mirror of
https://github.com/silverstripe/silverstripe-framework
synced 2024-09-18 07:26:40 +02:00
501 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
501 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
title: i18n
|
|
summary: Display templates and PHP code in different languages based on the preferences of your website users.
|
|
|
|
# i18n
|
|
|
|
The i18n class (short for "internationalization") in SilverStripe enables you to display templates and PHP code in
|
|
different languages based on your global settings and the preferences of your website users. This process is also known
|
|
as l10n (short for "localization").
|
|
|
|
For translating any content managed through the CMS or stored in the database, please use the
|
|
[translatable](http://github.com/silverstripe/silverstripe-translatable) module.
|
|
|
|
This page aims to describe the low-level functionality of the i18n API. It targets developers who:
|
|
|
|
* Are involved in creating templates in different languages.
|
|
* Want to build their own modules with i18n capabilities.
|
|
* Want to make their PHP-code (e.g. form labels) i18n-ready
|
|
|
|
## Usage
|
|
|
|
### Enabling i18n
|
|
|
|
The i18n class is enabled by default.
|
|
|
|
### Setting the locale
|
|
|
|
To set the locale you just need to call [i18n::set_locale()](api:SilverStripe\i18n\i18n::set_locale()) passing, as a parameter, the name of the locale that
|
|
you want to set.
|
|
|
|
|
|
```php
|
|
use SilverStripe\i18n\i18n;
|
|
|
|
// mysite/_config.php
|
|
i18n::set_locale('de_DE'); // Setting the locale to German (Germany)
|
|
i18n::set_locale('ca_AD'); // Setting to Catalan (Andorra)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Once we set a locale, all the calls to the translator function will return strings according to the set locale value, if
|
|
these translations are available. See [unicode.org](http://unicode.org/cldr/data/diff/supplemental/languages_and_territories.html)
|
|
for a complete listing of available locales.
|
|
|
|
The `i18n` logic doesn't set the PHP locale via [setlocale()](http://php.net/setlocale).
|
|
Localisation methods in SilverStripe rely on explicit locale settings as documented below.
|
|
If you rely on PHP's built-in localisation such as [strftime()](http://php.net/strftime),
|
|
please only change locale information selectively. Setting `LC_ALL` or `LC_NUMERIC` will cause issues with SilverStripe
|
|
operations such as decimal separators in database queries.
|
|
|
|
### Getting the locale
|
|
|
|
As you set the locale you can also get the current value, just by calling [i18n::get_locale()](api:SilverStripe\i18n\i18n::get_locale()).
|
|
|
|
### Declaring the content language in HTML {#declaring_the_content_language_in_html}
|
|
|
|
To let browsers know which language they're displaying a document in, you can declare a language in your template.
|
|
|
|
|
|
```html
|
|
//'Page.ss' (HTML)
|
|
<html lang="$ContentLocale">
|
|
|
|
//'Page.ss' (XHTML)
|
|
<html lang="$ContentLocale" xml:lang="$ContentLocale" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Setting the `<html>` attribute is the most commonly used technique. There are other ways to specify content languages
|
|
(meta tags, HTTP headers), explained in this [w3.org article](http://www.w3.org/International/tutorials/language-decl/).
|
|
|
|
You can also set the [script direction](http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-scripts),
|
|
which is determined by the current locale, in order to indicate the preferred flow of characters
|
|
and default alignment of paragraphs and tables to browsers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
```html
|
|
<html lang="$ContentLocale" dir="$i18nScriptDirection">
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Date and time formats
|
|
|
|
Formats can be set globally in the i18n class.
|
|
You can use these settings for your own view logic.
|
|
|
|
|
|
```php
|
|
use SilverStripe\Core\Config\Config;
|
|
use SilverStripe\i18n\i18n;
|
|
|
|
i18n::config()
|
|
->set('date_format', 'dd.MM.yyyy')
|
|
->set('time_format', 'HH:mm');
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Localization in SilverStripe uses PHP's [intl extension](http://php.net/intl).
|
|
Formats for it's [IntlDateFormatter](http://php.net/manual/en/class.intldateformatter.php)
|
|
are defined in [ICU format](http://www.icu-project.org/apiref/icu4c/classSimpleDateFormat.html#details),
|
|
not PHP's built-in [date()](http://nz.php.net/manual/en/function.date.php).
