 0-.08-.83A7.72 7.72 0 0 0 23 3z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
transition: background-color var(--ifm-transition-fast)
var(--ifm-transition-timing-default);
}
.header-twitter-link:hover::before {
background-color: var(--ifm-navbar-link-hover-color);
}
.header-youtube-link::before {
content: '';
width: 20px;
height: 20px;
display: flex;
background-color: var(--ifm-navbar-link-color);
mask-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 24 24' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='none' stroke='currentColor' stroke-width='2' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'%3E%3Cpath d='M22.54 6.42a2.78 2.78 0 0 0-1.94-2C18.88 4 12 4 12 4s-6.88 0-8.6.46a2.78 2.78 0 0 0-1.94 2A29 29 0 0 0 1 11.75a29 29 0 0 0 .46 5.33A2.78 2.78 0 0 0 3.4 19c1.72.46 8.6.46 8.6.46s6.88 0 8.6-.46a2.78 2.78 0 0 0 1.94-2 29 29 0 0 0 .46-5.25 29 29 0 0 0-.46-5.33z'/%3E%3Cpolygon points='9.75 15.02 15.5 11.75 9.75 8.48 9.75 15.02'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
transition: background-color var(--ifm-transition-fast)
var(--ifm-transition-timing-default);
}
.header-youtube-link:hover::before {
background-color: var(--ifm-navbar-link-hover-color);
}
.header-telegram-link::before {
content: '';
width: 20px;
height: 20px;
display: flex;
background-color: var(--ifm-navbar-link-color);
mask-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 24 24' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='none' stroke='currentColor' stroke-width='2' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'%3E%3Cline x1='22' y1='2' x2='11' y2='13'/%3E%3Cpolygon points='22 2 15 22 11 13 2 9 22 2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
transition: background-color var(--ifm-transition-fast)
var(--ifm-transition-timing-default);
}
.header-telegram-link:hover::before {
background-color: var(--ifm-navbar-link-hover-color);
}

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---
title: About VirtualHub
description: Learn more about VirtualHub, the repository of tutorials on how to install old operating systems in different VMs and emulators.
---
import styles from './logo.module.css';
# About VirtualHub
<p className='text--center'><img className={styles.logo} alt="VirtualHub logo" src="/img/logo.webp" width="150"/></p>
:::tip
Visit [VirtualHub Blog](/blog) to know more about the fascinating history and stories about VirtualHub.
:::
<div className="text--center container">
<p>We love to chat with people who love old software. Come join us on discord:</p>
<p>
<a href="https://chat.virtualhub.eu.org">
<img width="320" height="76" src="https://discordapp.com/api/guilds/1176107431013646357/widget.png?style=banner2" alt="Discord Banner"/>
</a>
</p>
</div>
VirtualHub is a repository of tutorials and resources on how to install old operating systems and apps in virtual machines and emulators. We believe that *everyone* should learn about the heritage of computing. What is the best way to learn how the classical operating systems used to look and behave? What is the best way to learn what the users of those systems felt? To run those systems and apps yourself, of course.
We help you do that by providing you clear guidance on how to start running those systems and apps on the emulator or VM software of your choice. We believe that each emulator and VM software has their own advantage. So, we cover installing the same operating system on many of them.
We provide many resources to help you learn how to use the OSs and apps too. We provide links to many sites and third-party tutorials related to the OS or app. One of the characteristic features of the old software were their manuals. We provide links to PDF copies of the documentation manuals of those OS and apps, if available, so that you can have the same learning experience as the people in that age.
We also provide tutorials on how to install the emulators themselves, but since they are modern software and ever-changing, those tutorials need to be updated very frequently. Hence, we host those on a separate site: [https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org).
Though we believe that everyone should *run* these operating systems and apps themselves to feel their real power, we know that not everyone has time or resources to do so. That's why we have a separate site with screenshots of these operating systems and apps: [https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org).
While the computing history is diverse, the majority of desktop apps made after 1980 run on DOS or Windows. Though we can run those on the emulated operating systems, we can also run them in a better way using software such as [DOSBox-X](https://dosbox-x.com/) or [WINE](https://www.winehq.org/). Most old apps made for Windows can also directly run on modern Windows. We will soon launch a separate website with tutorials on how to run such apps via these methods.
VirtualHub is a volunteer project. We do *not* display any advertisement or track you in any way. We do not have any income from the VirtualHub project. While we use only free tools to make and host these websites, so we don't have any expenses, our work is still unpaid. You can help us by [contributing to VirtualHub](https://github.com/InstallerLegacy/virtualhub.eu.org/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md).

