### Using recipes instead of requiring individual modules
The SilverStripe CMS and SilverStripe Framework are becoming more modular. Many of the secondary features contained in SilverStripe CMS 3 and SilverStripe Framework 3 have been moved to separate modules.
SilverStripe 4 introduces the concept of _recipes_. Recipes are a combination of modules to achieve a common pattern.
Read the [Switching to recipes](#switching-to-recipes) section of this guide for more information about how recipes work.
### Automating your upgrades using the SilverStripe Upgrader tool
We've developed [an upgrader tool](https://github.com/silverstripe/silverstripe-upgrader) which you can use to help
with the upgrade process. The upgrader is unlikely to completely upgrade your project, however it can take care of the most tedious part of the upgrade.
It can also be use to upgrade your existing SilverStripe 4 project to a newer minor release.
Add your global composer bin directory to your path. On *nix system, this directory is normally located at `$HOME/.composer/vendor/bin`. On Windows system, this directory is normally located at `C:\Users\<COMPUTER NAME>\AppData\Roaming\Composer\vendor\bin`. You can find the exact location by running this command:
```bash
composer global config bin-dir
```
On *nix system, the following command will add your global composer bin directory to your path if `bash` is your default shell environment:
*`--root-dir` which can be use to explicitly specify the root of your project — if not specified the current working directory is assume to be the root of the project.
You can run `upgrade-code help` to get more information about the upgrader or `upgrade-code help command-name` to information about a specific command.
Sample upgrader commands in this guide assume your working directory is the root of your SilverStripe project. You'll need to use the `--root-dir` flag if that's not the case.
The upgrader comes with an `all` command. This command will attempt to run all the upgrader commands in the same order as this guide. This is unlikely to work on your first try, but can be a good way to get started without going through this entire guide.
Setting a dedicated branch in your source control system to track your upgrade work can help you manage your upgrade. If you're upgrading a big project, you should consider creating individual branches or commits for each step.
You can add a `--recipe-core-constraint` flag to target a specific version of `silverstripe/recipe-core`. By default, the project will be upgraded to the latest stable version. You can use the `--strict` option if you want to use more conservative version constraints. Omit the `--write` flag to preview your changes.
If the `recompose` command can't find a compatible version for one of your module, it will keep this dependency in your `composer.json` file with its existing constraint.
If your SilverStripe 3 project requires the `silverstripe/cms` module, replace that dependency with `silverstripe/recipe-cms`. The version constraint for `silverstripe/recipe-cms` must match your targeted version of SilverStripe:
If your SilverStripe 3 project requires the `silverstripe/framework` module without `silverstripe/cms`, replace `silverstripe/framework` with `silverstripe/recipe-core`. The version constraint for `silverstripe/recipe-core` must match your targeted version of SilverStripe:
The following modules are implicitly required by `silverstripe/recipe-core`. They can be removed from your `composer.json` dependencies if you are using `silverstripe/recipe-core` or `silverstripe/recipe-cms`.
The following modules are implicitly required by `silverstripe/recipe-cms`. They can be removed from your `composer.json` dependencies if you are using `silverstripe/recipe-cms`.
*`silverstripe/admin`
*`silverstripe/asset-admin`
*`silverstripe/campaign-admin`
*`silverstripe/cms`
*`silverstripe/errorpage`
*`silverstripe/reports`
*`silverstripe/graphql`
*`silverstripe/siteconfig`
*`silverstripe/versioned`
*`silverstripe/recipe-core`
Take for example the following SilverStripe 3 `composer.json`.
```json
{
"name": "app/cms-website",
"require": {
"silverstripe/cms": "3.6.5@stable",
"silverstripe/framework": "3.6.5@stable",
"silverstripe/reports": "3.6.5@stable",
"silverstripe/siteconfig": "3.6.5@stable"
}
}
```
After switching to SilverStripe 4 recipes, the `composer.json` file should look like this.