|
|
|
|
These settings are not used for CMS presentation.
|
|
Users can choose their own locale, which determines the date format
|
|
that gets presented to them. Currently this is a mix of PHP defaults (for readonly `DateField` and `TimeField`),
|
|
browser defaults (for `DateField` on browsers supporting HTML5), and [Moment.JS](http://momentjs.com/)
|
|
client-side logic (for `DateField` polyfills and other readonly dates and times).
|
|
|
|
### Language Names
|
|
|
|
SilverStripe comes with a built-in list of common languages, listed by locale and region.
|
|
They can be accessed via the `i18n.common_languages` and `i18n.common_locales` [config setting](/developer_guides/configuration).
|
|
|
|
In order to add a value, add the following to your `config.yml`:
|
|
|
|
|
|
```yml
|
|
SilverStripe\i18n\i18n:
|
|
common_locales:
|
|
de_CGN:
|
|
name: German (Cologne)
|
|
native: Kölsch
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Similarly, to change an existing language label, you can overwrite one of these keys:
|
|
|
|
|
|
```yml
|
|
SilverStripe\i18n\i18n:
|
|
common_locales:
|
|
en_NZ:
|
|
native: Niu Zillund
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### i18n in URLs
|
|
|
|
By default, URLs for pages in SilverStripe (the `SiteTree->URLSegment` property)
|
|
are automatically reduced to the allowed allowed subset of ASCII characters.
|
|
If characters outside this subset are added, they are either removed or (if possible) "transliterated".
|
|
This describes the process of converting from one character set to another
|
|
while keeping characters recognizeable. For example, vowels with french accents
|
|
are replaced with their base characters, `pâté` becomes `pate`.
|
|
|
|
It is advisable to set the `SS_Transliterator.use_iconv` setting to true via config for systems
|
|
which have `iconv` extension enabled and configured.
|
|
See [the php documentation on iconv](http://php.net/manual/en/book.iconv.php) for more information.
|
|
|
|
In order to allow for so called "multibyte" characters outside of the ASCII subset,
|
|
limit the character filtering in the underlying configuration setting,
|
|
by setting `URLSegmentFilter.default_use_transliterator` to `false` in your YAML configuration.
|
|
|
|
Please refer to [W3C: Introduction to IDN and IRI](http://www.w3.org/International/articles/idn-and-iri/) for more details.
|
|
|
|
### i18n in Form Fields
|
|
|
|
Date and time related form fields are automatically localised ([DateField](api:SilverStripe\Forms\DateField), [TimeField](api:SilverStripe\Forms\TimeField), [DatetimeField](api:SilverStripe\Forms\DatetimeField)).
|
|
Since they use HTML5 `type=date` and `type=time` fields by default, these fields will present dates
|
|
in a localised format chosen by the browser and operating system.
|
|
|
|
Fields can be forced to use a certain locale and date/time format by calling `setHTML5(false)`,
|
|
followed by `setLocale()` or `setDateFormat()`/`setTimeFormat()`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
```php
|
|
use SilverStripe\Forms\DateField;
|
|
|
|
$field = new DateField();
|
|
$field->setLocale('de_AT'); // set Austrian/German locale, defaulting format to dd.MM.y
|
|
$field->setDateFormat('d.M.y'); // set a more specific date format (single digit day/month)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Translating text
|
|
|
|
Adapting a module to make it localizable is easy with SilverStripe. You just need to avoid hardcoding strings that are
|
|
language-dependent and use a translator function call instead.
|
|
|
|
|
|
```php
|
|
// without i18n
|
|
echo "This is a string";
|
|
// with i18n
|
|
echo _t("Namespace.Entity","This is a string");
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
All strings passed through the `_t()` function will be collected in a separate language table (see [Collecting text](#collecting-text)), which is the starting point for translations.
|
|
|
|
### The _t() function
|
|
|
|
The `_t()` function is the main gateway to localized text, and takes four parameters, all but the first being optional.
|
|
It can be used to translate strings in both PHP files and template files. The usage for each case is described below.
