first commit

docs/1970s/1970/adss-15/index.md

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+---
+keywords: ["ADSS-15", "PDP-15", 1970s, 1970]
+image: ./adss-15.webp
+description: "! ADSS-15 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-15 computer. We can run it in the SIMH PDP-15 emulator."
+sidebar_position: 3
+---
+
+import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
+
+# ! ADSS-15
+
+![! ADSS-15](./adss-15.webp)
+
+! ADSS-15 (PDP-**15** **Ad**vanced **S**oftware **S**ystem) was an operating system for the DEC PDP-15 computer. We can run it in the SIMH PDP-15 emulator.
+
+<DocCardList />
+
+## Manuals
+
+You can download the ! ADSS-15 manual from here:
+
+- [! ADSS-15 Programmer's Reference Manual](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp15/DEC-15-MR2B-D_AdvMonPgmRef.pdf)
+
+You may also be interested in the PDP-15 manuals. It was the computer on which ! ADSS-15 was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
+
+- [PDP-15 Manuals](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp15/)
+
+## Related Pages
+
+- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1970/adss-15/)
+- [Wikipedia PDP-15 page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-15)
+- [Computer History Wiki PDP-15 page](http://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-15)
+
+## Credits
+
+- The manuals were taken from [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

docs/1970s/1970/adss-15/simh/index.md

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+---
+keywords: ["ADSS-15", "PDP-15", SIMH, 1970s, 1970]
+image: ./adss-15-SIMH-3.webp
+description: 'We can run ! ADSS-15 on the SIMH PDP-15 emulator. First, we need to download the ! ADSS-15 kit. You can download the kit needed to run ! ADSS-15 on the SIMH PDP-15 emulator from the "SIMH Legacy" website.'
+sidebar_position: 1
+sidebar_label: "! ADSS-15 on SIMH"
+---
+
+# How to install ! ADSS-15 on SIMH?
+
+![SIMH PDP-15 emulator with ! ADSS-15](./adss-15-SIMH-3.webp)
+
+We can run [! ADSS-15](/1970s/1970/adss-15) on the SIMH PDP-15 emulator. First, we need to download the ! ADSS-15 kit.
+
+## Downloads
+
+You can download the kit needed to run ! ADSS-15 on the SIMH PDP-15 emulator from the ["SIMH Legacy"](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/) website:
+
+- [! ADSS-15 kit](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/kits/adss15.zip)
+
+## Using ! ADSS-15
+
+:::tip
+
+If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-15 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp15/) on Linux and Windows.
+
+:::
+
+Extract the kit you downloaded. Inside you will find several files. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM and move those two files named `adss15_32k.dtp` and `dec-15u.rim` into it.
+
+Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp15.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
+
+```ini
+load dec-15u.rim 77637
+ex pc
+attach dt adss15_32k.dtp
+set lpt disa
+set lp9 ena
+run
+```
+
+![pdp15.ini](./adss-15-SIMH-1.webp)
+
+Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
+
+```bash
+pdp15
+```
+
+![pdp15](./adss-15-SIMH-2.webp)
+
+After the emulator starts, you can enter `D` to see the list of files:
+
+![D](./adss-15-SIMH-2.webp)
+
+That's it! We used ! ADSS-15. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `adss-15.sh` with the following content:
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+pdp15
+```
+
+Now make the file executable:
+
+```bash
+chmod +x adss-15.sh
+```
+
+Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
+
+See the [manuals section](/1970s/1970/adss-15/#manuals) on the [main ! ADSS-15 page](/1970s/1970/adss-15) to learn how to use it.
+
+### Windows
+
+:::tip
+
+You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
+
+:::
+
+On Windows, you need to place the `PDP15.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp15#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `adss-15.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
+
+## Credits
+
+- The disk image and other files used above are from a kit available on [SimH “Classic” website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/).
+
+## Video tutorial
+
+Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
+
+Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1970/adss-15/simh/).

docs/1970s/1970/caps-11/index.md

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+---
+keywords: ["CAPS-11", "PDP-11", 1970s, 1970]
+image: ./caps-11.webp
+description: "! CAPS-11 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-11 computer. It is one of the earliest available operating system to be run on a PDP-11."
+sidebar_position: 2
+---
+
+import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
+
+# ! CAPS-11
+
+![! CAPS-11](./caps-11.webp)
+
+! CAPS-11 (**Ca**ssette **P**rogramming **S**ystem) was an operating system for the DEC PDP-11 computer. It is one of the earliest available operating system to be run on a PDP-11.
+
+<DocCardList />
+
+## Manuals
+
+You can download the ! CAPS-11 manual from here:
+
+- [! CAPS-11 User Guide](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/caps-11/DEC-11-OTUGA-A-D_CAPS-11_Users_Guide_Oct73.pdf)
+
+You may also be interested in the PDP-11 manuals. It was the computer on which ! CAPS-11 was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
+
+- [PDP-11 Manuals](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/)
+
+## Related Pages
+
+- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1970/caps-11/)
+- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11#Operating_systems)
+- [A third-party PDP-11 + CAPS-11 restoration bog post (with a YouTube video)](http://www.datormuseum.se/computers/digital-equipment-corporation/pdp-11-04.html)
+
+## Credits
+
+- The manuals were taken from [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

