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docs/1970s/1971/index.md

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+---
+keywords: [1970s, 1971]
+image: ./1971.webp
+description: "There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1971. They were:"
+sidebar_position: 3
+---
+
+import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
+
+# 1971
+
+![! Unix v1 from 1971](./1971.webp)
+
+There were two operating system of our interest which was released in the year 1971. They were:
+
+<DocCardList />

docs/1970s/1971/os8/index.md

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+---
+keywords: ["OS/8", "PDP-8", 1970s, 1971]
+image: ./os8.webp
+description: "! OS/8 was the most famous operating system for the DEC PDP-8 computer. We can run it on SIMH emulator."
+sidebar_position: 2
+---
+
+import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
+
+# ! OS/8
+
+![! OS/8](./os8.webp)
+
+! OS/8 was the most famous operating system for the DEC PDP-8 computer. We can run it on SIMH emulator.
+
+<DocCardList />
+
+## Manuals
+
+You can download the ! OS/8 manuals from here:
+
+- [! OS/8 Handbook](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/OS8_Handbook_Apr1974.pdf)
+- [! OS/8 Handbook Update](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/DEC-S8-OSHBA-A_DN4_OS8_Handbook_Update_Sep77.pdf)
+- [! OS/8 System Reference Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-H607A-TA_OS8_V3D_sysMan.pdf)
+- [! OS/8 Language Reference Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-H609A-TA_OS8_Language_Reference_Manual_Mar79.pdf)
+- [! OS/8 TECO Reference Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-H608A-TA_os8teco_mar79.pdf)
+- [! OS/8 Software Support Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/DEC-S8-OSSMB-A-D_OS8_v3ssup.pdf)
+- [! OS/8 System Generation Notes](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-H606A-TA_os8SysgenNotes.pdf)
+- [! OS/8 Device Extensions User's Guide](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-D319A-TA_os8DevExt.pdf)
+- [! OS/8 Error Messages](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/AA-H610A-TA_os8errMsg_mar79.pdf)
+- [FORTRAN IV Software Support Manual](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/DEC-S8-LFSSA-A-D_F4swSupp.pdf)
+
+You may also be interested in the PDP-8 manuals. They were the computers on which ! OS/8 was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
+
+- [PDP-8 Manuals](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/)
+
+## Related Pages
+
+- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1971/os8/)
+- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/8)
+- [Computer History Wiki ! OS/8 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/OS/8)
+- [Computer History Wiki PDP-8 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-8)
+- [pdp8online OS/8 page](https://www.pdp8online.com/os/os8/)
+
+## Credits
+
+- The manuals were taken from [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

docs/1970s/1971/os8/simh/index.md

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+---
+keywords: ["OS/8", "PDP-8", SIMH, 1970s, 1971]
+image: ./OS8-SIMH-3.webp
+description: 'We can run ! OS/8 on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator. First, we need to download the ! OS/8 kit. You can download the kit needed to run ! OS/8 on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator from the "SIMH Legacy" website:'
+sidebar_position: 1
+sidebar_label: "! OS/8 Unix on SIMH"
+---
+
+# How to install ! OS/8 on SIMH?
+
+![SIMH PDP-8 emulator with ! OS/8](./OS8-SIMH-3.webp)
+
+We can run [! OS/8](/1970s/1971/os8) on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator. First, we need to download the ! OS/8 kit.
+
+## Downloads
+
+You can download the kit needed to run ! OS/8 on the SIMH PDP-8 emulator from the ["SIMH Legacy" website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/):
+
+- [! OS/8 kit](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/kits/os8swre.tar.Z)
+
+If you are on Windows, you may need to install additional software such as [7-Zip](https://www.7-zip.org/) to extract the kit.
+
+## Using ! OS/8
+
+:::tip
+
+If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-8 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp8/) on Linux and Windows.
+
+:::
+
+Extract the kit you downloaded. Inside you will find two folders. Open the folder named `Disks`. Inside, you will find two files. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM, and move the file named `os8_rx.dsk` into it.
+
+Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp8.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
+
+```ini
+attach rx0 os8_rx.dsk
+boot rx0
+```
+
+![pdp8.ini](./OS8-SIMH-1.webp)
+
+Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
+
+```bash
+pdp8
+```
+
+![pdp8](./OS8-SIMH-2.webp)
+
+After the emulator starts, you can enter `DIR` to see a list of files available:
+
+![List of files in ! OS/8](./OS8-SIMH-3.webp)
+
+That's it! We used ! OS/8. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `OS8.sh` with the following content:
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+pdp8
+```
+
+Now make the file executable:
+
+```bash
+chmod +x OS8.sh
+```
+
+Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
+
+See the [manuals section](/1970s/1971/os8/#manuals) on the [main ! OS/8 page](/1970s/1971/os8/) to learn how to use it.
+
+### Windows
+
+:::tip
+
+You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
+
+:::
+
+On Windows, you need to place the `PDP8.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp8#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `OS8.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
+
+## Credits
+
+- The disk image and other files used above are from a kit available on [SimH "Classic" website](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/).
+
+## Video tutorial
+
+Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
+
+Archives of this tutorial may be available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1971/os8/simh/).