|
|
|
|
* **$entity:** Unique identifier, composed by a namespace and an entity name, with a dot
|
|
separating them. Both are arbitrary names, although by convention we use the name of
|
|
the containing class or template. Use this identifier to reference the same translation
|
|
elsewhere in your code.
|
|
* **$default:** The original language string to be translated. This should be declared
|
|
whenever used, and will get picked up the [text collector](#collecting-text).
|
|
* **$string:** (optional) Natural language comment (particularly short phrases and individual words)
|
|
are very context dependent. This parameter allows the developer to convey this information
|
|
to the translator.
|
|
* **$injection::** (optional) An array of injecting variables into the second parameter
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Pluralisation
|
|
|
|
i18n also supports locale-respective pluralisation rules. Many languages have more than two plural forms,
|
|
unlike English which has two only; One for the singular, and another for any other number.
|
|
|
|
More information on what forms these plurals can take for various locales can be found on the
|
|
[CLDR documentation](http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html)
|
|
|
|
The ability to pluralise strings is provided through the `i18n::_t` method when supplied with a
|
|
`{count}` argument and `|` pipe-delimiter provided with the default string.
|
|
|
|
Plural forms can also be explicitly declared via the i18nEntityProvider interface in array-format
|
|
with both a 'one' and 'other' key (as per the CLDR for the default `en` language).
|
|
|
|
For instance, this is an example of how to correctly declare pluralisations for an object
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```php
|
|
use SilverStripe\ORM\DataObject;
|
|
|
|
class MyObject extends DataObject implements i18nEntityProvider
|
|
{
|
|
public function provideI18nEntities()
|
|
{
|
|
return [
|
|
'MyObject.SINGULAR_NAME' => 'object',
|
|
'MyObject.PLURAL_NAME' => 'objects',
|
|
'MyObject.PLURALS' => [
|
|
'one' => 'An object',
|
|
'other' => '{count} objects',
|
|
],
|
|
];
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
In YML format this will be expressed as the below. This follows the
|
|
[ruby i18n convention](guides.rubyonrails.org/i18n.html#pluralization) for plural forms.
|
|
|
|
```yaml
|
|
en:
|
|
MyObject:
|
|
SINGULAR_NAME: 'object'
|
|
PLURAL_NAME: 'objects'
|
|
PLURALS:
|
|
one: 'An object',
|
|
other: '{count} objects'
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Note: i18nTextCollector support for pluralisation is not yet available.
|
|
Please ensure that any required plurals are exposed via provideI18nEntities.
|
|
|
|
#### Usage in PHP Files
|
|
|
|
|
|
```php
|
|
// Simple string translation
|
|
_t('LeftAndMain.FILESIMAGES','Files & Images');
|
|
|
|
// Using injection to add variables into the translated strings.
|
|
_t('CMSMain.RESTORED',
|
|
"Restored {value} successfully",
|
|
['value' => $itemRestored]
|
|
);
|
|
|
|
// Plurals are invoked via a `|` pipe-delimeter with a {count} argument
|
|
_t('MyObject.PLURALS', 'An object|{count} objects', [ 'count' => '$count ]);
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
#### Usage in Template Files
|
|
|
|
<div class="hint" markdown='1'>
|
|
The preferred template syntax has changed somewhat since [version 2.x](http://doc.silverstripe.org/framework/en/2.4/topics/i18n#usage-2).
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
In `.ss` template files, instead of `_t(params)` the syntax `<%t params %>` is used. The syntax for passing parameters to the function is quite different to
|
|
the PHP version of the function.
|
|
|
|
* Parameters are space separated, not comma separated
|
|
* The original language string and the natural language comment parameters are separated by ` on `.
|
|
* The final parameter (which is an array in PHP) is passed as a space separated list of key/value pairs.
|
|
|
|
|
|
```ss
|
|
// Simple string translation
|
|
<%t Namespace.Entity "String to translate" %>
|
|
|
|
// Using injection to add variables into the translated strings (note that $Name and $Greeting must be available in the current template scope).
|
|
<%t Header.Greeting "Hello {name} {greeting}" name=$Name greeting=$Greeting %>
|
|
|
|
// Plurals follow the same convention, required a `|` and `{count}` in the default string
|
|
<%t MyObject.PLURALS 'An item|{count} items' count=$Count %>
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
#### Caching in Template Files with locale switching
|
|
|
|
When caching a `<% loop %>` or `<% with %>` with `<%t params %>`. It is important to add the Locale to the cache key
|
|
otherwise it won't pick up locale changes.
