# 3.1.0

## Overview ##

### CMS

 * "Split view" editing with side-by-side preview of the edited website
 * Resizing of preview to common screen widths ("desktop", "tablet" and "smartphone")
 * Decluttered "Edit Page" buttons by moving minor actions into a "more options" panel
 * Auto-detect CMS changes and highlight the save button for better informancy
 * New context action "Show children as list" on tree for better management on large sites
 * CMS form fields now support help text through `setDescription()`, both inline and as tooltips
 * Removed SiteTree "MetaTitle" and "MetaKeywords" fields
 * More legible and simplified tab and menu styling in the CMS
 * Dropped support for Internet Explorer 7
 * Added support for Internet Explorer 10 (in "classic"/desktop mode)

### Framework

 * Security: Require ADMIN for `?flush=1` (stop denial of service attacks)
 ([#1692](https://github.com/silverstripe/silverstripe-framework/issues/1692))
 * Static properties are immutable and private, you must use Config API
 * Statics in custom Page classes need to be "private"
 * `$default_cast` is now `Text` instead of `HTMLText`, to secure templates from XSS by default
 * Shortcodes are no longer supported in template files (still works in DB fields and through HTMLText casting)
 * `DataList` and `ArrayList` are now immutable, they'll return cloned instances on modification
 * Removed legacy table APIs (e.g. `TableListField`), use GridField instead
 * Deny URL access if `Controller::$allowed_actions` is undefined
 * Removed support for "*" rules in `Controller::$allowed_actions`
 * Removed support for overriding rules on parent classes through `Controller::$allowed_actions`
 * `RestfulService` verifies SSL peers by default
 * UploadField functions on new records
 * Editing of relation table data (`$many_many_extraFields`) in `GridField`
 * Optional integration with ImageMagick as a new image manipulation backend
 * Support for PHP 5.4's built-in webserver
 * Support for [Composer](http://getcomposer.org) dependency manager (also works with 3.0)
 * Added support for filtering incoming HTML from TinyMCE (disabled by default, see [security](/developer_guides/security))
 * Behaviour testing support through [Behat](http://behat.org), with CMS test coverage 
   (see the [SilverStripe Behat Extension]() for details)

## Details

### Security: Require ADMIN for ?flush=1

Flushing the various manifests (class, template, config) is performed through a GET
parameter (`flush=1`). Since this action requires more server resources than normal requests,
it can facilitate [denial-of-service attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack).

To prevent this, main.php now checks and only allows the flush parameter in the following cases:

 * The [environment](/getting_started/environment_management) is in "dev mode"
 * A user is logged in with ADMIN permissions
 * An error occurs during startup

This applies to both `flush=1` and `flush=all` (technically we only check for the existence of any parameter value)
but only through web requests made through main.php - CLI requests, or any other request that goes through
a custom start up script will still process all flush requests as normal.

## Upgrading

### Statics in custom Page classes need to be "private"

**Requires action on every SilverStripe installation.**

Typical error message: `Access level to ErrorPage::$db must be public`

Related to the configuration change described above, many statics in core are now
marked with `private` visibility. While PHP allows making variables more visible
(e.g. from "private" to "public"), it complains if you try to restrict visibility in subclasses.
The core framework extends from the `Page` class in your own codebase (`mysite/`),
which means you need to change those statics to `private` yourself.
The same rules apply to controllers subclassd from `Page_Controller`.

Before:

	:::php
	<?php
	class Page extends SiteTree {
		static $db = array('MyVar' => 'Text');
	}
	class Page_Controller extends ContentController {
		static $allowed_actions = array('myaction');
	}

After:

	:::php
	<?php
	class Page extends SiteTree {
		private static $db = array('MyVar' => 'Text');
	}
	class Page_Controller extends ContentController {
		private static $allowed_actions = array('myaction');
	}

Most statics defined in `SiteTree` and `DataObject` are affected, for example:
`$db`, `$has_one`, `$has_many`, `$many_many`, `$defaults`, `$allowed_children`.
The same goes for statics defined in `ContentController`, e.g. `$allowed_actions`.

Classes which are not further extended by the core (e.g. all custom `DataObject` subclasses)
are not affected by this change, although we recommend to mark those inherited statics
as `private` as well, to make it clear that they should be accessed through the Config API.

