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blog/2023/03/18-1960s.md

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+---
+title: 1960s Plan
+description: "After a lot of research, I have decided to start from the 1960s instead of the 80s. No Personal/Micro Computer was there in the 60s, hence no personal operating system."
+slug: 1960s
+authors: legacyinstaller
+tags: [plan, 1960s]
+keyword: [1960s, virtualhub]
+image: ./img/1960s.webp
+---
+
+![PDP-7 from 1960s](./img/1960s.webp)
+
+After a lot of research, I have decided to start from the 1960s instead of the 80s. No personal/microcomputer was there in the 60s, hence no personal operating system.<!-- truncate --> There were mainframe operating systems and some minicomputer operating systems.
+
+We will not cover Mainframe operating systems here at VirtualHub. We _will_ cover Mini Computer operating systems. They will be prefixed with a "!" to denote that they are not a personal/microcomputer operating system. There are not many such operating systems. Actually, there are only 3, which I have identified to run on an emulator.
+
+I _will_ cover some mainframe operating systems here in this blog, which I have successfully run on an emulator using instructions elsewhere. Those posts will have screenshots of the operating systems as well as links to the instructions on how to install them.
+
+That's it.
+
+Stay tuned!
+
+<hr/>
+
+Cover Image from [en:User:Toresbe](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pdp7-oslo-2005.jpeg), [CC SA 1.0](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/sa/1.0/), via Wikimedia Commons

blog/2023/03/18-1965.md

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+---
+title: 1965 Plan
+description: "There were two operating systems of our interest which were released in the year 1965. They are ! DECSys-7 and ! 4K DMS."
+slug: 1965
+authors: legacyinstaller
+tags: [plan, 1960s]
+keyword: [1965, 1960s, virtualhub]
+image: ./img/1965.webp
+date: 2023-03-18T10:00
+---
+
+![DECSys-7 from 1965](./img/1965.webp)
+
+There were two operating systems of our interest which were released in the year 1965. They are ! DECSys-7 and ! 4K DMS.<!-- truncate --> Both of them can be installed on SIMH emulators. ! DECSys-7 can be used on ! PDP-7 emulator and ! 4K DMS on ! PDP-8 emulator.
+
+I will cover them soon.
+
+Stay tuned!

blog/2023/03/18-mainframe-operating-systems-of-1960s.md

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+---
+title: "Mainframe Operating Systems of 1960s"
+description: "In this post, we will see some Mainframe operating systems which were released in the 1960s and can be run on an emulator."
+slug: mainframe-operating-system-of-1960s
+authors: legacyinstaller
+tags: [mainframe, 1960s]
+keyword: [1960s, virtualhub, mainframe]
+image: ./img/leoiii.webp
+date: 2023-03-18T12:00
+---
+
+![Leo III from 1960s](./img/leoiii.webp)
+
+In this post, we will see some Mainframe operating systems which were released in the 1960s and can be run on an emulator.
+
+<!-- truncate -->
+
+## 1960
+
+### IBSys
+
+In the year 1960, an operating system called [IBSys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_7090/94_IBSYS) was released for the [IBM 7094](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_7090#IBM_7094) mainframe computer. It was a very crude operating system. You can download a kit for running it using the SIMH emulator [here](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/kits/ibsys_kit.zip). The kit is made for Windows only. It needs to be heavily modified to run on Linux. You can download manuals from [bitsavers](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/7090/).
+
+## 1961
+
+### Leo III
+
+[Leo III](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEO_(computer)#Applications_and_successors>) was a computer, actually, but the operating system that ran on it had no name. So, we will refer to it as Leo III.
+
+You can download a demo from [here](http://sw-pres.computerconservationsociety.org/Downloads/LeoIIIdemo3.zip). Follow the instructions in the `readme.htm` file inside the archive, and you should be up and running.
+
+## 1966
+
+### DOS/360
+
+[DOS/360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS/360) was an operating system for [IBM System/360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360), [System/370](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/370) and later mainframe computers. Very detailed instructions on how to run it in an emulator are available [here](https://sites.google.com/site/dos360install/).
+
+You can download the manuals from [bitsavers](https://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/dos/).
+
+### OS/360
+
+[OS/360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/360_and_successors) was also an operating system for [IBM System/360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360). You can run it using the instructions from [here](http://www.conmicro.com/hercos360/). Manuals are available from [bitsavers](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/os/).
+
+## 1967
+
+### MTS
+
+[MTS (Michigan Terminal System)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Terminal_System) was an operating system developed for the [IBM System/360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360) and compatible mainframes at the University of Michigan. You can run it in an emulator using instructions [here](https://try-mts.com/up-and-running-1-installation/). Manuals are available from [bitsavers](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/univOfMichigan/mts/).
+
+### ITS
+
+[ITS (Incompatible Timesharing System)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompatible_Timesharing_System) was an operating system for [PDP-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-6) and [PDP-10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-10) mainframe computers. It can be run on the SIMH emulator by following the instructions [here](https://www.cosmic.com/u/mirian/its/itsbuild.html). You can read more about it on the [Computer History Wiki](https://gunkies.org/wiki/Incompatible_Timesharing_System).
+
+## 1969
+
+### Multics
+
+[Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics) was an influential early time-sharing operating system for the [GE-645](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_645) mainframes and the [Honeywell 6180](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell_6000_series) series machines. It can be run in an emulator using the instructions [here](https://multics-wiki.swenson.org/index.php/Getting_Started). You can download manuals from [bitsavers](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/honeywell/large_systems/multics/).
+
+### George 3
+
+[George 3](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEORGE_(operating_system)#GEORGE_3_&_4>) was an operating system for the [ICL 1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICT_1900_series) series of mainframes. It can be run in an emulator by following the instructions [here](http://perso.calvaedi.com/~john/George3/Linux.html).
+
+That's it. Of course there are many more Operating Systems which I have not covered, but these are all of them which I was able to find and run in emulators. If you know of more, please let me know in the comment section.
+
+Stay tuned!

