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https://github.com/silverstripe/silverstripe-framework
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283 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
283 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
# Developing Themes
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## Introduction
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[Tutorial 1](/tutorials/1-building-a-basic-site#templates) shows you how to create page templates. This guide will help
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you create your own SilverStripe website theme.
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Developing your own theme in SilverStripe is a piece of cake thanks to a very straight forward and clean templating
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language.
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## What is a Theme?
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A theme is a set of HTML/CSS/Javascript and images that can be used to provide a skin for a site. A theme does not
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include any PHP: instead it should be separate from the code which allows the portability of a design. After all, this
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is an MVC framework!
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## Getting started - Folder Structure
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To start your theme you first need to create the basic folder structure for the theme. Check out the image below for the
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layout of your folders. First you need to create a folder in the themes directory called the name of your theme (we're
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using "blackcandy"). Please note that underscores in the theme name are reserved to denote "sub-themes" (e.g.
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"blackcandy_blog").
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Inside your theme, you need the css, images and templates folders. Each of these folders contain parts of your theme and
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keeping a good folder structure is super important. Now we have this structure we can put our CSS in the css folder,
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Images in the images folder and all our HTML in the templates folder. This keeps our workspace clean and easy to use.
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After you have created the templates folder you need to create 2 more folders within - Includes and Layout (Note the
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uppercase initial letters). These are 2 different types of templates you will use in your theme - Includes contain
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snippets of HTML that you want to break out and share between templates (for example the Header can be an include,
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Footer, Navigation etc) whereas Layout templates are the base page templates. So you can have several includes in a
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Layout template.
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## Getting started - Core Files
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### HTML Templates
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Once you have created your folders you need to start to fill it out with a couple 'Core' files. First and most
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importantly is we need a HTML template for our design. Read the [Tutorial 1](/tutorials/1-building-a-basic-site#templates)
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and the HTML pages for more in-depth discussion about the HTML templates and how they work. At the very least
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we need a Page.ss file (note the .ss extenstion - Don't worry its just HTML and any text editor will still read it). So
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go ahead and create 2 Page.ss files. One in templates, the other in Layout.
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Whats with the 2 Page.ss files? Well we have 2 so when the user visits a page they get redirected to the top level
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Page.ss then, depending on what page they are on, we can have a custom template for that page in the Layout folder. If
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you dont get it now, you will hopefully pick it up over the rest of this.
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So you have 2 blank Page.ss files. What are we going to do with them? How bout we put some HTML in them so we can see
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our theme in action. The code for mine is below.
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** yourtheme/templates/Page.ss **
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:::ss
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<% base_tag %>
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$MetaTags(false)
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<title>Bob's Chicken Shack | $Title</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div id="Container">
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<div id="Header">
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<h1>Bob's Chicken Shack</h1>
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</div>
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<div id="Navigation">
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<% if Menu(1) %>
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<ul>
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<% control Menu(1) %>
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<li><a href="$Link" title="Go to the $Title page" class="$LinkingMode">$MenuTitle</a></li>
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<% end_control %>
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</ul>
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<% end_if %>
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</div>
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<div id="Layout">
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$Layout
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</div>
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<div id="Footer">
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<p>Copyright $Now.Year - Bob's Chicken Shack.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>
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** yourtheme/templates/Layout/Page.ss **
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:::ss
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<h1>$Title</h1>
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$Content
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$Form
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$PageComments
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All you have to do now is tell your site to use your new theme - This is defined in the **mysite/_config.php** file
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:::php
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SSViewer::set_theme('mythemename');
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Go to yoursite.com/?flush=1 and check it out. You should be using your new theme! Not really that awesome or amazing is
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it? Next we need to add some CSS Magic!
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See [Templates](/reference/themes) for more information about templates.
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### CSS Files
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By standard SilverStripe uses 3 CSS Files for your site -
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* **layout.css** contains the layout and design of the site
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* **typography.css** contains the styling for the text/fonts/links (used in both front and back ends)
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* **form.css** styling for forms.
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You can add more stylesheets using the template tag `<% require themedCSS(filename) %>`, which will load filename.css from
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your css directory.
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Note: If you're using a default install of Silverstripe and notice that you're getting layout.css, typography.css and
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forms.css included without asking for them, they may be being called on lines 21-23 in mysite/code/Page.php. Remove
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these three Requirements::themedCSS lines, and you will be free to add your own styles.
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## Dividing your site the correct way!
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Most Web page designers 10 years ago used a table-based layout to achieve a consistent look. Now, (Thankfully) there's a
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different way to achieve the same look.
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Using CSS and tags (including `DIV`s) reduces markup code, speeds up page downloads, separates content from
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its visual presentation, and brings your code closer to web standards compliance--all while making your website more
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appealing to search engine spiders.