### default_cast is now Text

In order to reduce the chance of accidentally allowing XSS attacks, the value of default_cast
has been changed in 3.1 from HTMLText to Text. This means that any values used in a template
that haven't been explicitly cast as safe will be escaped (`<` replaced with `&lt;` etc).

When upgrading, if methods return HTML fragments they need to explicitly cast them
as such. This can either be done by returning an HTMLText object, like:

	:::php
	return DBField::create_field('HTMLText', '<div></div>');

or by defining the casting of the accessor method, like:

	:::php
	class Page extends SiteTree {
		private static $casting = array(
			'MyDiv' => 'HTMLText'
		)

		function MyDiv() {
			return '<div></div>';
		}
	}

SSViewer#process (and as a result ViewableData#renderWith) have been changed to already return
explicitly cast HTMLText instances, so functions that return the result of these methods won't
have to do any additional casting.

Note that this change means that if code was testing the result via is_string, that is no longer
reliable.

### Static properties are immutable and private, you must use Config API.

A common SilverStripe pattern is to use a static variable on a class to define a configuration parameter.
The configuration system added in SilverStripe 3.0 builds on this by using this static variable as a way
of defining the default value.

In SilverStripe 3.0, it was possible to edit this value at run-time and have the change propagate into the
configuration system. This is no longer the case, for performance reasons. We've marked all "configurable"
statics as `private`, so you can't set or retrieve their value directly.
When using static setters or getters, the system throws a deprecation warning.
Notable exceptions to this rule are all static setters which accept objects, such as `SS_Cache::add_backend()`.

Please change all run-time manipulation of configuration to use `Config::inst()->update()` or
`$this->config()->update()`. You can keep using procedural configuration through `_config.php`
through this new notation, although its encouraged to use the (faster) YAML config wherever possible.
For this purpose, we have added a `mysite/_config/config.yml` file.

Here's an example on how to rewrite a common `_config.php` configuration:

	:::php
	<?php
	global $project;
	$project = 'mysite';
	
	global $database;
	$database = 'SS_mydb';
	
	require_once('conf/ConfigureFromEnv.php');
	SSViewer::set_theme('simple');
	
	if(class_exists('SiteTree')) SiteTree::enable_nested_urls();
	
	if(Director::isLive()) Email::setAdminEmail('support@mydomain.com');
	
	if(is_defined('MY_REDIRECT_EMAILS')) Email::send_all_emails_to('developer@mydomain.com');
	
	SS_Log::add_writer(new SS_LogFileWriter(BASE_PATH . '/mylog.log'), SS_Log::WARN);
	
	if(strpos('Internet Explorer', $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) !== false) {
		SSViewer::set_theme('basic');
	}

	Object::add_extension('Member', 'MyMemberExtension');

The upgraded `_config.php`:

	:::php
	<?php
	global $project;
	$project = 'mysite';
	
	global $database;
	$database = 'SS_mydb';
	
	require_once('conf/ConfigureFromEnv.php');
	
	// Removed SiteTree::enable_nested_urls() since its configured by default
	
	// Requires PHP objects, keep in PHP config
	SS_Log::add_writer(new SS_LogFileWriter(BASE_PATH . '/mylog.log'), SS_Log::WARN);	
	// Non-trivial conditional, keep in PHP config
	if(strpos('Internet Explorer', $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) !== false) {
		// Overwrites any earlier YAML config
		Config::inst()->update('SSViewer'. 'theme', 'basic');
	}

The upgraded `config.yml`:

	:::yml
	---
	Name: mysite
	After: 'framework/*','cms/*'
	---
	SSViewer:
	  theme: 'simple'
	Member:
	  extensions:
	    - MyMemberExtension
	---
	Only:
	  environment: 'live'
	---
	Email:
	  admin_email: 'support@mydomain.com'

Some examples of changed notations (not exhaustive, there's over a hundred in total):

 * `SSViewer::set_theme()`: Use `SSViewer.theme` instead
 * `SecurityAdmin::$hidden_permissions`: Use `Permission.hidden_permissions` instead
 * `Director::setBaseFolder`: Use `Director.alternate_base_folder` instead
 * `Director::setBaseURL`: Use `Director.alternate_base_url` instead
 * `SSViewer::setOption('rewriteHashlinks', ...)`: Use `SSViewer.rewrite_hashlinks` instead

<div class="warning" markdown='1'>
Please remember to upgrade the installer project as well, particularly
your `.htaccess` or `web.config` files. Web access to these sensitive YAML configuration files 
needs to be explicitly denied through these configuration files (see the [3.0.5 security release](/changelogs/3.0.4))
for details.
</div>

For more information about how to use the config system, see the ["Configuration" topic](/developer_guides/configuration).