docs/1970s/1970/caps-11/simh/index.md

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+---
+keywords: ["CAPS-11", "PDP-11", SIMH, 1970s, 1970]
+image: ./caps-11-SIMH-3.webp
+description: 'We can run ! CAPS-11 on the SIMH PDP-11 emulator. First, we need to download the ! CAPS-11 kit. You can download the kit needed to run it on the SIMH PDP-11 emulator from the "SIMH Legacy" website.'
+sidebar_position: 1
+sidebar_label: "! CAPS-11 on SIMH"
+---
+
+# How to install CAPS-11 on SIMH?
+
+![SIMH PDP-11 emulator with ! CAPS-11](./caps-11-SIMH-3.webp)
+
+We can run [! CAPS-11](/1970s/1970/caps-11) on the SIMH PDP-11 emulator. First, we need to download the ! CAPS-11 kit.
+
+## Downloads
+
+You can download the kit needed to run ! CAPS-11 on the SIMH PDP-11 emulator from the [“SIMH Legacy” website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/):
+
+- [! CAPS-11 kit](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/kits/caps11_system.zip)
+
+## Using ! CAPS-11
+
+:::tip
+
+If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-11 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp11/) on Linux and Windows.
+
+:::
+
+Extract the kit you downloaded. Inside you will find two files. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM, and move the file named `caps11.t60` into it.
+
+Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp11.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
+
+```ini
+set cpu 11/05
+set throttle 5%
+set cpu 32k
+set ptr disabled
+set ptp disabled
+set lpt disabled
+set dz disabled
+set rk disabled
+set rl disabled
+set hk disabled
+set rx disabled
+set rp disabled
+set rq disabled
+set tm disabled
+set tq disabled
+set ta enabled
+att ta0 caps11.t60
+d 1000 012700
+d 1002 177500
+d 1004 005010
+d 1006 010701
+d 1010 062701
+d 1012 000052
+d 1014 012702
+d 1016 000375
+d 1020 112103
+d 1022 112110
+d 1024 100413
+d 1026 130310
+d 1030 001776
+d 1032 105202
+d 1034 100772
+d 1036 116012
+d 1040 000002
+d 1042 120337
+d 1044 000000
+d 1046 001767
+d 1050 000000
+d 1052 000755
+d 1054 005710
+d 1056 100774
+d 1060 005007
+d 1062 017640
+d 1064 002415
+d 1066 112024
+d sr 0
+run 1000
+```
+
+![pdp11.ini](./caps-11-SIMH-1.webp)
+
+Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
+
+```bash
+pdp11
+```
+
+![pdp11](./caps-11-SIMH-2.webp)
+
+After the emulator starts, you can type `dir` followed by enter. It will list all the files available on the disk.
+
+![List of files in ! CAPS-11](./caps-11-SIMH-3.webp)
+
+That's it! We used ! CAPS-11. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `caps-11.sh` with the following content:
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+pdp11
+```
+
+Now make the file executable:
+
+```bash
+chmod +x caps-11.sh
+```
+
+Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
+
+See the [manuals section](/1970s/1970/caps-11/#manuals) on the [main ! CAPS-11 page](/1970s/1970/caps-11) to learn how to use it.
+
+### Windows
+
+:::tip
+
+You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
+
+:::
+
+On Windows, you need to place the `PDP11.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp11#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `caps-11.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
+
+## Credits
+
+- The disk image and other files used above are from a kit available on [SimH “Classic” website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/).
+
+## Video tutorial
+
+Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
+
+Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1970/caps-11/simh/).

docs/1970s/1970/dos-15/index.md

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+---
+keywords: ["DOS-15", "PDP-15", 1970s, 1970]
+image: ./dos-15.webp
+description: "! DOS-15 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-15 computer. We can run it in the SIMH PDP-15 emulator."
+sidebar_position: 4
+---
+
+import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
+
+# ! DOS-15
+
+![! DOS-15](./dos-15.webp)
+
+! DOS-15 (not to be confused with MS-DOS or IBM PC-DOS) was an operating system for the DEC PDP-15 computer. We can run it in the SIMH PDP-15 emulator.
+
+<DocCardList />
+
+## Manuals
+
+You can download the ! DOS-15 manuals from here:
+
+- [! DOS-15 Users Manual](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp15/DEC-15-ODUMA-B-D_DOS-15_USERS_MANUAL.pdf)
+- [! DOS-15 System Manual](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp15/DEC-15-ODFFA-B-D_DOS-15_SYSTEM_MANUAL.pdf)
+- [! PIP DOS Monitor Utility Program Manual](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp15/DEC-15-UPIPA-A-D_PIP_DOS_MONITOR_UTILITY_PROGRAM.pdf)
+- [! SGEN DOS Utility Program Manual](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp15/DEC-15-USGNA-A-D_SGEN_DOS_Utility_Program.pdf)
+
+You may also be interested in the PDP-15 manuals. It was the computer on which ! DOS-15 was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
+
+- [PDP-15 Manuals](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp15/)
+
+## Related Pages
+
+- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1970/dos-15/)
+- [Wikipedia PDP-15 page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-15)
+- [Computer History Wiki PDP-15 page](http://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-15)
+
+## Credits
+
+- The manuals were taken from [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

