Unix v6 on SIMH PDP-11

docs/1970s/1974/unix-v5/simh/index.md

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to star
 pdp11
 ```
 
-![pdp11](unix-v5-SIMH-2.webp)
+![pdp11](./unix-v5-SIMH-2.webp)
 
 After the emulator starts, you will get a `@` prompt. Type `unix` and press enter to run the `unix` kernel.
 
@@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ See the [manuals section](/1970s/1974/unix-v5/#manuals) on the [main ! Unix-v5 p
 
 ### Windows
 
-
 Create a file called `unix-v5.bat` with the following content:
 
 ```bash

docs/1970s/1975/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+---
+keywords: [1970s, 1975]
+image: ./1975.webp
+description: "There was one operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1975. It was:"
+sidebar_position: 6
+---
+
+import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
+
+# 1975
+
+![! Unix v6 from 1975](./1975.webp)
+
+There was one operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1975. It was:
+
+<DocCardList />

docs/1970s/1975/unix-v6/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+---
+keywords: ["Unix v6", "Unix", "PDP-11", "Interdata 7/32", "1970s", "1975"]
+image: ./unix-v6.webp
+description: "! Unix v6 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-11 computer. It was later ported to Interdata 7/32 computer."
+sidebar_position: 1
+---
+
+import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
+
+# ! Unix v6
+
+![! Unix v6](./unix-v6.webp)
+
+! Unix v6 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-11 computer. It was later ported to Interdata 7/32 computer. It was developed by Bell Labs. It can be used on SIMH PDP-11 and Interdata 7/32 emulators.
+
+<DocCardList />
+
+## Manuals
+
+Here is the manual for ! Unix v6:
+
+- [! Unix Programmer's Manual, 6th Edition](http://squoze.net/UNIX/v6man/all.pdf)
+
+There were a bunch of short documents for use with ! Unix v6. Some of them are available today:
+
+- [Unix for Beginners](http://squoze.net/UNIX/v6/files/doc/beg.pdf)
+- [A Tutorial Introduction to the Unix Text Editor](http://squoze.net/UNIX/v6/files/doc/ed.pdf)
+- [Programming in C − A Tutorial](http://squoze.net/UNIX/v6/files/doc/ctut.pdf)
+- [C Reference Manual](http://squoze.net/UNIX/v6/files/doc/c.pdf)
+- [Unix Assembler Reference Manual](http://squoze.net/UNIX/v6/files/doc/as.pdf)
+- [The Unix I/O System](http://squoze.net/UNIX/v6/files/doc/iosys.pdf)
+- [YACC − Yet Another Compiler-Compiler](http://squoze.net/UNIX/v6/files/doc/yacc.pdf)
+- [Setting Up Unix - Sixth Edition](http://squoze.net/UNIX/v6/files/doc/start.pdf)
+- [The Unix Time-Sharing System](http://squoze.net/UNIX/v6/files/doc/unix.pdf)
+
+Many of the other short documents are not available today, but they are available in the volume 2A and 2B of ! Unix v7 manual. While the manual is for v7, most of the information included there applies to every version of Unix.
+
+- [! Unix Programmer's Manual, 7th Edition, Volume 2A](https://s3.amazonaws.com/plan9-bell-labs/7thEdMan/v7vol2a.pdf)
+- [! Unix Programmer's Manual, 7th Edition, Volume 2B](https://s3.amazonaws.com/plan9-bell-labs/7thEdMan/v7vol2b.pdf)
+
+You may also be interested in the PDP-11 manuals. It was the computer on which ! Unix v6 was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
+
+- [PDP-11 Manuals](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/)
+
+A famous book about the ! Unix v6 source code is "A Commentary on the Sixth Edition Unix Operating System" by J. Lions. You can download the book and the associated source code booklet from here:
+
+- [A Commentary on the Sixth Edition Unix Operating System](http://www.lemis.com/grog/Documentation/Lions/book.pdf)
+- [Source Code Booklet](http://v6.cuzuco.com/v6.pdf)
+
+### Interdata 7/32-specific Documentation
+
+These documents were extracted from the Interdata 7/32 Unix port's installation, and converted to PDF. They only cover the differences in the Interdata 7/32 port. For the full manuals, see above.