### Deny URL access if `Controller::$allowed_actions` is undefined or empty array

In order to make controller access checks more consistent and easier to
understand, the routing will require definition of `$allowed_actions`
on your own `Controller` subclasses if they contain any actions accessible through URLs.

	:::php
	class MyController extends Controller {
		// This action is now denied because no $allowed_actions are specified
		public function myaction($request) {}
	}

You can overwrite the default behaviour on undefined `$allowed_actions` to allow all actions,
by setting the `RequestHandler.require_allowed_actions` config value to `false` (not recommended).

This applies to anything extending `RequestHandler`, so please check your `Form` and `FormField`
subclasses as well. Keep in mind, action methods as denoted through `FormAction` names should NOT
be mentioned in `$allowed_actions` to avoid CSRF issues.
Please review all rules governing allowed actions in the ["controller" topic](/developer_guides/controllers/access_control/#allowed-actions).

### Removed support for "*" rules in `Controller::$allowed_actions`

The wildcard ('*') character allowed to define fallback rules
in case they weren't explicitly defined. This caused a lot of confusion,
particularly around inherited rules. We've decided to remove the feature,
you'll need to specificy each accessible action individually.

	:::php
	class MyController extends Controller {
		public static $allowed_actions = array('*' => 'ADMIN');
		// Always denied because not explicitly listed in $allowed_actions
		public function myaction($request) {}
		// Always denied because not explicitly listed in $allowed_actions
		public function myotheraction($request) {}
	}

Please review all rules governing allowed actions in the
["controller" topic](/developer_guides/controllers/access_control/#allowed-actions).

### Removed support for overriding rules on parent classes through `Controller::$allowed_actions`

Since 3.1, the `$allowed_actions` definitions only apply
to methods defined on the class they're also defined on.
Overriding inherited access definitions is no longer possible.

	:::php
	class MyController extends Controller {
		public static $allowed_actions = array('myaction' => 'ADMIN');
		public function myaction($request) {}
	}
	class MySubController extends MyController {
		// No longer works
		public static $allowed_actions = array('myaction' => 'CMS_ACCESS_CMSMAIN');
	}

This also applies for custom implementations of `handleAction()` and `handleRequest()`,
which now have to be listed in the `$allowed_actions` specifically.
It also restricts `Extension` classes applied to controllers, which now
can only grant or deny access or methods they define themselves.

New approach with the [Config API](/developer_guides/configuration/configuration)

	:::php
	class MySubController extends MyController {
		public function init() {
			parent::init();

			Config::inst()->update('MyController', 'allowed_actions',
				array('myaction' => 'CMS_ACCESS_CMSMAIN')
			);
		}
	}

Please review all rules governing allowed actions in the
["controller" topic](/developer_guides/controllers/access_control/#allowed-actions).

### Grouped CMS Buttons

The CMS buttons are now grouped, in order to hide minor actions by default and declutter the interface.
This required changing the form field structure from a simple `FieldList`
to a `FieldList` which contains a `CompositeField` for all "major actions",
and a `TabSet` with a single tab for all "minor actions".
If you have previously added, removed or altered built-in CMS actions in any way,
you'll need to adjust your code.

	:::php
	class MyPage extends Page {
		function getCMSActions() {
			$actions = parent::getCMSActions();

			// Inserting a new toplevel action (old)
			$actions->push(new FormAction('MyAction')); 

			// Inserting a new toplevel action (new)
			$actions->insertAfter(new FormAction('MyAction'), 'MajorActions');

			// Removing an action, both toplevel and nested (no change required)
			$actions->removeByName('action_unpublish'); 

			// Inserting a new minor action (new)
			$actions->addFieldToTab(
				'Root.ActionMenus.MoreOptions',
				new FormAction('MyMinorAction')
			);

			// Finding a toplevel action (no change required)
			$match = $actions->dataFieldByName('action_save');

			// Finding a nested action (new)
			$match = $actions->fieldByName('ActionMenus.MoreOptions')
				->fieldByName('action_MyMinorAction'); 

			return $actions;
		}
	}

### GridField and ModelAdmin Permission Checks

`GridFieldDetailForm` now checks for `canEdit()` and `canDelete()` permissions
on your model. `GridFieldAddNewButton` checks `canCreate()`.
The default implementation requires `ADMIN` permissions.
You'll need to loosen those permissions if you want other users with CMS
access to interact with your data.
Since `GridField` is used in `ModelAdmin`, this change will affect both classes.