docs/1970s/1970/dos-15/simh/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+---
+keywords: ["DOS-15", "PDP-15", SIMH, 1970s, 1970]
+image: ./dos-15-SIMH-5.webp
+description: 'We can run ! DOS-15 on the SIMH PDP-15 emulator. First, we need to download the ! DOS-15 kit. You can download the kit needed to run ! DOS-15 on the SIMH PDP-15 emulator from the "SIMH Legacy" website.'
+sidebar_position: 1
+sidebar_label: "! DOS-15 on SIMH"
+---
+
+# How to install ! DOS-15 on SIMH?
+
+![SIMH PDP-15 emulator with ! DOS-15](./dos-15-SIMH-5.webp)
+
+We can run [! DOS-15](/1970s/1970/dos-15) on the SIMH PDP-15 emulator. First, we need to download the ! DOS-15 kit.
+
+## Downloads
+
+You can download the kit needed to run ! DOS-15 on the SIMH PDP-15 emulator from the ["SIMH Legacy"](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/) website:
+
+- [! DOS-15 kit](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/kits/dos15.zip)
+
+## Using ! DOS-15
+
+:::tip
+
+If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-15 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp15/) on Linux and Windows.
+
+:::
+
+Extract the kit you downloaded. Inside you will find several files. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM and move those two files named `dosv2a_4p.rf` and `rfsboot.rim` into it.
+
+Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp15.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
+
+```ini
+at -e rf dosv2a_4p.rf
+load rfsboot.rim 77637
+run
+```
+
+![pdp15.ini](./dos-15-SIMH-1.webp)
+
+Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
+
+```bash
+pdp15
+```
+
+![pdp15](./dos-15-SIMH-2.webp)
+
+When asked for a date, enter it in `MM/DD/YY` format. You _cannot_ use backspace to erase characters, even if it looks like you can. Try entering a date before the year 2000, to avoid problems related to [Y2K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2000_problem).
+
+![Enter date](./dos-15-SIMH-3.webp)
+
+Now that DOS-15 is ready, let's run some commands on it. Type `D` and press enter to see the system's date:
+
+![See date](./dos-15-SIMH-4.webp)
+
+You can run `I` to see a list of commands you can run:
+
+![List of commands](./dos-15-SIMH-5.webp)
+
+That's it! We used ! DOS-15. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `dos-15.sh` with the following content:
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+pdp15
+```
+
+Now make the file executable:
+
+```bash
+chmod +x dos-15.sh
+```
+
+Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
+
+See the [manuals section](/1970s/1970/dos-15/#manuals) on the [main ! DOS-15 page](/1970s/1970/dos-15) to learn how to use it.
+
+### Windows
+
+:::tip
+
+You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
+
+:::
+
+On Windows, you need to place the `PDP15.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp15#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `dos-15.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
+
+## Credits
+
+- The disk image and other files used above are from a kit available on [SimH “Classic” website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/).
+
+## Video tutorial
+
+Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
+
+Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1970/dos-15/simh/).

docs/1970s/1970/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+---
+keywords: [1970s, 1970]
+image: ./1970.webp
+description: "There were four operating system of our interest which were released in the year 1970. They were:"
+sidebar_position: 2
+---
+
+import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
+
+# 1970
+
+![! PDP7 Unix from 1970](./1970.webp)
+
+There were four operating system of our interest which were released in the year 1970. They were:
+
+<DocCardList />

docs/1970s/1970/pdp7unix/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+---
+keywords: ["PDP7", "PDP-7", "Unix", 1970s, 1970]
+image: ./pdp7unix.webp
+description: "! PDP7 Unix was an operating system for the DEC PDP-7 computer. It is the earliest available Unix version to be able to run in an emulator."
+sidebar_position: 1
+---
+
+import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
+
+# ! PDP7 Unix
+
+![! PDP7 Unix](./pdp7unix.webp)
+
+! PDP7 Unix was an operating system for the DEC PDP-7 computer. It is the earliest available Unix version to be able to run in an emulator. We can run it on the SIMH PDP-7 emulator.
+
+<DocCardList />
+
+## Manuals
+
+You can download the ! PDP7 Unix manual from here:
+
+- [! Unix Edition Zero Manual](https://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/Research/McIlroy_v0/UnixEditionZero-Threshold_OCR.pdf)
+
+You may also be interested in the PDP-7 manuals. It was the computer on which ! PDP7 Unix was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
+
+- [PDP-7 Manuals](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp7/)
+
+## Related Pages
+
+- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1970/pdp7unix/)
+- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX)
+- [Computer History Wiki ! PDP7 Unix page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-7_UNIX)
+- [Computer History Wiki PDP-7 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-7)
+- [The project to resurrect Unix on the PDP-7 from a scan of the original assembly code](https://github.com/DoctorWkt/pdp7-unix)
+
+## Credits
+
+- The manuals were taken from [The Unix Heritage Society (TUHS)](https://www.tuhs.org) and [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

docs/1970s/1970/pdp7unix/simh/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+---
+keywords: ["PDP7", "Unix", "PDP-7", SIMH, 1970s, 1970]
+image: ./pdp7unix-SIMH-4.webp
+description: "We can run ! PDP7 Unix on the SIMH PDP-7 emulator. First, we need to download the ! PDP7 Unix kit. You can download the kit needed to run it on the SIMH PDP-7 emulator from our GitHub repo."
+sidebar_position: 1
+sidebar_label: "! PDP7 Unix on SIMH"
+---
+
+# How to install ! PDP7 Unix on SIMH?
+
+![SIMH PDP-7 emulator with ! PDP7 Unix](./pdp7unix-SIMH-4.webp)
+
+We can run [! PDP7 Unix](/1970s/1970/pdp7unix) on the SIMH PDP-7 emulator. First, we need to download the ! PDP7 Unix kit.
+
+## Downloads
+
+You can download the kit needed to run ! PDP7 Unix on the SIMH PDP-7 emulator from [our GitHub repo fork](https://github.com/InstallerLegacy/pdp7-unix) of the original [project to resurrect Unix on the PDP-7 from a scan of the original assembly code](https://github.com/DoctorWkt/pdp7-unix):
+
+- [! PDP7 Unix kit](https://github.com/InstallerLegacy/pdp7-unix/releases/latest/download/pdp7.zip)
+
+If you want to build the kit yourself, refer to [our guide on how to do so](/blog/building-pdp7-unix-images-yourself/).
+
+## Using ! PDP7 Unix
+
+:::tip
+
+If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-7 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp7/) on Linux and Windows.
+
+:::
+
+Extract the kit you downloaded. Inside you will find two files. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM and move those two files named `boot.rim` and `image.fs` into it.
+
+Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp7.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
+
+```ini
+set cpu 8k
+set cpu eae
+set cpu history=100
+show cpu
+set tti unix
+set rb ena
+att rb image.fs
+set g2in ena
+att -U g2in 12345
+set lpt disa
+set drm disa
+set dt disa
+show dev
+load boot.rim 010000
+go
+```
+
+![pdp7.ini](./pdp7unix-SIMH-1.webp)
+
+Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
+
+```bash
+pdp7
+```
+
+![pdp7](./pdp7unix-SIMH-2.webp)
+
+After the emulator starts, login using the ID `ken` and password `ken`. You will see the following screen:
+
+![login](./pdp7unix-SIMH-3.webp)
+
+:::tip
+
+There are other user accounts on the image like `dmr` (password: `dmr`). Do you know who `dmr` and `ken` were? Check the first comment to find out, or search it on the web!
+
+:::
+
+Type `ls` followed by enter. It will list all the files available on the disk.
+
+![List of files in ! PDP7 Unix](./pdp7unix-SIMH-4.webp)
+
+That's it! We used ! PDP7 Unix. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `pdp7unix.sh` with the following content:
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+pdp7
+```
+
+Now make the file executable:
+
+```bash
+chmod +x pdp7unix.sh
+```
+
+Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
+
+See the [manuals section](/1970s/1970/pdp7unix/#manuals) on the [main ! PDP7 Unix page](/1970s/1970/pdp7unix) to learn how to use it.
+
+### Windows
+
+:::tip
+
+You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
+
+:::
+
+On Windows, you need to place the `PDP7.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp7#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `pdp7unix.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
+
+## Credits
+
+- The disk image and other files used above are from a kit built from the [project to resurrect Unix on the PDP-7 from a scan of the original assembly code](https://github.com/DoctorWkt/pdp7-unix).
+
+## Video tutorial
+
+Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
+
+Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1970/pdp7unix/simh/).