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---
title: Contact
description: Contact Us.
---
import styles from './contact.module.css';
# Contact
<form name="contact" method="POST" data-netlify="true" netlify-honeypot="bot-field">
<div className={styles.formInner}>
<div className={styles.hidden}>
<p>Don’t fill this out if you’re human: </p>
<input name="bot-field" />
</div>
<p>Your Name: </p>
<input type="text" name="name" />
<p>Your Email: </p>
<input type="email" name="email" />
<p>Message: </p>
<textarea name="message" rows="5"></textarea>
<button className={styles.greenButton} type="submit" id="btnSubmit">Submit</button>
</div>
</form>
<div className="text--center container">
<p>You can also chat with us on Discord:</p>
<p>
<a href="https://chat.virtualhub.eu.org">
<img width="320" height="76" src="https://discordapp.com/api/guilds/1176107431013646357/widget.png?style=banner2" alt="Discord Banner"/>
</a>
</p>
</div>

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/**
* CSS files with the .module.css suffix will be treated as CSS modules
* and scoped locally.
*/
.formInner {
padding: 40px;
}
.formInner input,
.formInner textarea {
display: block;
width: 100%;
padding: 15px;
margin-bottom: 10px;
border: none;
border-radius: 20px;
background: #dff5e5;
color: black;
}
.formInner textarea {
resize: none;
}
.greenButton {
width: 100%;
padding: 10px;
margin-top: 20px;
border-radius: 20px;
border: none;
background: #15ba47;
font-size: 16px;
font-weight: 400;
color: #fff;
}
.greenButton:hover {
background: #00581b;
}
.hidden {
display: none;
}

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import clsx from 'clsx';
import Link from '@docusaurus/Link';
import useDocusaurusContext from '@docusaurus/useDocusaurusContext';
import Layout from '@theme/Layout';
import HomepageFeatures from '@site/src/components/HomepageFeatures';
import Heading from '@theme/Heading';
import styles from './index.module.css';
function HomepageHeader() {
const {siteConfig} = useDocusaurusContext();
return (
<header className={styles.heroBanner}>
<div className="container">
<img className={styles.logo} alt="VirtualHub logo" src="/img/logo.webp" width="180" height="180"/>
<Heading as="h1" className="hero__title">
Welcome to {siteConfig.title}!
</Heading>
<p className="hero__subtitle">
Want to experience old operating systems without purchasing old computers? You have come to the right place! Browse our library of tutorials on how to install legacy operating systems in virtual machines and emulators and feel the power of old.
</p>
<div className={styles.buttons}>
<Link
className="button button--primary button--lg"
to="/start-here">
Get Started
</Link>
</div>
</div>
</header>
);
}
export default function Home() {
const {siteConfig} = useDocusaurusContext();
return (
<Layout
title={`${siteConfig.title} - ${siteConfig.tagline}`}
description="Want to experience old operating systems without purchasing old computers? You have come to the right place! Browse our library of tutorials on how to install legacy operating systems in virtual machines and emulators and feel the power of old.">
<HomepageHeader />
<main>
<HomepageFeatures />
<section className={styles.content}>
<div className="text--center">
<p>Come, chat with us:</p>
<a href="https://chat.virtualhub.eu.org"><img width="320" height="76" src="https://discordapp.com/api/guilds/1176107431013646357/widget.png?style=banner2" alt="Discord Banner"/></a>
<p className="meta" {...{ 'xmlns:cc': "http://creativecommons.org/ns#" }} {...{ 'xmlns:dct': "http://purl.org/dc/terms/" }}><a property="dct:title" rel="cc:attributionURL" href="https://virtualhub.eu.org">VirtualHub</a> by <a rel="cc:attributionURL dct:creator" property="cc:attributionName" href="https://twitter.com/Virtua1Hub">Legacy Installer</a> is licensed under <a className={styles.cc} href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?ref=chooser-v1" target="_blank" rel="license noopener noreferrer">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 <img className={styles.ccimages} src="/img/cc.svg" alt="cc" width="22" height="22"/><img className={styles.ccimages} src="/img/by.svg" alt="by" width="22" height="22"/><img className={styles.ccimages} src="/img/nc.svg" alt="nc" width="22" height="22"/><img className={styles.ccimages} src="/img/sa.svg" alt="sa" width="22" height="22"/></a></p>
</div>
</section>
</main>
</Layout>
);
}