	Example: Require "CMS: Pages section" access

	:::php
	class MyModel extends DataObject {
		public function canView($member = null) {
			return Permission::check('CMS_ACCESS_CMSMain', 'any', $member);
		}
		public function canEdit($member = null) {
			return Permission::check('CMS_ACCESS_CMSMain', 'any', $member);
		}
		public function canDelete($member = null) {
			return Permission::check('CMS_ACCESS_CMSMain', 'any', $member);
		}
		public function canCreate($member = null) {
			return Permission::check('CMS_ACCESS_CMSMain', 'any', $member);
		}

You can also implement [custom permission codes](/developer_guides/security/permissions).
For 3.1.0 stable, we aim to further simplify the permission definitions,
in order to reduce the boilerplate code required to get a model editable in the CMS.

Note: GridField is already relying on the permission checks performed
through the CMS controllers, providing a simple level of security.

### RestfulService verifies SSL peers by default

This makes the implementation "secure by default", by removing
the call to `curl_setopt(CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false)`.
Failing to validate SSL peers makes HTTP requests vulnerable to man in the middle attacks.
The underlying `curl` library relies on the operating system for the resulting CA certificate
verification. On some systems (mainly Windows), these certificates are not available on
a standard PHP installation, and need to be added manually through `CURLOPT_CAINFO`.
Although it is not recommended, you can restore the old insecure behaviour with
the following configuration: `RestfulService::set_default_curl_option(CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false)`.

### Deprecation API {#deprecation}

The `[api:Deprecation]` API generates deprecation notices to help you future-proof your code.  
Calls to ceprecated methods will only produce errors if the API was deprecated in the 
release equal to or earlier than the "notification version" (currently set to "3.1.0").

If you change the notification version to 3.1.0-dev, then only methods deprecated in older versions
(e.g. 3.0) will trigger notices, and the other methods will silently pass.  This can be useful if
you don't yet have time to remove all calls to deprecated methods.

	Deprecation::notification_version('3.1.0-dev');

On the other hand, if you want to identify which APIs will be removed in the next minor release (3.2.0),
you can enable those warnings and future-proof your code already.

	Deprecation::notification_version('3.2.0');