docs/1970s/1971/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+---
+keywords: [1970s, 1971]
+image: ./1971.webp
+description: "There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1971. They were:"
+sidebar_position: 3
+---
+
+import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
+
+# 1971
+
+![! Unix v1 from 1971](./1971.webp)
+
+There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1971. They were:
+
+<DocCardList />

docs/1970s/1971/os8/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+---
+keywords: ["OS/8", "PDP-8", 1970s, 1971]
+image: ./os8.webp
+description: "! OS/8 was the most famous operating system for the DEC PDP-8 computer. We can run it on SIMH emulator."
+sidebar_position: 2
+---
+
+import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
+
+# ! OS/8
+
+![! OS/8](./os8.webp)
+
+! OS/8 was the most famous operating system for the DEC PDP-8 computer. We can run it on SIMH emulator.
+
+<DocCardList />
+
+## Manuals
+
+You can download the ! OS/8 manuals from here:
+
+- [! OS/8 Handbook](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/OS8_Handbook_Apr1974.pdf)
+- [! OS/8 Handbook Update](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/DEC-S8-OSHBA-A_DN4_OS8_Handbook_Update_Sep77.pdf)
+- [! OS/8 System Reference Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-H607A-TA_OS8_V3D_sysMan.pdf)
+- [! OS/8 Language Reference Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-H609A-TA_OS8_Language_Reference_Manual_Mar79.pdf)
+- [! OS/8 TECO Reference Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-H608A-TA_os8teco_mar79.pdf)
+- [! OS/8 Software Support Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/DEC-S8-OSSMB-A-D_OS8_v3ssup.pdf)
+- [! OS/8 System Generation Notes](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-H606A-TA_os8SysgenNotes.pdf)
+- [! OS/8 Device Extensions User's Guide](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-D319A-TA_os8DevExt.pdf)
+- [! OS/8 Error Messages](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-H610A-TA_os8errMsg_mar79.pdf)
+- [FORTRAN IV Software Support Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/DEC-S8-LFSSA-A-D_F4swSupp.pdf)
+
+You may also be interested in the PDP-8 manuals. They were the computers on which ! OS/8 was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
+
+- [PDP-8 Manuals](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/)
+
+## Related Pages
+
+- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1971/os8/)
+- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/8)
+- [Computer History Wiki ! OS/8 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/OS/8)
+- [Computer History Wiki PDP-8 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-8)
+- [pdp8online OS/8 page](https://www.pdp8online.com/os/os8/)
+
+## Credits
+
+- The manuals were taken from [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

docs/1970s/1971/os8/simh/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+---
+keywords: ["OS/8", "PDP-8", SIMH, 1970s, 1971]
+image: ./OS8-SIMH-3.webp
+description: 'We can run ! OS/8 on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator. First, we need to download the ! OS/8 kit. You can download the kit needed to run ! OS/8 on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator from the "SIMH Legacy" website:'
+sidebar_position: 1
+sidebar_label: "! OS/8 Unix on SIMH"
+---
+
+# How to install ! OS/8 on SIMH?
+
+![SIMH PDP-8 emulator with ! OS/8](./OS8-SIMH-3.webp)
+
+We can run [! OS/8](/1970s/1971/os8) on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator. First, we need to download the ! OS/8 kit.
+
+## Downloads
+
+You can download the kit needed to run ! OS/8 on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator from the ["SIMH Legacy" website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/):
+
+- [! OS/8 kit](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/kits/os8swre.tar.Z)
+
+If you are on Windows, you may need to install additional software such as [7-Zip](https://www.7-zip.org/) to extract the kit.
+
+## Using ! OS/8
+
+:::tip
+
+If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-8 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp8/) on Linux and Windows.
+
+:::
+
+Extract the kit you downloaded. Inside you will find two folders. Open the folder named `Disks`. Inside, you will find two files. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM, and move the file named `os8_rx.dsk` into it.
+
+Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp8.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
+
+```ini
+attach rx0 os8_rx.dsk
+boot rx0
+```
+
+![pdp8.ini](./OS8-SIMH-1.webp)
+
+Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
+
+```bash
+pdp8
+```
+
+![pdp8](./OS8-SIMH-2.webp)
+
+After the emulator starts, you can enter `DIR` to see a list of files available:
+
+![List of files in ! OS/8](./OS8-SIMH-3.webp)
+
+That's it! We used ! OS/8. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `OS8.sh` with the following content:
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+pdp8
+```
+
+Now make the file executable:
+
+```bash
+chmod +x OS8.sh
+```
+
+Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
+
+See the [manuals section](/1970s/1971/os8/#manuals) on the [main ! OS/8 page](/1970s/1971/os8/) to learn how to use it.
+
+### Windows
+
+:::tip
+
+You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
+
+:::
+
+On Windows, you need to place the `PDP8.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp8#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `OS8.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
+
+## Credits
+
+- The disk image and other files used above are from a kit available on [SimH "Classic" website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/).
+
+## Video tutorial
+
+Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
+
+Archives of this tutorial may be available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1971/os8/simh/).