blog/2023/08/16-1968.md

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+---
+title: 1968 Plan
+description: "There was one operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1968. It was ! TSS/8. It can be installed on SIMH."
+slug: 1968
+authors: legacyinstaller
+tags: [plan, 1960s]
+image: ./img/1968.webp
+keyword: [1968, 1960s, virtualhub]
+---
+
+![TSS/8 from 1965](./img/1968.webp)
+
+There was one operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1968. It was ! TSS/8. It can be installed on SIMH ! PDP-8 emulator.
+
+<!-- truncate -->
+
+I will cover it soon.
+
+Stay tuned!

blog/2023/08/20-1970s.md

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+---
+title: 1970s Plan
+description: "1970s was the decade which saw the rise of many historic operating systems including Unix, Alto OS (pictured above), Apple DOS and CP/M."
+slug: 1970s
+authors: legacyinstaller
+tags: [plan, 1970s]
+image: ./img/1970s.webp
+keyword: [1970s, virtualhub]
+---
+
+We have covered the 1960s. If I have missed any operating system which you have tested successfully on any emulator, please let me know in the comments.
+
+![Alto OS from 1970s](./img/alto.webp)
+
+1970s were the age in which microcomputers evolved, but the majority of operating systems we are going to cover are still minicomputer ones. This decade saw the rise of many historic operating systems including Unix, Alto OS (pictured above), Apple DOS and CP/M.
+
+<!-- truncate -->
+
+We will cover them and a lot more soon.
+
+Stay tuned!

blog/2023/08/20-mainframe-operating-systems-of-1970s.md

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+---
+title: "Mainframe Operating Systems of 1970s"
+description: "In this post, we will see some Mainframe operating systems which were released in the 1970s and can be run on an emulator."
+slug: mainframe-operating-system-of-1970s
+authors: legacyinstaller
+tags: [mainframe, 1970s]
+image: ./img/tops10.webp
+keyword: [1970s, virtualhub, mainframe]
+date: 2023-08-20T10:00
+---
+
+![TOPS-10 from 1970s](./img/tops10.webp)
+
+In this post, we will see some Mainframe operating systems which were released in the 1970s and can be run on an emulator.
+
+<!-- truncate -->
+
+## 1970
+
+### TOPS-10
+
+In the year 1970, an operating system called [TOPS-10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPS-10) (pictured above) was released for the [DEC PDP-10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-10) mainframe computer. You can follow the [instructions here](https://bigdanzblog.wordpress.com/2013/09/21/running-your-very-own-decsystem-10-pdp-10/) to install it. You can download manuals from [bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp10/TOPS10_softwareNotebooks/).
+
+## 1972
+
+### OS/VS1
+
+[OS/VS1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/VS1) was an operating system for [IBM System/370 mainframes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/370). You can run it in an emulator using the instructions from [this GitHub repository](https://github.com/moshix/OSVS1). The manuals are available from [this website](http://www.j76.org/vs1/documentation.html).
+
+### VM/370
+
+Another operating system for [IBM System/370](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/370) and related mainframes in [VM/370](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VM_(operating_system)>). You can run it on [Hercules emulator](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(emulator)>) by following [these instructions](https://gunkies.org/wiki/Installing_VM/370_on_Hercules). Manuals are available from [bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/370/VM_370/Release_6/).
+
+## 1974
+
+### MVS
+
+[MVS (Multiple Virtual Storage)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVS) was yet another operating system for [IBM System/370](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/370) and related mainframes. The instruction on how to install it are available from [this page](https://www.jaymoseley.com/hercules/installMVS/iMVSintroV7.htm). Manuals are available from [bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/370/MVS/).
+
+## 1975
+
+### NOS
+
+[NOS (Network Operating System)](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOS_(software)>) was an operating system which ran on the [CDC 6000 series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_6000_series) of mainframe computers and their successors. You can install it in an emulator from [these instructions](http://www.hccc.org.uk/nosicem/nosinfo.html). Manuals are available from [bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/cyber/nos/).
+
+## 1976
+
+### TOPS-20
+
+[TOPS-20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPS-20) was an operating system for [PDP-10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-10) and other DEC's 36-bit mainframe computers. Instructions to install it on [SIMH](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/) are available [from here](https://gunkies.org/wiki/Running_TOPS-20_V4.1_under_SIMH). Manuals are available from [bitsavers](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp10/TOPS20/).
+
+That's it. Of course there are many more Operating Systems which I have not covered, but these are all of them which I was able to find and run in emulators. If you know of more, please let me know in the comment section.
+
+Stay tuned!