If you would rather explicitly define your dependencies, you can do so. Update the `silverstripe/framework` constraint and `silverstripe/cms` constraint to match your targeted minor version of SilverStripe 4. If you use `silverstripe/reports` and `silverstripe/siteconfig`, update their constraints as well.
In most cases, you'll also want to require the same modules as the equivalent recipes. If you don't, your users will likely lose some features after the upgrade is completed.
Take for example the following SilverStripe 3 `composer.json`.
```json
{
"name": "app/cms-website",
"require": {
"silverstripe/cms": "3.6.5@stable",
"silverstripe/framework": "3.6.5@stable",
"silverstripe/reports": "3.6.5@stable",
"silverstripe/siteconfig": "3.6.5@stable"
}
}
```
After switching to SilverStripe 4 and explicitly defining your dependencies, the `composer.json` file should look like this.
```json
{
"name": "app/cms-website",
"require": {
"silverstripe/cms": "~4.1.0",
"silverstripe/framework": "~4.1.0",
"silverstripe/reports": "~4.1.0",
"silverstripe/siteconfig": "~4.1.0",
"silverstripe/admin": "~1.1.0",
"silverstripe/asset-admin": "~1.1.0",
"silverstripe/campaign-admin": "~1.1.0",
"silverstripe/errorpage": "~1.1.0",
"silverstripe/graphql": "~1.1.0",
"silverstripe/versioned": "~1.1.0"
}
}
```
#### Updating third party dependencies
If you project requires third party modules, you'll need to adjust their associated constraint. This will allow you to retrieve a SilverStripe 4 compatible version of the module.
[Look up the module on Packagist](https://packagist.org/) to see if a SilverStripe 4 version is provided.
Take for example the following SilverStripe 3 `composer.json`.
```json
{
"name": "app/cms-website",
"require": {
"silverstripe/framework": "3.6.5@stable",
"silverstripe/cms": "3.6.5@stable",
"dnadesign/silverstripe-elemental": "^1.8.0"
}
}
```
Looking at the [Packagist entry for `dnadesign/silverstripe-elemental`](https://packagist.org/packages/dnadesign/silverstripe-elemental#2.0.0), you can see that versions 2.0.0 and above of this module are compatible with SilverStripe 4. So you can update that constraint to `^2.0.0`.
Alternatively, you can set a very permissive constraint and let composer find a SilverStripe 4 compatible version. After you're done updating your dependencies, make sure you adjust your constraints to be more specific.
Once you've updated your third-party modules constraints, try updating your dependencies by running `composer update`. If composer can't resolve all your dependencies it will throw an error.
You'll likely have some conflicts to resolve, whether you've updated your dependencies with the upgrader or manually.
Running a `composer update` will tell you which modules are conflicted and suggested alternative combinations of modules that might work.
The most typical reason for a conflict is that the maintainer of a module hasn't released a version compatible with SilverStripe 4.
If the maintainer of the module is in the process of upgrading to SilverStripe 4, a development version of the module might be available. In some cases, it can be worthwhile to look up the repository of the module or to reach out to the maintainer.
<divclass="info"markdown="1">
If you're going to install development version of third party modules, you should consider adding the following entries to your `composer.json` file.
To integrate a third party module in your project, remove it from your `composer.json` file and from your `.gitignore` file. Then track the module's codebase in your project source control. You'll need to upgrade the module's code to be compatible with SilverStripe 4.
<divclass="info"markdown="1">
If you're taking the time to upgrade a third party module, consider doing a pull request against the original project so other developers can benefit from your work or releasing your fork as a seperate module.
[Learn about how to publish a SilverStripe module](/developer_guides/extending/how_tos/publish_a_module)
</div>
### Finalising your dependency upgrade
Once you've resolved all conflicts in your `composer.json` file, `composer update` will be able to run without errors.
This will install your new dependencies. You'll notice many of the folders in the root of your project will disappear. That's because SilverStripe 4 modules can be installed in the vendor folder like generic PHP packages.