docs/1970s/1971/unix-v1/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+---
+keywords: ["Unix", "Unix v1", "PDP-11", 1970s, 1971]
+image: ./unix-v1.webp
+description: "! Unix v1 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-11 computer. It was developed by Bell Labs."
+sidebar_position: 1
+---
+
+import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
+
+# ! Unix v1
+
+![! Unix v1](./unix-v1.webp)
+
+! Unix v1 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-11 computer. It was developed by Bell Labs. Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of Unix v1, but we do have a copy with v1 [kernel](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)>) and v2 [userland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space), which we can run on SIMH.
+
+<DocCardList />
+
+## Manuals
+
+You can download the ! Unix v1 manual from here:
+
+- [! Unix Programmer's Manual, 1st Edition](https://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/Research/Dennis_v1/UNIX_ProgrammersManual_Nov71.pdf)
+
+Since the copy we have has v2 userland, you will be interested in ! Unix v2 manual as well:
+
+- [! Unix Programmer's Manual, 2nd Edition](https://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/Research/Dennis_v2/v2man.pdf)
+
+You may also be interested in the PDP-11 manuals. It was the computer on which ! Unix v1 as well as ! Unix v2 was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
+
+- [PDP-11 Manuals](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/)
+
+In particular, you may be interested in these:
+
+- [PDP-11 Processor handbook](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/handbooks/PDP1120_Handbook_1972.pdf)
+- [PDP-11 Peripherals and Interfacing handbook](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/handbooks/PDP11_PeripheralsHbk_1972.pdf)
+
+## Related Pages
+
+- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1971/unix-v1/)
+- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Unix#1970s)
+- [Computer History Wiki ! Unix v1 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/UNIX_First_Edition)
+- [Computer History Wiki ! Unix v2 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/UNIX_Second_Edition)
+- [Computer History Wiki PDP-11 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-11)
+- [The project to resurrect ! Unix v1/v2](https://code.google.com/archive/p/unix-jun72/)
+
+## Credits
+
+- The manuals were taken from [The Unix Heritage Society (TUHS)](https://www.tuhs.org) and [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

docs/1970s/1971/unix-v1/simh/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+---
+keywords: ["Unix", "Unix v1", "PDP-11", SIMH, 1970s, 1971]
+image: ./unix-v1-SIMH-4.webp
+description: "Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of ! Unix v1, but we do have a copy with v1 kernel and v2 userland, which we can run on SIMH."
+sidebar_position: 1
+sidebar_label: "! Unix v1 on SIMH"
+---
+
+# How to install ! Unix v1 on SIMH?
+
+![SIMH PDP-11 emulator with ! Unix v1](./unix-v1-SIMH-4.webp)
+
+Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of [! Unix v1](/1970s/1971/unix-v1), but we do have a copy with v1 kernel and v2 userland, which we can run on SIMH. We will refer to that copy as Unix v1 from now on. First, we need to download the ! Unix-v1 kit.
+
+## Downloads
+
+You can download the kit needed to run ! Unix-v1 on the SIMH PDP-11 emulator from the [Google Code archive of the project which recreated the image](https://code.google.com/archive/p/unix-jun72/):
+
+- [! Unix-v1 kit](https://storage.googleapis.com/google-code-archive-downloads/v2/code.google.com/unix-jun72/images-20080625.tgz)
+
+If you are on Windows, you may need to install additional software such as [7-Zip](https://www.7-zip.org/) to extract the kit.
+
+## Using ! Unix-v1
+
+:::tip
+
+If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-11 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp11/) on Linux and Windows.
+
+:::
+
+Extract the kit you downloaded. Inside you will find several files. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM and move the files named `m792low.load`, `rf0.dsk`, `rfk.dsk` and `tape` into it.
+
+Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp11.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
+
+```ini
+set cpu 11/20
+set cpu 32K
+set rk0 enabled
+att rk0 rk0.dsk
+set rf 2p
+set rf enabled
+att rf rf0.dsk
+set tc enabled
+att tc tape
+set hk disabled
+set tm disabled
+set rx disabled
+set rl disabled
+set tq disabled
+set tc enabled
+set rf enabled
+set ke enabled
+set dci en
+set dci lines=8
+set dco 7b
+load m792low.load
+dep system sr 173700
+go 73700
+```
+
+![pdp11.ini](./unix-v1-SIMH-1.webp)
+
+Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
+
+```bash
+pdp11
+```
+
+![pdp11](./unix-v1-SIMH-2.webp)
+
+After the emulator starts, you will be asked to log in. Type `root` and press enter to log in. There is no password.
+
+![! Unix-v1 login](./unix-v1-SIMH-3.webp)
+
+You can now run `ls` to see the list of files. To change directory, you need to use the `chdir` command, `cd` is not available.
+
+![! Unix-v1 list of files in root.](./unix-v1-SIMH-4.webp)
+
+That's it! We used ! Unix-v1. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `unix-v1.sh` with the following content:
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+pdp11
+```
+
+Now make the file executable:
+
+```bash
+chmod +x unix-v1.sh
+```
+
+Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
+
+See the [manuals section](/1970s/1971/unix-v1/#manuals) on the [main ! Unix-v1 page](/1970s/1971/unix-v1) to learn how to use it.
+
+### Windows
+
+:::tip
+
+You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
+
+:::
+
+On Windows, you need to place the `PDP11.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp11#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `unix-v1.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
+
+## Credits
+
+- The disk image and other files used above are from a kit available on the [Google Code archive of the project which recreated the image](https://code.google.com/archive/p/unix-jun72/).
+
+## Video tutorial
+
+Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
+
+Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1971/unix-v1/simh/).