### Other

 * `TableListField`, `ComplexTableField`, `TableField`, `HasOneComplexTableField`, `HasManyComplexTableField`
   and `ManyManyComplexTableField` have been removed from the core and placed into a module called
   "legacytablefields" located at https://github.com/silverstripe-labs/legacytablefields
 * `prototype.js` and `behaviour.js` have been removed from the core, they are no longer used. If you
   have custom code relying on these two libraries, please update your code to include the files yourself
 * Removed `SiteTree.MetaKeywords` since they are irrelevant in terms of SEO
   ([seomoz article](http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/keywords-meta-tag-in-web-search/)) and general page informancy
 * Removed `SiteTree.MetaTitle` as a means to customise the window title, use `SiteTree.Title` instead
 * Deprecated `Profiler` class, use third-party solutions like [xhprof](https://github.com/facebook/xhprof/)
 * Removed defunct or unnecessary debug GET parameters: 
   `debug_profile`, `debug_memory`, `profile_trace`, `debug_javascript`, `debug_behaviour`
 * Removed `Member_ProfileForm`, use `CMSProfileController` instead
 * `SiteTree::$nested_urls` enabled by default. To disable, call `SiteTree::disable_nested_urls()`.
 * Removed CMS permission checks from `File->canEdit()` and `File->canDelete()`. If you have unsecured
   controllers relying on these permissions, please override them through a `DataExtension`.
 * Moved email bounce handling to new
   ["emailbouncehandler" module](https://github.com/silverstripe-labs/silverstripe-emailbouncehandler),
   including `Email_BounceHandler` and `Email_BounceRecord` classes,
   as well as the `Member->Bounced` property. 
 * Deprecated global email methods `htmlEmail()` and `plaintextEmail`, as well as various email helper
   methods like `encodeMultipart()`. Use the `Email` API, or the `Mailer` class where applicable.
 * Removed non-functional `$inlineImages` option for sending emails 
 * Removed support for keyed arrays in `SelectionGroup`, use new `SelectionGroup_Item` object
   to populate the list instead (see [API docs](api:SelectionGroup)).
 * `FormField->setDescription()` now renders in a `<span class="description">` by default, rather
   than a `title` attribute * Removed `Form->Name()`: Use getName()
 * Removed `FormField->setContainerFieldSet()`: Use setContainerFieldList()
 * Removed `FormField->rootFieldSet()`: Use rootFieldList()
 * Removed `Group::map()`: Use DataList::("Group")->map()
 * Removed `Member->generateAutologinHash()`: Tokens are no longer saved directly into the database in
   plaintext. Use the return value of the Member::generateAutologinTokenAndHash to get the token
 * Removed `Member->sendInfo()`: use Member_ChangePasswordEmail or Member_ForgotPasswordEmail directly
 * Removed `SQLMap::map()`: Use DataList::("Member")->map()
 * Removed `SQLMap::mapInGroups()`: Use Member::map_in_groups()
 * Removed `PasswordEncryptor::register()/unregister()`: Use config system instead
 * Methods on DataList and ArrayList that used to both modify the existing list & return a new version
   now just return a new version. Make sure you change statements like `$list->filter(...)` to
   $`list = $list->filter(...)` for these methods:
   - `ArrayList#reverse`
   - `ArrayList#sort`
   - `ArrayList#filter`
   - `ArrayList#exclude`
   - `DataList#where`
   - `DataList#limit`
   - `DataList#sort`
   - `DataList#addFilter`
   - `DataList#applyFilterContext`
   - `DataList#innerJoin`
   - `DataList#leftJoin`
   - `DataList#find`
   - `DataList#byIDs`
   - `DataList#reverse`
 * `DataList#dataQuery` has been changed to return a clone of the query, and so can't be used to modify the
   list's query directly. Use `DataList#alterDataQuery` instead to modify dataQuery in a safe manner.
 * `ScheduledTask`, `QuarterHourlyTask`, `HourlyTask`, `DailyTask`, `MonthlyTask`, `WeeklyTask` and
    `YearlyTask` are deprecated, please extend from `BuildTask` or `CliController`,
    and invoke them in self-defined frequencies through Unix cronjobs etc.
 * `i18n::$common_locales` and `i18n::$common_languages` are now accessed via the Config API, and contain
   associative rather than indexed arrays.
   Before: `array('de_DE' => array('German', 'Deutsch'))`,
   After: `array('de_DE' => array('name' => 'German', 'native' => 'Deutsch'))`.
 * `SSViewer::current_custom_theme()` has been replaced with the `SSViewer.theme_enabled` configuration setting.
   Please use it to toggle theme behaviour rather than relying on the custom theme being set in the
   (now deprecated) `SSViewer::set_theme()` call.
 * Scaffolded `DateField`, `TimeField` and `DatetimeField` form field instances automatically include
   formatting hints as placeholders and description text below the field itself.
   If you change the date/time format of those fields, you need to adjust the hints.
   To remove the hints, use `setDescription(null)` and `setAttribute('placeholder', null)`.
 * Changed the way FreeStrings in `SSTemplateParser` are recognized, they will now also break on inequality
   operators (`<`, `>`). If you use inequality operators in free strings in comparisions like 
   `<% if Some<String == Some>Other>String %>...<% end_if %>`
   you have to replace them with explicitly markes strings like
   `<% if "Some<String" == "Some>Other>String" %>...<% end_if %>`.
   This change was necessary in order to support inequality operators in comparisons in templates
 * Hard limit displayed pages in the CMS tree to `500`, and the number of direct children to `250`,
   to avoid excessive resource usage. Configure through `Hierarchy.node_threshold_total` and `
   Hierarchy.node_threshold_leaf`.  Set to `0` to show tree unrestricted.
 * `Object` now has `beforeExtending` and `afterExtending` to inject behaviour around method extension.
  `DataObject` also has `beforeUpdateCMSFields` to insert fields between automatic scaffolding and extension
  by `updateCMSFields`. See the [DataExtension Reference](/developer_guides/model/extending_dataobjects) for more information.
 * Magic quotes is now deprecated. Will trigger user_error on live sites, as well as an error on new installs
 * Support for Apache 1.x is removed.
 * Forms created in the CMS should now be instances of a new `CMSForm` class,
   and have the CMS controller's response negotiator passed into them.
   Example: `$form = new CMSForm(...); $form->setResponseNegotiator($this->getResponseNegotiator());`