If you've decided to use recipes, some generic files will be copied from the recipe into your project. The `extra` attribute in your `composer.json` file will be updated to keep track of those new files.
This is a good point to commit your changes to your source control system before moving on to the next step.
## Step 2 - Update your environment configuration {#env}{#step2}
The php configuration `_ss_environment.php` file has been replaced with a non-executable
`.env` file. It follows a syntax similar to a `.ini` file for key/value pair assignment. Your `.env` file may be placed in your project root, or one level above your project root ([details](/getting_started/environment_management/))
### Automatically convert `_ss_environment.php` to `.env`
If you have installed the upgrader tool, you can use the `environment` command to generate a valid `.env` file from your existing `_ss_environment.php` file.
If your `_ss_environment.php` file contains unusual logic (conditional statements or loops), you will get a warning. `upgrade-code` will still try to convert the file, but you should double-check the output. Omit the `--write` flag to do a dry-run.
### Manually convert `_ss_environment.php` to `.env`
Create a `.env` file in the root of your project. Replace `define` statements from `_ss_environment.php` with `KEY=VALUE` pairs in `.env`.
Most SilverStripe 3 environment variables have been carried over to SilverStripe 4. See [Environment Management docs](/getting_started/environment_management/) for the full list of available variables. Your `.env` file can contain environment variables specific to your project as well.
The global array `$_FILE_TO_URL_MAPPING` has been removed and replaced with the `SS_BASE_URL` environment variable. `SS_BASE_URL` expects an absolute url with an optional protocol. The following are values would be valid entries for `SS_BASE_URL`:
*`http://localhost/`
*`https://localhost/`
*`//localhost/`
For example, take the following `_ss_environment.php` file.
The global values `$database` and `$databaseConfig` have been deprecated. Your database configuration details should be stored in your `.env` file. If you want to keep your database configuration in `_config.php`, you can use the new `DB::setConfig()` api, however this is discouraged.
Requiring `conf/ConfigureFromEnv.php` is is no longer necessary. You should remove any references to it in `_config.php`.
The removal of the `_ss_environment.php` file means that conditional logic is no longer available in the environment
variable set-up process. This encouraged bad practice and should be avoided. If you still require conditional logic early in the bootstrap, this is best placed in the `_config.php` files.
To access environment variables, use the `SilverStripe\Core\Environment::getEnv()` method. To define environment variables, use the `SilverStripe\Core\Environment::setEnv()` method.
### Finalising your environment upgrade
It's inadvisable to track your `.env` file in your source control system as it might contain sensitive information.
You should ignore the `.env` file by adding an entry to your `.gitignore` file. You can create a sample environment configuration by duplicating your `.env` file as `.env.sample`, and removing sensitive information from it. You can safely delete your legacy `_ss_environement.php` if you want.
If you want your codebase to comply with the PSR-4 standard, make sure sub-directories of your code folder are using the _UpperCamelCase_ naming convention. For example, `mysite/code/page_types` should be renamed to `mysite/code/PageTypes`.
By default, the same namespace will be applied to all your classes regardless of which directory they are in. If you want to apply different namespaces to different folders to be compliant with PSR-4, combine the `--recursive` with the `--psr4`. Your folder structure has to be PSR4 compliant for this to work. If you want to do a dry-run, omit the `--write` option to see a preview of all changed project files.
Go through each PHP file under `mysite/code` and add a `namespace` statement at the top, *with the exception of the files for `Page` or `PageController`*.
For example, if `mysite/code/ProductService.php` is using the `ExplosiveTennisBall` class, you'll need to add a use statement at the top of the file just after it's own namespace definition.
### Enable PSR-4 auto-loading in your `composer.json` file
If you have namespaced your project and followed the PSR-4 convention, you have the option to enable PSR-4 auto-loading in your composer.json file.
Enabling PSR-4 auto-loading is optional. It will provide better auto-loading of your classes in your development environment and will future proof your code.