docs/1970s/1973/alto-os/contralto/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+---
+keywords: ["Alto OS", "Xerox", "Alto", "ContrAlto", 1970s, 1973]
+image: ./alto-os-contralto-7.webp
+description: "We can run Alto OS on ContrAlto emulator. First we need to download a disk image of Alto OS. You can download the Alto OS Non-programmer's disk image bitsavers:"
+sidebar_position: 1
+sidebar_label: "Alto OS on ContrAlto emulator"
+---
+
+# How to install Alto OS on ContrAlto emulator?
+
+![Alto OS running on ContrAlto emulator](./alto-os-contralto-7.webp)
+
+We can run [Alto OS](/1970s/1973/alto-os/) on ContrAlto emulator. First, we need to download a disk image of Alto OS.
+
+## Downloads
+
+You can download the Alto OS Non-programmer's disk image [bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org/bits/Xerox/Alto/simulator/salto/disks/):
+
+- [Alto OS Non-programmer's disk image](http://bitsavers.org/bits/Xerox/Alto/simulator/salto/disks/nonprog.dsk.Z)
+
+If you are on Windows, you may need to install additional software such as [7-Zip](https://www.7-zip.org/) to extract the kit.
+
+## Setting Up
+
+:::tip
+
+If you have not already installed ContrAlto emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/contralto/) on Linux and Windows.
+
+:::
+
+### Linux
+
+Extract the `nonprog.dsk.Z` you downloaded. Inside you will find the `nonprog.dsk` disk image file. Copy that file to where you have stored the files for ContrAlto emulator.
+
+Now open the file called `Contralto.cfg` in a text editor. Find the following line:
+
+```ini
+# Drive0Image =
+```
+
+and replace it with the following:
+
+```ini
+Drive0Image = nonprog.dsk
+```
+
+![Contralto.cfg](./alto-os-contralto-1.webp)
+
+Save and quit the file.
+
+Now open a terminal and move to the ContrAlto folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
+
+```bash
+mono Contralto.exe
+```
+
+![mono Contralto.exe](./alto-os-contralto-2.webp)
+
+In the console window that appears, type `start` followed by enter. The main emulation window will turn white, and Alto OS will start.
+
+![start (console)](./alto-os-contralto-3.webp)
+
+![start (emulation)](./alto-os-contralto-4.webp)
+
+You can now continue with [installing Alto OS](#installing-alto-os).
+
+### Windows
+
+:::tip
+
+You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
+
+:::
+
+Start the ContrAlto emulator from Start menu. After it opens, click on `System` > `Drive 0` > `Load`. Choose the `nonprog.dsk` file. Now click on `System` > `Start`. The emulation will start. You can now continue with [installing Alto OS](#installing-alto-os).
+
+## Installing Alto OS
+
+:::tip
+
+To interact with Alto OS, you need to click on the emulation window. Doing so will lock your mouse and keyboard to inside the window. To free them again, press the `Alt` key.
+
+:::
+
+Run `install` in the emulation window to start the installation. When asked whether you want the long installation dialog, press `N`. Enter your username and the name you want to give to the disk.
+
+![Installation](./alto-os-contralto-5.webp)
+
+If you want to set up a password, press `Y` else press `N`. If you choose to set up a password, enter it. You will need the password every time you start Alto OS, so make sure to remember it.
+
+Afterward, Alto OS will restart. If you have set up a password, it will ask for it. Note that while the password is shown as you type when setting it, there is no feedback while you are entering your password now, similar to Unix systems, but the password is being entered.
+
+![Password](./alto-os-contralto-6.webp)
+
+After entering the password, Alto OS will start and display your username as well as the disk name you gave. You can type `?` to see the list of files:
+
+![List of files](./alto-os-contralto-7.webp)
+
+That's it! We installed Alto OS. See the [manuals section](/1970s/1973/alto-os/#manuals) on the [main Alto OS page](/1970s/1973/alto-os/) to learn how to use it.
+
+There are several preinstalled apps on the disk image. We cover them here:
+
+- [Preinstalled apps in Alto OS](/1970s/1973/alto-os/preinstalled-apps/)
+
+## Credits
+
+- The disk image and other files used above are from [bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org/bits/Xerox/Alto/simulator/salto/disks/). They have disk images of many apps which run on Alto OS. You may want to try them.
+
+## Video tutorial
+
+Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
+
+Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org1970s/1973/alto-os/contralto/).