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/**
* CSS files with the .module.css suffix will be treated as CSS modules
* and scoped locally.
*/
.heroBanner {
align-items: center;
display: flex;
padding: 4rem 0;
text-align: center;
position: relative;
overflow: hidden;
}
@media screen and (max-width: 996px) {
.heroBanner {
padding: 2rem;
}
}
.buttons {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
}
.content {
padding-bottom: 2rem;
}
.logo {
border-radius: 50%
}
.cc {
display: inline-block
}
.ccimages {
height: 22px !important;
margin-left: 3px;
vertical-align: text-bottom;
}

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/**
* CSS files with the .module.css suffix will be treated as CSS modules
* and scoped locally.
*/
.logo {
border-radius: 50%
}

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---
title: Our Other Websites
description: Learn more about other VirtualHub websites, from setting up to screenshots.
---
import styles from './logo.module.css';
import Admonition from '@theme/Admonition';
# Our Other Websites
<p className='text--center'><img className={styles.logo} alt="VirtualHub logo" src="/img/logo.webp" width="150"/></p>
<div className="text--center container">
<p>We love to chat with people who love old software. Come join us on discord:</p>
<p>
<a href="https://chat.virtualhub.eu.org">
<img width="320" height="76" src="https://discordapp.com/api/guilds/1176107431013646357/widget.png?style=banner2" alt="Discord Banner"/>
</a>
</p>
</div>
<Admonition type="tip" icon="👉" title="VirtualHub Setup">
[https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org): Set up your system for VirtualHub.
</Admonition>
<Admonition type="tip" icon="👉" title="VirtualHub Screenshots">
[https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org) - Screenshots of old Software.
</Admonition>

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import React from 'react';
import clsx from 'clsx';
import {blogPostContainerID} from '@docusaurus/utils-common';
import {useBlogPost} from '@docusaurus/theme-common/internal';
import MDXContent from '@theme/MDXContent';
import Giscus from '@giscus/react';
import { useColorMode } from '@docusaurus/theme-common';
export default function BlogPostItemContent({children, className}) {
const {isBlogPostPage} = useBlogPost();
const { colorMode } = useColorMode();
const giscus = (
<React.Fragment>
<Giscus
id="comments"
repo="InstallerLegacy/virtualhub.eu.org"
repoId="R_kgDOH8Gw8w"
category="Comments"
categoryId="DIC_kwDOH8Gw884CRQXl"
mapping="pathname"
strict="1"
reactionsEnabled="1"
emitMetadata="0"
inputPosition="top"
theme={colorMode}
lang="en"
loading="lazy"
/>
</React.Fragment>
)
const discord = (
<div class="text--center">
<p>
Tell us about what you liked/disliked about this page on Discord.
Are you facing any problem in following any of the tutorials? We will help you.
We love to chat with people interested in old software:
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://chat.virtualhub.eu.org">
<img width="320" height="76" src="https://discordapp.com/api/guilds/1176107431013646357/widget.png?style=banner2" alt="Discord Banner"/>
</a>
</p>
</div>
)
return (
<div
// This ID is used for the feed generation to locate the main content
id={isBlogPostPage ? blogPostContainerID : undefined}
className={clsx('markdown', className)}
itemProp="articleBody">
<MDXContent>
{children}
{isBlogPostPage && discord}
{isBlogPostPage && giscus}
</MDXContent>
</div>
);
}