docs/1970s/1971/unix-v1/index.md

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+---
+keywords: ["Unix", "Unix v1", "PDP-11", 1970s, 1971]
+image: ./unix-v1.webp
+description: "! Unix v1 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-11 computer. It was developed by Bell Labs."
+sidebar_position: 1
+---
+
+import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
+
+# ! Unix v1
+
+![! Unix v1](./unix-v1.webp)
+
+! Unix v1 was an operating system for the DEC PDP-11 computer. It was developed by Bell Labs. Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of Unix v1, but we do have a copy with v1 [kernel](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)>) and v2 [userland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space), which we can run on SIMH.
+
+<DocCardList />
+
+## Manuals
+
+You can download the ! Unix v1 manual from here:
+
+- [! Unix Programmer's Manual, 1st Edition](https://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/Research/Dennis_v1/UNIX_ProgrammersManual_Nov71.pdf)
+
+Since the copy we have has v2 userland, you will be interested in ! Unix v2 manual as well:
+
+- [! Unix Programmer's Manual, 2nd Edition](https://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/Research/Dennis_v2/v2man.pdf)
+
+You may also be interested in the PDP-11 manuals. It was the computer on which ! Unix v1 as well as ! Unix v2 was supposed to run. You can download them from Bitsavers:
+
+- [PDP-11 Manuals](http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/)
+
+In particular, you may be interested in these:
+
+- [PDP-11 Processor handbook](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/handbooks/PDP1120_Handbook_1972.pdf)
+- [PDP-11 Peripherals and Interfacing handbook](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/handbooks/PDP11_PeripheralsHbk_1972.pdf)
+
+## Related Pages
+
+- [VirtualHub Screenshots](https://screenshots.virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1971/unix-v1/)
+- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Unix#1970s)
+- [Computer History Wiki ! Unix v1 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/UNIX_First_Edition)
+- [Computer History Wiki ! Unix v2 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/UNIX_Second_Edition)
+- [Computer History Wiki PDP-11 page](https://gunkies.org/wiki/PDP-11)
+- [The project to resurrect ! Unix v1/v2](https://code.google.com/archive/p/unix-jun72/)
+
+## Credits
+
+- The manuals were taken from [The Unix Heritage Society (TUHS)](https://www.tuhs.org) and [Bitsavers](http://bitsavers.org).