+
+- [! Unix Programmer's Manual, 6th Edition](https://archive.org/download/unix_v6_id32_docs/man.pdf)
+- [Programming in C − A Tutorial](https://archive.org/download/unix_v6_id32_docs/ctut.pdf)
+- [C Reference Manual](https://archive.org/download/unix_v6_id32_docs/cman.pdf)
+- [A tour through the Unix C compiler](https://archive.org/download/unix_v6_id32_docs/cdoc.pdf)
+  - [A new Input-Output package](https://archive.org/download/unix_v6_id32_docs/ios.pdf)
+  - [New C Compiler Features](https://archive.org/download/unix_v6_id32_docs/newstuff.pdf)
+
+## Related Pages
+
+- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1975/unix-v6/)
+- [Run ! Unix v6 in your web browser](http://takahirox.github.io/pdp11-js/unixv6.html) (Instructions on page)
+- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_6_Unix)
+- [Wikipedia PDP-11 page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11)
+- [Computer History Wiki ! Unix v6 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/UNIX_Sixth_Edition)
+- [Computer History Wiki PDP-11 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-11)
+- [The Unix Heritage Society (TUHS) wiki page on ! Unix v6](https://wiki.tuhs.org/doku.php?id=systems:6th_edition)
+- [Computer History Wiki tutorial on running ! Unix v6 on SIMH](https://gunkies.org/wiki/Installing_UNIX_v6_(PDP-11)_on_SIMH)
+- [Tutorial from squoze.net on running ! Unix v6 on SIMH](http://squoze.net/UNIX/v6/installation)
+
+## Credits
+
+- The manuals were taken from [http://squoze.net](http://squoze.net/), [this page from Bell Labs](https://s3.amazonaws.com/plan9-bell-labs/7thEdMan/bswv7.html) and [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).
+
+- The Lions book is available from [http://www.lemis.com/](http://www.lemis.com/) and the associated source code booklet from [http://v6.cuzuco.com/](http://v6.cuzuco.com/).

docs/1970s/1975/unix-v6/simh-pdp11/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+---
+keywords: ["Unix v6", "Unix", "PDP-11", "SIMH", "1970s", "1975"]
+image: ./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-23.webp
+description: 'We can run ! Unix v6 on the SIMH PDP-11 emulator. First, we need to download the ! Unix v6 tape. You can download the tape needed to run it on the SIMH PDP-11 emulator from the squoze.net website.'
+sidebar_position: 1
+sidebar_label: "! Unix v6 on SIMH PDP-11"
+---
+
+# How to install ! Unix v6 on SIMH PDP-11 emulator?
+
+![SIMH PDP-11 emulator with ! Unix v6](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-23.webp)
+
+We can run ! Unix v6 on the SIMH PDP-11 emulator. First, we need to download the ! Unix v6 tape.
+
+## Downloads
+
+You can download the tape needed to run ! Unix v6 on the SIMH PDP-11 emulator from the [squoze.net](http://squoze.net/) website:
+
+- [! Unix v6 tape](http://squoze.net/UNIX/v6/files/dist.tap)
+
+## Installing ! Unix v6
+
+:::tip
+
+If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-11 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp11/) on Linux and Windows.
+
+:::
+
+Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM and move the `dist.tap` file into it.
+
+Now we will create a temporary config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp11.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
+
+```ini
+set cpu 11/40
+set tm0 locked
+attach tm0 dist.tap
+attach rk0 rk0
+attach rk1 rk1
+attach rk2 rk2
+d cpu 100000 012700
+d cpu 100002 172526
+d cpu 100004 010040
+d cpu 100006 012740
+d cpu 100010 060003
+d cpu 100012 000777
+g 100000
+```
+
+![Copying pdp11.ini](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-1.webp)
+
+Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
+
+```bash
+pdp11
+```
+
+![Copying pdp11](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-2.webp)
+
+After the emulator starts, press `Ctrl` + `e`. You will get a `sim>` prompt. Type `g 0` to start the emulation.