blog/2023/08/22-1970.md

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+---
+title: 1970 Plan
+description: "There were four operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1970. All of them can be installed on one of the SIMH emulators."
+slug: 1970
+authors: legacyinstaller
+tags: [plan, 1970s]
+image: ./img/1970.webp
+keyword: [1970, 1970s, virtualhub]
+---
+
+![PDP-7 Unix from 1965](./img/1970.webp)
+
+There were four operating system of our interest which were released in the year 1970. They were:
+
+<!-- truncate -->
+
+- ! PDP7 Unix
+- ! CAPS-11
+- ! ADSS-15
+- ! DOS-15
+
+All of them can be installed on one of the SIMH emulators.
+
+I will cover them soon.
+
+Stay tuned!

blog/2023/11/08-building-pdp7unix.md

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+---
+title: "Building ! PDP7 Unix images yourself"
+description: In this post, we will see how you can build ! PDP7 UNIX system images yourself from the source from the preservation repository."
+slug: building-pdp7-unix-images-yourself
+authors: legacyinstaller
+tags: [unix, 1970s]
+image: ./img/make.webp
+keyword: [pdp7, unix, 1970, 1970s, virtualhub]
+---
+
+As promised in the [tutorial on how to use ! PDP 7 Unix on SIMH](/1970s/1970/pdp7unix/simh/), in this post, we will see how you can build ! PDP7 UNIX system images yourself from the source from the original [project to resurrect Unix on the PDP-7 from a scan of the original assembly code](https://github.com/DoctorWkt/pdp7-unix).
+
+<!-- truncate -->
+
+This post assumes that you are running a Linux distribution. If you have not installed Linux yet, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu, a beginner-friendly distro](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/). If you really want to use Windows, you can use [WSL](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/) to follow this tutorial.
+
+First, we need to install some tools and dependencies to build it. On Ubuntu/Debian based distros, run the following command:
+
+```bash
+sudo apt install git make perl gcc libdatetime-perl
+```
+
+On Fedora and related distros, run:
+
+```bash
+sudo dnf install git make perl gcc perl-DateTime
+```
+
+On openSUSE and related distros, run:
+
+```bash
+sudo zypper in git make perl gcc perl-DateTime
+```
+
+On Arch based distros, run:
+
+```bash
+sudo pacman -S git make perl gcc perl-datetime
+```
+
+Now, move to the Downloads folder and clone the [pdp7-unix](https://github.com/DoctorWkt/pdp7-unix) repository:
+
+```bash
+cd ~/Downloads
+git clone https://github.com/DoctorWkt/pdp7-unix.git
+```
+
+![Cloning the project site](./img/clone.webp)
+
+Move to the `pdp7-unix` folder:
+
+```bash
+cd pdp7-unix
+```
+
+Run the following command to start making the images:
+
+```bash
+make binaries
+```
+
+![Making the images](./img/make.webp)
+
+After the command has completed, you will find files called `boot.rim` and `image.fs` in the `binaries` folder. Copy them somewhere and use them when asked in the [tutorial on how to use ! PDP 7 Unix on SIMH](/1970s/1970/pdp7unix/simh/).