|
|
|
|
```ss
|
|
<% cached 'MyIdentifier', $CurrentLocale %>
|
|
<% loop $Students %>
|
|
$Name
|
|
<% end_loop %>
|
|
<% end_cached %>
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Collecting text
|
|
|
|
To collect all the text in code and template files we have just to visit: `http://localhost/dev/tasks/i18nTextCollectorTask`
|
|
|
|
Text collector will then read the files, build the master string table for each module where it finds calls to the
|
|
underscore function, and tell you about the created files and any possible entity redeclaration.
|
|
|
|
If you want to run the text collector for just one module you can use the 'module' parameter:
|
|
`http://localhost/dev/tasks/i18nTextCollectorTask/?module=cms`
|
|
|
|
<div class="hint" markdown='1'>
|
|
You'll need to install PHPUnit to run the text collector (see [testing-guide](/developer_guides/testing)).
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
## Module Priority
|
|
|
|
The order in which i18n strings are loaded from modules can be quite important, as it is pretty common for a site
|
|
developer to want to override the default i18n strings from time to time. Because of this, you will sometimes need to specify the loading priority of i18n modules.
|
|
|
|
By default, the language files are loaded from modules in this order:
|
|
|
|
* Your project (as defined in the `$project` global)
|
|
* admin
|
|
* framework
|
|
* All other modules
|
|
|
|
This default order is configured in `framework/_config/i18n.yml`. This file specifies two blocks of module ordering: `basei18n`, listing admin, and framework, and `defaulti18n` listing all other modules.
|
|
|
|
To create a custom module order, you need to specify a config fragment that inserts itself either after or before those items. For example, you may have a number of modules that have to come after the framework/admin, but before anyhting else. To do that, you would use this
|
|
|
|
```yml
|
|
---
|
|
Name: customi18n
|
|
Before: 'defaulti18n'
|
|
---
|
|
SilverStripe\i18n\i18n:
|
|
module_priority:
|
|
- module1
|
|
- module2
|
|
- module3
|
|
```
|
|
The config option being set is `i18n.module_priority`, and it is a list of module names.
|
|
|
|
There are a few special cases:
|
|
|
|
* If not explicitly mentioned, your project is put as the first module.
|
|
* The module name `other_modules` can be used as a placeholder for all modules that aren't
|
|
specifically mentioned.
|
|
|
|
## Language definitions
|
|
|
|
Each module can have one language table per locale, stored by convention in the `lang/` subfolder.
|
|
The translation is powered by [Zend_Translate](http://framework.zend.com/manual/current/en/modules/zend.i18n.translating.html),
|
|
which supports different translation adapters, dealing with different storage formats.
|
|
|
|
By default, SilverStripe uses a YAML format which is loaded via the
|
|
[symfony/translate](http://symfony.com/doc/current/translation.html) library.
|
|
|
|
Example: framework/lang/en.yml (extract)
|
|
|
|
```yml
|
|
en:
|
|
ImageUploader:
|
|
Attach: 'Attach {title}'
|
|
UploadField:
|
|
NOTEADDFILES: 'You can add files once you have saved for the first time.'
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Translation table: framework/lang/de.yml (extract)
|
|
|
|
```yml
|
|
de:
|
|
ImageUploader:
|
|
ATTACH: '{title} anhängen'
|
|
UploadField:
|
|
NOTEADDFILES: 'Sie können Dateien hinzufügen sobald Sie das erste mal gespeichert haben'
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Note that translations are cached across requests.
|
|
The cache can be cleared through the `?flush=1` query parameter,
|
|
or explicitly through `Zend_Translate::getCache()->clean(Zend_Cache::CLEANING_MODE_ALL)`.
|
|
|
|
## Javascript Usage
|
|
|
|
The i18n system in JavaScript is similar to its PHP equivalent.
|
|
Languages are typically stored in `<my-module-dir>/javascript/lang`.
|
|
Unlike the PHP logic, these files aren't auto-discovered and have to be included manually.