+
+![g 0](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-3.webp)
+
+You will get an `=` prompt. Type `tmrk` and press enter. When asked for disk offset, type `0` and press enter. For tape offset, enter `100` and for count `1`.
+
+![tmrk (1)](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-4.webp)
+
+You will get back to an `=` prompt. Run `tmrk` again. This time, for disk offset, enter `1`, for tape offset `101` and for count `3999`.
+
+![tmrk (1)](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-5.webp)
+
+We have successfully copied the base ! Unix files to our disk. Now press `Ctrl` + `e` and enter `exit` to quit the emulator.
+
+![copying to disk finished](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-6.webp)
+
+Now we modify the `pdp11.ini` file and make it as follow:
+
+```ini
+set cpu 11/40
+set tto 7b
+set tm0 locked
+attach tm0 dist.tap
+attach rk0 rk0
+attach rk1 rk1
+attach rk2 rk2
+dep system sr 173030
+boot rk0
+```
+
+![Installation pdp11.ini](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-7.webp)
+
+Once again, open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
+
+```bash
+pdp11
+```
+
+![Installation pdp11](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-8.webp)
+
+At the `@` prompt, type `rkunix` and press enter. ! Unix will start.
+
+![Installation unix](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-9.webp)
+
+Now we will rebuild the kernel to support the devices supported bu SIMH. First run `STTY -LCASE` to make ! Unix use lowercase. Now run the following commands (pressing enter after each lines) to build the mkconf executable:
+
+```bash
+chdir /usr/sys/conf
+cc mkconf.c
+mv a.out mkconf
+```
+
+![Building mkconf](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-10.webp)
+
+Now we will use mkconf. Run `mkconf` and then type the following, pressing enter after each line:
+
+```bash
+rk
+tm
+tc
+8dc
+lp
+done
+```
+
+![mkconf](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-11.webp)
+
+We will now build the kernel and move it to root. Run the following commands:
+
+```bash
+as m40.s
+mv a.out m40.o
+cc -c c.c
+as l.s
+ld -x a.out m40.o c.o ../lib1 ../lib2
+mv a.out /unix
+```
+
+![make kernel](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-12.webp)
+
+To verify that the kernel is successfully installed in root, run the following command:
+
+```bash
+ls -l /unix
+```
+
+![verify kernel](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-13.webp)
+
+We will configure the device files now. Run the following commands one by one:
+
+```bash
+/etc/mknod /dev/rk0 b 0 0
+/etc/mknod /dev/rk1 b 0 1
+/etc/mknod /dev/rk2 b 0 2
+/etc/mknod /dev/mt0 b 3 0
+/etc/mknod /dev/tap0 b 4 0
+/etc/mknod /dev/rrk0 c 9 0
+/etc/mknod /dev/rrk1 c 9 1
+/etc/mknod /dev/rrk2 c 9 2
+/etc/mknod /dev/rmt0 c 12 0
+/etc/mknod /dev/lp0 c 2 0
+/etc/mknod /dev/tty0 c 3 0
+/etc/mknod /dev/tty1 c 3 1
+/etc/mknod /dev/tty2 c 3 2
+/etc/mknod /dev/tty3 c 3 3
+/etc/mknod /dev/tty4 c 3 4
+/etc/mknod /dev/tty5 c 3 5
+/etc/mknod /dev/tty6 c 3 6
+/etc/mknod /dev/tty7 c 3 7
+chmod 640 /dev/*rk*
+chmod 640 /dev/*mt*
+chmod 640 /dev/*tap*
+```
+
+![configure device files](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-14.webp)
+
+We will copy the source and documentation of ! Unix v6 from the tape to disks now. Run the following commands:
+
+```bash
+dd if=/dev/mt0 of=/dev/rk1 count=4000 skip=4100
+/etc/mount /dev/rk1 /usr/source
+dd if=/dev/mt0 of=/dev/rk2 count=4000 skip=8100
+mkdir /usr/doc
+```
+
+![copy doc and source](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-15.webp)
+
+We will add configuration to mount the source and doc disk to correct location on each boot. To do so, run `cat >> /etc/rc` and then type the following two lines (pressing enter after each line):
+
+```bash
+/etc/mount /dev/rk1 /usr/source
+/etc/mount /dev/rk2 /usr/doc
+```
+
+Then press `Ctrl` + `D`.