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For layout we tend to use `DIV` tags as the `DIV` tag defines a division/section in a document.
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Let's have a look at part of a Page.ss for the main layout elements defining a 2 column layout.
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:::ss
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<div id="Container">
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<div id="Header">
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<!-- Header -->
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</div>
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<div id="Navigation">
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<!-- The Main Site Nav -->
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</div>
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<div id="Layout">
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<!-- The whole site content has to sit inside here! Anything you want to sub template (eg each page will be different, needs to be contained in $Layout. This calls the file /Layout/Page.ss or anyother sub page template -->
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$Layout
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</div>
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<div id="Footer">
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</div>
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</div>
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As you can see we normally wrap the site in a container. For this we use the ID 'Container'. Then we divide the main
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template into sections.
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:::ss
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<div id="Header"><!-- markup goes here --></div>
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We have the Header section which includes things like any banner images/ mastheads/ logos or any stuff that belongs at
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the top of the page, This might vary on the design of the page
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:::ss
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<div id="Navigation"><!-- markup goes here --></div>
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Next is a division for the main navigation. This may contain something like:
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:::ss
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<div id="Navigation">
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<% if Menu(1) %>
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<ul>
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<% control Menu(1) %>
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<li><a href="$Link" title="Go to the $Title page" class="$LinkingMode">$MenuTitle</a></li>
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<% end_control %>
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</ul>
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<% end_if %>
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</div>
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This is the standard for creating the main Navigation. As you can see it outputs the Menu 1 in a unordered list.
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Before stepping into a control (a foreach loop) it's good practise to check if it exists first. This is not only
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important in manipulating SilverStripe templates, but in any programming language!
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:::ss
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<% if MyFunction %>
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<% control MyFunction %>
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$Title
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<% end_control %>
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<% end_if %>
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Last and probably least is the Footer division. Here is where you put all the Footer related stuff for your website.
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Maybe even a nice link saying Website Powered by SilverStripe to show your support.
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:::ss
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<div id="Footer">
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<!-- markup goes here -->
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</div>
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## Resources
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A bunch of resources feel free to use to make your template awesome
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* [http://kuler.adobe.com](http://kuler.adobe.com) - Kuler is a great color scheming tool
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* [http://blog.html.it/layoutgala/](http://blog.html.it/layoutgala/) - 40 super cool CSS layouts for you to use
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* [http://designmeltdown.com](http://designmeltdown.com) - Great gallery of websites. Browse through and get inspired.
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* [http://validator.w3.org/](http://validator.w3.org/) - Your template must pass 'or get near' validation.
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* [http://famfamfam.com/lab/icons/](http://famfamfam.com/lab/icons/) - free, beautiful icons.
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* [http://cssremix.com](http://cssremix.com) - Another CSS site gallery for inspiration.
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* [http://www.maxdesign.com.au/presentation/process/](http://www.maxdesign.com.au/presentation/process/) - a good process for creating a design
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## Reference
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### Overriding
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The templating system will search for the appropriate files in the following order:
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1. mysite (or other name given to site folder)
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2. themes
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3. module (eg blog)
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So if, for example, you had a typography.css file for a module in the module folder (eg blog/css/), in the theme module
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directory (eg themes/blackcandy_blog/css/), and in your site folder (eg mysite/css/), the system would use the file
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mysite/css/typography.css
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<div class="notice" markdown='1'>
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Note: This only applies for CSS and template files. PHP files **do not** get overridden!
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</div>
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### Requirements
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The `[api:Requirements::themedCSS()]` function will
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do the search specified above. This avoids the need to type a full path to the css file, and also provides better
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ambiguity for themes.
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### Subthemes
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If you have a theme called mytheme_forum, it is considered to be a 'subtheme' of the mytheme theme. This lets module
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developers release extensions to popular themes that will let their module work with that theme.
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A subtheme overrides the files in the module. So for instance, if you have the forum setup instead of editing the files
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within the forum/ module you would create a themes/yourtheme_forum/ folder.
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### ThemeDir
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If you want to refer to an image or other file asset in a .ss template, use $ThemeDir. For example:
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:::ss
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<img src="$ThemeDir/images/log.gif" />
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If your image is in a subtheme, you can refer to that with an argument to ThemeDir. For example, if your image was in
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mytheme_forum, you could use the following code:
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:::ss
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<img src="$ThemeDir(forum)/images/log.gif" />
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## Conventions, standards and guidelines
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Following some set standards and conventions makes life easy for you and I.
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Some conventions for SilverStripe websites, which we suggest following. Take a look at each:
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* [Coding-Conventions](/misc/coding-conventions)
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* [Typography](/reference/typography)
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We also suggest following various [industry standards](http://www.w3.org/) and conventions.
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