title: Routing
summary: A more in depth look at how to map requests to particular controllers and actions.

# Routing

Routing is the process of mapping URL's to [Controller](api:SilverStripe\Control\Controller) and actions. In the introduction we defined a new custom route
for our `TeamController` mapping any `teams` URL to our `TeamController`

<div class="info" markdown="1">
If you're using the `cms` module with and dealing with `Page` objects then for your custom `Page Type` controllers you 
would extend `ContentController` or `PageController`. You don't need to define the routes value as the `cms` handles 
routing.
</div>

These routes by standard, go into a `routes.yml` file in your applications `_config` folder alongside your other 
[Configuration](../configuration) information.

**mysite/_config/routes.yml**

```yml
---
Name: mysiteroutes
After: framework/routes#coreroutes
---
SilverStripe\Control\Director:
  rules:
    'teams//$Action/$ID/$Name': 'TeamController'
    'player/': 'PlayerController'
    '': 'HomeController'
```

<div class="notice" markdown="1">
To understand the syntax for the `routes.yml` file better, read the [Configuration](../configuration) documentation.
</div>

## Parameters

```yml
'teams//$Action/$ID/$Name': 'TeamController'
```

This route has defined that any URL beginning with `team` should create, and be handled by a `TeamController` instance.

It also contains 3 `parameters` or `params` for short. `$Action`, `$ID` and `$Name`. These variables are placeholders 
which will be filled when the user makes their request. Request parameters are available on the `HTTPRequest` object 
and able to be pulled out from a controller using `$this->getRequest()->param($name)`.

<div class="info" markdown="1">
All Controllers have access to `$this->getRequest()` for the request object and `$this->getResponse()` for the response.
</div>

Here is what those parameters would look like for certain requests

```php
// GET /teams/

print_r($this->getRequest()->params());

// Array
// (
//   [Action] => null
//   [ID] => null
//   [Name] => null
// )

// GET /teams/players/

print_r($this->getRequest()->params());

// Array
// (
//   [Action] => 'players'
//   [ID] => null
//   [Name] => null
// )

// GET /teams/players/1

print_r($this->getRequest()->params());

// Array
// (
//   [Action] => 'players'
//   [ID] => 1
//   [Name] => null
// )

```

You can also fetch one parameter at a time.

```php
// GET /teams/players/1/

echo $this->getRequest()->param('ID');
// returns '1'
```

## URL Patterns

The [RequestHandler](api:SilverStripe\Control\RequestHandler) class will parse all rules you specify against the following patterns. The most specific rule
will be the one followed for the response.

<div class="alert">
A rule must always start with alphabetical ([A-Za-z]) characters or a $Variable declaration
</div>

 | Pattern     | Description | 
 | ----------- | --------------- | 
 | `$`         | **Param Variable** - Starts the name of a paramater variable, it is optional to match this unless ! is used | 
 | `!`         | **Require Variable** - Placing this after a parameter variable requires data to be present for the rule to match | 
 | `//`        | **Shift Point** - Declares that only variables denoted with a $ are parsed into the $params AFTER this point in the regex | 

```yml
'teams/$Action/$ID/$OtherID': 'TeamController' 

# /teams/
# /teams/players/
# /teams/
```

Standard URL handler syntax. For any URL that contains 'team' this rule will match and hand over execution to the 
matching controller. The `TeamsController` is passed an optional action, id and other id parameters to do any more
decision making.

```yml
'teams/$Action!/$ID!/': 'TeamController'
```

This does the same matching as the previous example, any URL starting with `teams` will look at this rule **but** both
`$Action` and `$ID` are required. Any requests to `team/` will result in a `404` error rather than being handed off to
the `TeamController`.

```yml
'admin/help//$Action/$ID: 'AdminHelp'
```

Match an url starting with `/admin/help/`, but don't include `/help/` as part of the action (the shift point is set to 
start parsing variables and the appropriate controller action AFTER the `//`).


## URL Handlers

<div class="alert" markdown="1">
You **must** use the **$url_handlers** static array described here if your URL
pattern does not use the Controller class's default pattern of
`$Action//$ID/$OtherID`. If you fail to do so, and your pattern has more than
2 parameters, your controller will throw the error "I can't handle sub-URLs of
a *class name* object" with HTTP status 404.
</div>

In the above example the URLs were configured using the [Director](api:SilverStripe\Control\Director) rules in the **routes.yml** file. Alternatively 
you can specify these in your Controller class via the **$url_handlers** static array. This array is processed by the 
[RequestHandler](api:SilverStripe\Control\RequestHandler) at runtime once the `Controller` has been matched.

This is useful when you want to provide custom actions for the mapping of `teams/*`. Say for instance we want to respond
`coaches`, and `staff` to the one controller action `payroll`.

**mysite/code/controllers/TeamController.php**

```php
use SilverStripe\Control\Controller;

class TeamController extends Controller
{
    private static $allowed_actions = [
        'payroll'
    ];

    private static $url_handlers = [
        'staff/$ID/$Name' => 'payroll',
        'coach/$ID/$Name' => 'payroll'
    ];

```

The syntax for the `$url_handlers` array users the same pattern matches as the `YAML` configuration rules.

Now let’s consider a more complex example from a real project, where using
**$url_handlers** is mandatory. In this example, the URLs are of the form
`http://example.org/feed/go/`, followed by 5 parameters. The PHP controller
class specifies the URL pattern in `$url_handlers`. Notice that it defines 5
parameters.


```php
use SilverStripe\CMS\Controllers\ContentController;

class FeedController extends ContentController
{
    private static $allowed_actions = ['go'];
    private static $url_handlers = [
        'go/$UserName/$AuthToken/$Timestamp/$OutputType/$DeleteMode' => 'go'
    ];

    public function go()
    {
        $this->validateUser(
            $this->getRequest()->param('UserName'),
            $this->getRequest()->param('AuthToken')
        );
        /* more processing goes here */
    }
}

The YAML rule, in contrast, is simple. It needs to provide only enough
information for the framework to choose the desired controller.


```yml
Director:
  rules:
    'feed': 'FeedController'
```

## Related Lessons
* [Creating filtered views](https://www.silverstripe.org/learn/lessons/v4/creating-filtered-views-1)
* [Controller actions / DataObjects as pages](https://www.silverstripe.org/learn/lessons/v4/controller-actions-dataobjects-as-pages-1)
## Links

* [Controller](api:SilverStripe\Control\Controller) API documentation
* [Director](api:SilverStripe\Control\Director) API documentation
* [Example routes: framework](https://github.com/silverstripe/silverstripe-framework/blob/master/_config/routes.yml)
* [Example routes: cms](https://github.com/silverstripe/silverstripe-cms/blob/master/_config/routes.yml)