docs/1970s/1973/alto-os/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+---
+keywords: ["Alto OS", "Xerox", "Alto", 1970s, 1973]
+image: ./alto-os.webp
+description: "The Xerox Alto OS, was the first GUI system. It was way ahead of its time. We can run it on ContrAlto emulator."
+sidebar_position: 1
+---
+
+import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
+
+# Alto OS
+
+![Alto OS](./alto-os.webp)
+
+The Xerox Alto OS, was the first GUI system. It was way ahead of its time. We can run it on ContrAlto emulator.
+
+<DocCardList />
+
+## Manuals
+
+:::tip
+
+The manuals refer to the mouse buttons by their color. On a modern 3-button mouse, the colors map as the following:
+
+- Red = Left mouse button
+- Yellow = Middle mouse button
+- Blue = Right mouse button
+
+On most mouses, pressing the scroll-wheel simulates pressing the middle mouse button.
+
+:::
+
+You can download the Alto OS manuals from [bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/). These are the most useful ones:
+
+- [Alto User's Handbook](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/Alto_Users_Handbook_Sep79.pdf)
+- [Alto Subsystems Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/AltoSubsystems_Oct79.pdf)
+- [Alto Operating System Reference Manual (Part 1)](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/AltoSWRef.part1.pdf)
+- [Alto Operating System Reference Manual (Part 2)](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/AltoSWRef.part2.pdf)
+- [BCPL Reference Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/bcpl/AltoBCPLdoc.pdf)
+- [Bravo Course Outline](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/BravoCourse.pdf)
+
+You may also be interested in the Alto hardware manual:
+
+- [Alto Hardware Manual (Part 1)](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/AltoHWRef.part1.pdf)
+- [Alto Hardware Manual (Part 2)](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/alto/AltoHWRef.part2.pdf)
+
+## Apps
+
+- [Preinstalled Apps](/1970s/1973/alto-os/preinstalled-apps/)
+
+## Related Pages
+
+- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1973/alto-os/)
+- [Run Alto OS in your browser: ContrAltoJS](https://archives.loomcom.com/contraltojs/)
+- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_Alto#Software)
+- [Computer History Wiki Alto page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/Xerox_Alto)
+- [Toasty Tech Xerox Alto page](http://toastytech.com/guis/alto.html)
+- [Toasty Tech page on running Alto OS on the older `salto` emulator](http://toastytech.com/guis/salto.html)
+- [Computer History Museum: Xerox Alto Source Code Release](https://computerhistory.org/blog/xerox-alto-source-code/)
+
+## Credits
+
+- The manuals were taken from [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

docs/1970s/1973/alto-os/preinstalled-apps/index.md

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+---
+keywords: ["Neptune", "Draw", "Markup", "Laurel", "Bravo", "Alto OS", "Xerox", "Alto", "ContrAlto", 1970s, 1973]
+image: ./alto-os-pi-5.webp
+description: "There are quite a few preinstalled apps in Alto OS. It includes things from file manager to Word processing software. Let's start with the simplest, the file manager."
+sidebar_position: 2
+---
+
+# Preinstalled apps in Alto OS
+
+![Bravo Word Processor](./alto-os-pi-5.webp)
+
+:::tip
+
+To interact with Alto OS, you need to click on the emulation window. Doing so will lock your mouse and keyboard to inside the window. To free them again, press the `Alt` key.
+
+:::
+
+Now that we have [installed Alto OS](/1970s/1973/alto-os/contralto/), let's use some apps on it. There are quite a few preinstalled apps in Alto OS. It includes things from file manager to Word processing software. Let's start with the simplest, the file manager. First, start Alto OS.
+
+:::tip
+
+You can learn how to use all of these apps by referring to Alto OS [manuals](/1970s/1973/alto-os/#manuals) on the [main Alto OS page](/1970s/1973/alto-os/).
+
+:::
+
+## Neptune
+
+Neptune is the file manager of Alto OS. You can start it by running `neptune` in the Alto OS Executive.
+
+![Neptune File Manager](./alto-os-pi-1.webp)
+
+It can do things like copying, renaming and deleting files. To quit it, click on `Quit`.
+
+## Draw
+
+Draw is a vector based drawing program. To start it, run `draw`.
+
+![Draw](./alto-os-pi-2.webp)
+
+To quit it, press `Ctrl` + `Q`. Then press `Y` to confirm.
+
+## Markup
+
+Markup is a bitmap based drawing program. To start it, run `markup`. When asked for input file, press enter, unless you want to open an already existing file. When asked for output file, enter the name with which you want to save the file. If you don't want to save the file, just press enter.
+
+![Markup](./alto-os-pi-3.webp)
+
+To show its menu, press the middle mouse button, and then move the mouse around a little. To quit it, press the middle mouse button, and then move the mouse right until `quit` appears. Then, while keeping the middle mouse button pressed, move the pointer so that it is above `quit` and then release the mouse button.
+
+## Laurel
+
+Laurel is the email client of Alto. To start it, run `laurel`. It is not much useful now, as we don't have a mail server, but you can load a tutorial mail file. To do so, click on "Mail File" and then erase "Active" and instead type `tutorial.mail`.
+
+![Laurel](./alto-os-pi-4.webp)
+
+To quit it, click on `Quit` and then press `ESC` to confirm.
+
+## Bravo
+
+Bravo is a word processor software for Alto OS. Run `bravo` to start it.
+
+![Bravo](./alto-os-pi-5.webp)
+
+To quit it, type `q`. Then press enter to confirm. If you have not saved the file, you will be asked to confirm again if you really want to exit. Press `y` if you want to exit anyway.
+
+## More?
+
+- [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org/bits/Xerox/Alto/simulator/salto/disks/) have disk images of many apps and games which run on Alto OS. You may want to try them.
+
+## Video tutorial
+
+Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
+
+Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org1970s/1973/alto-os/preinstalled-apps/).