docs/1970s/1971/unix-v1/simh/index.md

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+---
+keywords: ["Unix", "Unix v1", "PDP-11", SIMH, 1970s, 1971]
+image: ./unix-v1-SIMH-4.webp
+description: "Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of ! Unix v1, but we do have a copy with v1 kernel and v2 userland, which we can run on SIMH."
+sidebar_position: 1
+sidebar_label: "! Unix v1 on SIMH"
+---
+
+# How to install ! Unix v1 on SIMH?
+
+![SIMH PDP-11 emulator with ! Unix v1](./unix-v1-SIMH-4.webp)
+
+Sadly, we do not have a complete copy of [! Unix v1](/1970s/1971/unix-v1), but we do have a copy with v1 kernel and v2 userland, which we can run on SIMH. We will refer to that copy as Unix v1 from now on. First, we need to download the ! Unix-v1 kit.
+
+## Downloads
+
+You can download the kit needed to run ! Unix-v1 on the SIMH PDP-11 emulator from the [Google Code archive of the project which recreated the image](https://code.google.com/archive/p/unix-jun72/):
+
+- [! Unix-v1 kit](https://storage.googleapis.com/google-code-archive-downloads/v2/code.google.com/unix-jun72/images-20080625.tgz)
+
+If you are on Windows, you may need to install additional software such as [7-Zip](https://www.7-zip.org/) to extract the kit.
+
+## Using ! Unix-v1
+
+:::tip
+
+If you have not already installed SIMH PDP-11 emulator, see [the VirtualHub Setup tutorial on how to do so](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp11/) on Linux and Windows.
+
+:::
+
+Extract the kit you downloaded. Inside you will find several files. Create a folder somewhere to store the files for this VM and move the files named `m792low.load`, `rf0.dsk`, `rfk.dsk` and `tape` into it.
+
+Now we will create a config file for our VM. Create a text file called `pdp11.ini` with the following content in the VM folder:
+
+```ini
+set cpu 11/20
+set cpu 32K
+set rk0 enabled
+att rk0 rk0.dsk
+set rf 2p
+set rf enabled
+att rf rf0.dsk
+set tc enabled
+att tc tape
+set hk disabled
+set tm disabled
+set rx disabled
+set rl disabled
+set tq disabled
+set tc enabled
+set rf enabled
+set ke enabled
+set dci en
+set dci lines=8
+set dco 7b
+load m792low.load
+dep system sr 173700
+go 73700
+```
+
+![pdp11.ini](./unix-v1-SIMH-1.webp)
+
+Now open a terminal and move to the VM folder. Run the following command to start the emulator:
+
+```bash
+pdp11
+```
+
+![pdp11](./unix-v1-SIMH-2.webp)
+
+After the emulator starts, you will be asked to log in. Type `root` and press enter to log in. There is no password.
+
+![! Unix-v1 login](./unix-v1-SIMH-3.webp)
+
+You can now run `ls` to see the list of files. To change directory, you need to use the `chdir` command, `cd` is not available.
+
+![! Unix-v1 list of files in root.](./unix-v1-SIMH-4.webp)
+
+That's it! We used ! Unix-v1. We can create a shell script to make it easy to launch the VM. Create a file called `unix-v1.sh` with the following content:
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+pdp11
+```
+
+Now make the file executable:
+
+```bash
+chmod +x unix-v1.sh
+```
+
+Now you can start the VM using the shell script. For example, on KDE you can right-click the file and choose `Run in Konsole` or on GNOME, where you can right-click the file and choose `Run as executable`. The VM will start.
+
+See the [manuals section](/1970s/1971/unix-v1/#manuals) on the [main ! Unix-v1 page](/1970s/1971/unix-v1) to learn how to use it.
+
+### Windows
+
+:::tip
+
+You should use Linux. If you don’t know how to install a Linux distro, see [our tutorials on how to install Kubuntu](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/tag/os/), a beginner-friendly distro.
+
+:::
+
+On Windows, you need to place the `PDP11.exe` file you downloaded in [this tutorial](https://setup.virtualhub.eu.org/simh-pdp11#windows) in the VM folder. Then you can follow the above tutorial as usual. The shell script will not work on Windows. You need to rename it to `unix-v1.bat`. Then you can double-click the file to launch the VM, no need to make it executable.
+
+## Credits
+
+- The disk image and other files used above are from a kit available on the [Google Code archive of the project which recreated the image](https://code.google.com/archive/p/unix-jun72/).
+
+## Video tutorial
+
+Do you want to follow the tutorial by watching a video? We will post a video on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/@virtua1hub) soon.
+
+Archives of this tutorial are available on [Wayback Machine](https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://virtualhub.eu.org/1970s/1971/unix-v1/simh/).