blog/2023/11/27-1971.md

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+---
+title: 1971 Plan
+description: "There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1971. Both of them can be installed on one of the SIMH emulators."
+slug: 1971
+authors: legacyinstaller
+tags: [plan, 1970s]
+image: ./img/1971.webp
+keyword: [1971, 1970s, virtualhub]
+---
+
+![Unix v1 from 1965](./img/1971.webp)
+
+There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1971. They were:
+
+<!-- truncate -->
+
+- ! Unix v1
+- ! OS/8
+
+Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of Unix v1, but we do have a copy with v1 [kernel](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)>) and v2 [userland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space). It can be used on SIMH PDP-11 emulator.
+
+OS/8 can be used on SIMH PDP-8 emulator.
+
+I will cover them soon.
+
+Stay tuned!

blog/2023/12/03-1973.md

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+---
+title: 1973 Plan
+description: "There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1973. Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of ! Unix v4."
+slug: 1973
+authors: legacyinstaller
+tags: [plan, 1970s]
+image: ./img/1973.webp
+keyword: [1973, 1970s, virtualhub]
+---
+
+![Alto OS from 1973](./img/1973.webp)
+
+There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1973. They were:
+
+<!-- truncate -->
+
+- Alto OS
+- ! Unix v4
+
+Alto OS can be used on the [ContrAlto](https://github.com/livingcomputermuseum/ContrAlto) emulator.
+
+Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of Unix v4, but we do have a copy of a [kernel](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)>) that is from between v3 and v4. We can use that kernel with v5 [userland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space). It can be used on SIMH PDP-11 emulator.
+
+I will cover them soon.
+
+Stay tuned!

blog/2023/12/08-nsys.md

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+---
+title: "How to put the nsys kernel on a disk image of Unix v5?"
+description: "In this post, we will see how you can put the nsys kernel on a disk image of Unix v5."
+slug: how-to-put-the-nsys-kernel-on-a-disk-image-of-unix-v5
+authors: legacyinstaller
+tags: [unix, 1970s]
+image: ./img/nsys.webp
+keyword: [nsys, unix, 1973, 1970s, virtualhub]
+---
+
+![Making the image with nsys](./img/nsys.webp)
+
+In this post, we will see how you can put the `nsys` kernel on a disk image of Unix v5.
+
+<!-- truncate -->
+
+This post assumes that you are running a Linux distribution. If you have not installed Linux yet, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu, a beginner-friendly distro](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/). If you really want to use Windows, you can use [WSL](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/) to follow this tutorial.
+
+:::note
+
+You need the SIMH `pdp11` emulator for this tutorial. If you have not already installed it, follow the [VirtualHub Setup tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp11/) on how to do so.
+
+:::
+
+First, you need to download a Unix v5 disk image and the `nsys` kernel modified to run with Unix v5 userland.
+
+- [Modified `nsys` kernel archive](https://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/Research/Dennis_v3/modified_nsys.tar.gz)
+- [Unix v5 disk image](https://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/Research/Dennis_v5/v5root.gz)
+
+Extract both archives, and move the file in the folder `modified_nsys/conf/` called `unix` as well as the file called `v5root` into a new folder. Rename the file called `unix` to `nsys.binary` to avoid any confusion. You can do all this with these commands:
+
+```bash
+gzip -d v5root.gz
+tar --one-top-level -xzf modified_nsys.tar.gz
+mkdir nsys
+cd nsys
+cp ../modified_nsys/conf/unix nsys.binary
+cp ../v5root v5root
+```
+
+Now, we need to add a buffer to the `nsys.binary` file. You can run the following command to buffer it with zeroes:
+
+```bash
+dd if=/dev/zero of=zero bs=1 count=1000
+cat zero >> nsys.binary
+```
+
+Now run `pdp11`. After the emulator has started, run the following commands:
+
+```ini
+set cpu 11/45
+att rk0 v5root
+att rk1 nsys.binary
+boot rk0
+```
+
+You will get to a `@` prompt. Type `unix` and press enter to boot into Unix v5. Once you get a `login:` prompt, type `root` and press enter. Now we need to set up the `/dev/` entries of the disks. Run the following commands:
+
+```bash
+/etc/mknod /dev/rrk0 b 0 0
+/etc/mknod /dev/rrk1 b 0 1
+```
+
+Now we will extract the `nsys` kernel. Run the following files:
+
+```bash
+dd if=/dev/rrk1 count=50 of=z
+dd if=z of=nsys bs=11761 count=2
+rm z
+sync
+```
+
+Now press `Ctrl` + `e` to pause the emulation and then run `exit` to quit the emulator. Rename the file called `v5root` to something more appropriate, like `nsysroot`.
+
+```bash
+mv v5root nsysroot
+```
+
+That's it. Now you can use the image called `nsysroot` with the tutorial on [how to install ! Unix v4 on SIMH](/1970s/1973/unix-v4/simh/).