docs/1970s/1973/index.md

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+---
+keywords: [1970s, 1973]
+image: ./1973.webp
+description: "There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1973. They were:"
+sidebar_position: 4
+---
+
+import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
+
+# 1973
+
+![! Alto OS Draw from 1973](./1973.webp)
+
+There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1973. They were:
+
+<DocCardList />

docs/1970s/1973/unix-v4/index.md

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+---
+keywords: ["nsys", "Unix v4", "Unix", "PDP-11", 1970s, 1973]
+image: ./nsys.webp
+description: "! Unix v4 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-11 computer. It was developed by Bell Labs."
+sidebar_position: 2
+---
+
+import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
+
+# ! Unix v4
+
+![! Unix v4](./nsys.webp)
+
+! Unix v4 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-11 computer. It was developed by Bell Labs. Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of Unix v4, but we do have a copy of a [kernel](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)>) that is from between v3 and v4. We can use that kernel with v5 [userland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space). It can be used on SIMH PDP-11 emulator.
+
+<DocCardList />
+
+## Manuals
+
+Since the kernel is from between v3 and v4, and we use the userland of v5, here are the manuals of all of them:
+
+- [! Unix Programmer's Manual, 3rd Edition](https://dspinellis.github.io/unix-v3man/v3man.pdf)
+- [! Unix Programmer's Manual, 4th Edition](https://dspinellis.github.io/unix-v4man/v4man.pdf)
+- [! Unix Programmer's Manual, 5th Edition](https://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/Research/Dennis_v5/v5man.pdf)
+
+You may also be interested in the PDP-11 manuals. It was the computer on which ! Unix v3, v4 as well as v5 was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
+
+- [PDP-11 Manuals](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/)
+
+In particular, you may be interested in these:
+
+## Related Pages
+
+- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1973/unix-v4/)
+- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Unix#1970s)
+- [Computer History Wiki ! Unix v3 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/UNIX_Third_Edition)
+- [Computer History Wiki ! Unix v4 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/UNIX_Fourth_Edition)
+- [Computer History Wiki ! Unix v5 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/UNIX_Fifth_Edition)
+- [Computer History Wiki PDP-11 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-11)
+
+## Credits
+
+- ! Unix v3 and v4 manuals were taken from the page of the GitHub user "[dspinellis](https://github.com/dspinellis)".
+- The rest of the manuals were taken from [The Unix Heritage Society (TUHS)](https://www.tuhs.org) and [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

docs/1970s/1973/unix-v4/simh/index.md

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+---
+keywords: ["Unix v1", "Unix", "PDP-11", "SIMH", 1970s, 1973]
+image: ./unix-v4-SIMH-5.webp
+description: "Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of Unix v4, but we do have a copy of a kernel that is from between v3 and v4. We can use that kernel with v5 userland."
+sidebar_position: 1
+sidebar_label: "! Unix v4 on SIMH"
+---
+
+# How to install ! Unix v4 on SIMH?
+
+![SIMH PDP-11 emulator with ! Unix v4](./unix-v4-SIMH-5.webp)
+
+Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of Unix v4, but we do have a copy of a kernel that is from between v3 and v4. We can use that kernel with v5 userland. It can be used on SIMH PDP-11 emulator.
+
+## Downloads
+
+First, we need to prepare an image of Unix v5 with the `nsys` kernel. We have prepared such an image for you to download:
+
+- [! Unix-v4 image (v5 root with nsys kernel)](https://github.com/InstallerLegacy/nsys-image/releases/latest/download/nsysroot.zip)
+
+If you want to prepare the image yourself, refer to [our guide on how to do so](/blog/how-to-put-the-nsys-kernel-on-a-disk-image-of-unix-v5/).
+
+## Using ! Unix-v5
+
+:::tip
+
+If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-11 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp11/) on Linux and Windows.
+
+:::
+
+Extract the archive you downloaded. Inside you will find a file called `nsysroot`. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM and move that file into it.
+
+Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp11.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
+
+```ini
+set cpu 11/45
+att rk0 nsysroot
+boot rk0
+```
+
+![pdp11.ini](./unix-v4-SIMH-1.webp)
+
+Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
+
+```bash
+pdp11
+```
+
+![pdp11](unix-v4-SIMH-2.webp)
+
+After the emulator starts, you will get a `@` prompt. Type `nsys` and press enter to run the `nsys` kernel.
+
+![boot](./unix-v4-SIMH-3.webp)
+
+You will be asked to log in. Type `root` and press enter to log in. There is no password.
+
+![! Unix-v4 login](./unix-v4-SIMH-4.webp)
+
+You can now run `ls` to see the list of files. To change directory, you need to use the `chdir` command, `cd` is not available.
+
+![! Unix-v4 list of files in root](./unix-v4-SIMH-5.webp)
+
+That's it! We used ! Unix-v4. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `unix-v4.sh` with the following content:
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+pdp11
+```
+
+Now make the file executable:
+
+```bash
+chmod +x unix-v4.sh
+```
+
+Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
+
+See the [manuals section](/1970s/1973/unix-v4/#manuals) on the [main ! Unix-v4 page](/1970s/1973/unix-v4) to learn how to use it.
+
+### Windows
+
+:::tip
+
+You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
+
+:::
+
+On Windows, you need to place the `PDP11.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp11#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `unix-v4.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
+
+## Credits
+
+- The Unix v5 image, the `nsys` kernel and other files used above are from [TUHS](https://www.tuhs.org).
+
+## Video tutorial
+
+Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
+
+Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1973/unix-v4/simh/).

docs/1970s/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+---
+keywords: [1970s]
+image: ./1970s.webp
+sidebar_label: Introduction
+sidebar_position: 1
+description: "1970s were the age in which microcomputers evolved. This decade saw the rise of many historic operating systems including Unix, Alto OS, Apple DOS and CP/M."
+---
+
+# 1970s
+
+![Alto OS Neptune File Manager from 1970s](./1970s.webp)
+
+1970s were the age in which microcomputers evolved, but the majority of operating systems we are going to cover are still minicomputer ones. This decade saw the rise of many historic operating systems including Unix, Alto OS (pictured above), Apple DOS and CP/M.
+
+<div className='container'>
+  <div className="row">
+    <div className="col text--center padding-horiz--md padding-vert--md">
+      <a href="/1970s/1970" className="button button--primary">1970</a>
+    </div>
+    <div className="col text--center padding-horiz--md padding-vert--md">
+      <a href="/1970s/1971" className="button button--primary">1971</a>
+    </div>
+    <div className="col text--center padding-horiz--md padding-vert--md">
+      <a href="/1970s/1973" className="button button--primary">1973</a>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>