+
+![configure automount of doc and source disks](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-16.webp)
+
+Now we will rebuild the `df` command. To configure `df`, run `chdir /usr/source/s1` to change to appropriate directory, and then run `ed df.c`. Then type the following lines, pressing enter after each line (taking care of the whitespace):
+
+```bash
+/rp0/d
+.-2a
+  "/dev/rk0",
+  "/dev/rk1",
+.
+w
+q
+```
+
+Then compile `df` by running `cc -s -O df.c`. Then run the following commands to install it in the correct location:
+
+```bash
+cp a.out /bin/df
+rm a.out
+```
+
+![recompile df](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-17.webp)
+
+You can check the filesystem by running these commands:
+
+```bash
+icheck /dev/rrk0
+dcheck /dev/rrk0
+icheck /dev/rrk1
+dcheck /dev/rrk1
+icheck /dev/rrk2
+dcheck /dev/rrk2
+```
+
+![check filesystem](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-18.webp)
+
+At last we will enable multiuser access for ! Unix. Run `ed /etc/ttys`, and type the following lines, pressing enter after each line:
+
+```bash
+1,8s/^0/1/p
+w
+q
+```
+
+![multiuser access](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-19.webp)
+
+That's it. Now run `sync` a few times, and then press `Ctrl` + `e` to pause the emulation. Enter `exit` to quit the emulator
+
+We have successfully installed ! Unix v6. Now you can delete the `pdp11.ini` and `dist.tap` file.
+
+## Running Unix v6
+
+Create a fresh `pdp11.ini` file with the following contents:
+
+```ini
+set cpu 11/40
+set cpu idle
+set tto 7b
+set tm0 locked
+attach rk0 rk0
+attach rk1 rk1
+attach rk2 rk2
+attach lpt printer.txt
+set dci en
+set dci lines=8
+set dco 7b
+att dci 5555
+boot rk0
+```
+
+![pdp11.ini](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-21.webp)
+
+Open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
+
+```bash
+pdp11
+```
+
+At the `@` prompt, type `unix` and press enter. ! Unix v6 will start.
+
+You will be asked to log in. Type `root` and press enter to log in. There is no password.
+
+![! Unix v6 login](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-22.webp)
+
+You can now run `ls` to see the list of files. To change directory, you need to use the `chdir` command, `cd` is not available.
+
+![! Unix v6 list of files in root](./unix-v6-SIMH-PDP-11-23.webp)
+
+That's it! We used ! Unix v6. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM.
+
+### Linux
+
+Create a file called `unix-v6.sh` with the following content:
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+pdp11
+```
+
+Now make the file executable:
+
+```bash
+chmod +x unix-v6.sh
+```
+
+Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
+
+See the [manuals section](/1970s/1975/unix-v6/#manuals) on the [main ! Unix v6 page](/1970s/1975/unix-v6) to learn how to use it.
+
+### Windows
+
+Create a file called `unix-v6.bat` with the following content:
+
+```bash
+pdp11
+```
+
+Now you can start the VM by double-clicking the shell script. See the [manuals section](/1970s/1975/unix-v6/#manuals) on the [main ! Unix v6 page](/1970s/1975/unix-v6) to learn how to use it.
+
+## Credits
+
+- The tape image above are from the [squoze.net](http://squoze.net/) website.
+- This tutorial is based on [Computer History Wiki tutorial on running ! Unix v6 on SIMH](https://gunkies.org/wiki/Installing_UNIX_v6_(PDP-11)_on_SIMH).
+
+## Video tutorial
+
+Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
+
+Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1975/unix-v6/simh/).