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import React from 'react';
import clsx from 'clsx';
import {useWindowSize} from '@docusaurus/theme-common';
import {useDoc} from '@docusaurus/theme-common/internal';
import DocItemPaginator from '@theme/DocItem/Paginator';
import DocVersionBanner from '@theme/DocVersionBanner';
import DocVersionBadge from '@theme/DocVersionBadge';
import DocItemFooter from '@theme/DocItem/Footer';
import DocItemTOCMobile from '@theme/DocItem/TOC/Mobile';
import DocItemTOCDesktop from '@theme/DocItem/TOC/Desktop';
import DocItemContent from '@theme/DocItem/Content';
import DocBreadcrumbs from '@theme/DocBreadcrumbs';
import Unlisted from '@theme/Unlisted';
import styles from './styles.module.css';
import Giscus from '@giscus/react';
import { useColorMode } from '@docusaurus/theme-common';
/**
* Decide if the toc should be rendered, on mobile or desktop viewports
*/
function useDocTOC() {
const {frontMatter, toc} = useDoc();
const windowSize = useWindowSize();
const hidden = frontMatter.hide_table_of_contents;
const canRender = !hidden && toc.length > 0;
const mobile = canRender ? <DocItemTOCMobile /> : undefined;
const desktop =
canRender && (windowSize === 'desktop' || windowSize === 'ssr') ? (
<DocItemTOCDesktop />
) : undefined;
return {
hidden,
mobile,
desktop,
};
}
export default function DocItemLayout({children}) {
const docTOC = useDocTOC();
const { colorMode } = useColorMode();
const giscus = (
<React.Fragment>
<Giscus
id="comments"
repo="InstallerLegacy/virtualhub.eu.org"
repoId="R_kgDOH8Gw8w"
category="Comments"
categoryId="DIC_kwDOH8Gw884CRQXl"
mapping="pathname"
strict="1"
reactionsEnabled="1"
emitMetadata="0"
inputPosition="top"
theme={colorMode}
lang="en"
loading="lazy"
/>
</React.Fragment>
)
const {
metadata: {unlisted},
} = useDoc();
return (
<div className="row">
<div className={clsx('col', !docTOC.hidden && styles.docItemCol)}>
{unlisted && <Unlisted />}
<DocVersionBanner />
<div className={styles.docItemContainer}>
<article>
<DocBreadcrumbs />
<DocVersionBadge />
{docTOC.mobile}
<DocItemContent>{children}</DocItemContent>
<br></br>
<div class="text--center">
<p>
Tell us about what you liked/disliked about this page on Discord.
Are you facing any problem in following any of the tutorials? We will help you.
We love to chat with people interested in old software:
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://chat.virtualhub.eu.org">
<img width="320" height="76" src="https://discordapp.com/api/guilds/1176107431013646357/widget.png?style=banner2" alt="Discord Banner"/>
</a>
</p>
</div>
{giscus}
<DocItemFooter />
</article>
<DocItemPaginator />
</div>
</div>
{docTOC.desktop && <div className="col col--3">{docTOC.desktop}</div>}
</div>
);
}

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.docItemContainer header + *,
.docItemContainer article > *:first-child {
margin-top: 0;
}
@media (min-width: 997px) {
.docItemCol {
max-width: 75% !important;
}
}

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