|
|
|
|
### Requirements
|
|
|
|
Each language has its own language table in a separate file.
|
|
To save bandwidth, only two files are actually loaded by
|
|
the browser: The current locale, and the default locale as a fallback.
|
|
The `Requirements` class has a special method to determine these includes:
|
|
Just point it to a directory instead of a file, and the class will figure out the includes.
|
|
|
|
If using this on the frontend, it's also necessary to include the stand-alone i18n
|
|
js file.
|
|
|
|
```php
|
|
use SilverStripe\View\Requirements;
|
|
|
|
Requirements::javascript('silverstripe/admin:client/dist/js/i18n.js');
|
|
Requirements::add_i18n_javascript('<my-module-dir>/javascript/lang');
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Translation Tables in JavaScript
|
|
|
|
Translation tables are automatically included as required, depending on the configured locale in `i18n::get_locale()`.
|
|
As a fallback for partially translated tables we always include the master table (`en.js`) as well.
|
|
|
|
Master Table (`<my-module-dir>/javascript/lang/en.js`)
|
|
|
|
|
|
```js
|
|
if(typeof(ss) == 'undefined' || typeof(ss.i18n) == 'undefined') {
|
|
console.error('Class ss.i18n not defined');
|
|
} else {
|
|
ss.i18n.addDictionary('en', {
|
|
'MYMODULE.MYENTITY' : "Really delete these articles?"
|
|
});
|
|
}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Example Translation Table (`<my-module-dir>/javascript/lang/de.js`)
|
|
|
|
|
|
```js
|
|
ss.i18n.addDictionary('de', {
|
|
'MYMODULE.MYENTITY' : "Artikel wirklich löschen?"
|
|
});
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
For most core modules, these files are generated by a
|
|
[build task](https://github.com/silverstripe/silverstripe-buildtools/blob/master/src/GenerateJavascriptI18nTask.php),
|
|
with the actual source files in a JSON
|
|
format which can be processed more easily by external translation providers (see `javascript/lang/src`).
|
|
|
|
### Basic Usage
|
|
|
|
|
|
```js
|
|
alert(ss.i18n._t('MYMODULE.MYENTITY'));
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Advanced Use
|
|
|
|
The `ss.i18n` object contain a couple functions to help and replace dynamic variable from within a string.
|
|
|
|
#### Legacy sequential replacement with sprintf()
|
|
|
|
`sprintf()` will substitute occurencies of `%s` in the main string with
|
|
each of the following arguments passed to the function. The substitution
|
|
is done sequentially.
|
|
|
|
```js
|
|
// MYMODULE.MYENTITY contains "Really delete %s articles by %s?"
|
|
alert(ss.i18n.sprintf(
|
|
ss.i18n._t('MYMODULE.MYENTITY'),
|
|
42,
|
|
'Douglas Adams'
|
|
));
|
|
// Displays: "Really delete 42 articles by Douglas Adams?"
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
#### Variable injection with inject()
|
|
|
|
`inject()` will substitute variables in the main string like `{myVar}` by the
|
|
keys in the object passed as second argument. Each variable can be in any order
|
|
and appear multiple times.
|
|
|
|
|
|
```js
|
|
// MYMODULE.MYENTITY contains "Really delete {count} articles by {author}?"
|
|
alert(ss.i18n.inject(
|
|
ss.i18n._t('MYMODULE.MYENTITY'),
|
|
{count: 42, author: 'Douglas Adams'}
|
|
));
|
|
// Displays: "Really delete 42 articles by Douglas Adams?"
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Limitations
|
|
|
|
* No detecting/conversion of character encodings (we rely fully on UTF-8)
|
|
* Translation of graphics/assets
|
|
* Usage of gettext (too clumsy, too many requirements)
|
|
* Displaying multiple languages/encodings on the same page
|
|
|
|
## Links
|
|
|
|
* [Help to translate](../../contributing/translations) - Instructions for online collaboration to translate core
|
|
* [Help to translate](../../contributing/translation_process) - Instructions for adding translation to your own modules
|
|
* [http://www.i18nguy.com/](http://www.i18nguy.com/)
|
|
* [balbus.tk i18n notes](http://www.balbuss.com/internationalize/)
|