For example, let's say you have defined the following namespaces for the following folders:
*`App\Web` for your main application logic contained in `mysite/code`
*`App\SubModule` for a secondary module contained in `sub-module/code`
*`App\Web\Tests` for your application test suite contained in `mysite/tests`.
Your `autoload` section in your `composer.json` file should look like this:
Read the [Composer schema autoload documentation](https://getcomposer.org/doc/04-schema.md#autoload) for more information about configuring auto-loading in your project.
Note that applying a namespace to your project will also affect which template file SilverStripe tries to load when rendering certain objects.
For example, pretend you have a `RoadRunnerPage` class that extends `Page`. In SilverStripe 3, you would define a template for this page in `themes/example/templates/Layout/RoadRunnerPage.ss`. If you decide to move `RoadRunnerPage` to `App\Web\RoadRunnerPage`, you'll need to move the template to `themes/example/templates/App/Web/Layout/RoadRunnerPage.ss`.
This is a good point to commit your changes to your source control system before moving on to the next step.
## Step 4 - Update codebase with references to newly namespaced classes {#step4}
All core PHP classes in SilverStripe 4 have been namespaced. For example, `DataObject` is now called `SilverStripe\ORM\DataObject`. Your project codebase, config files and language files need be updated to reference those newly namespaced classes. This will include explicit references in your PHP code, but also string that contain the name of a class.
If you've opted to namespace your own code in the previous step, those references will need to be updated as well.
### Automatically update namespaced references with the `upgrade` command
If you've installed the upgrader, you can use the `upgrade` command to update references to namespaced classes.
The `upgrade` command will update PHP files, YML configuration files, and YML language files.
Each core SilverStripe 4 module includes a `.upgrade.yml` that defines the equivalent fully qualified name of each class. Most third party SilverStripe modules that have been upgraded to be compatible with SilverStripe 4, also include a `.upgrade.yml`. If you've namespaced your own project, you'll need to provide your own `.upgrade.yml` file . If you've used the upgrader to namespace your project, that file will have been created for you.
The `upgrade` command will try to update some strings that reference the old name of some classes. In some cases this might not be what you want. You can tell the upgrader to skip specific strings by using the `@skipUpgrade` flag in your PHPDoc comment. For example:
```PHP
/** @skipUpgrade */
return Injector::inst()->get('ProductService');
```
Execute the upgrade command with this command.
```bash
upgrade-code upgrade ./mysite/ --write
```
If you omit the `--write` flag you will get a preview of what change the upgrader will apply to your codebase. This can be helpful if you if you are tweaking your `.upgrade.yml` or if you are trying to identify areas where you should add a `@skipUpgrade` statement,
You can also tweak which rules to apply with the `--rule` flag: `code`, `config`, and `lang`. For example, the following command will only upgrade `lang` and `config` files:
The `upgrade` command can alter big chunks of your codebase. While it works reasonably well in most use case, you should not trust it blindly. You should take time to review all changes applied by the `upgrade` command and confirm you are happy with them.
If you decide to update your namespace references by hand, you'll need to go through the entire code base and update them all from the old non-namespaced SilverStripe classes to the new namespaced equivalent. If you are referencing classes from third party modules that have been namespaced, you'll need to update those as well.
#### Update explicit references to classes in your code
Wherever your code explicitly references a SilverStripe class, it will need to be updated to the new namespaced equivalent. You can either update the reference to use the fully qualified name of the class or you can add a `use` statement to your file.
For example take the following SilverStripe 3 class. `DataObject` and `FieldList` need to point to their namespace equivalents.
`Image`, `BlogPost`, and `ProductService` represent classes. Those strings need to be updated to specify the full namespace.
The best way of achieving this is to use the [`::class` PHP magic class constant](http://php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.basic.php#language.oop5.basic.class.class) which will return the fully qualified name of a class.
Alternatively, you can spell out the full qualified name of each class in a string. For example, `'Image'` would become `'SilverStripe\\Assets\\Image'`. Note the use of the _double backslash_ — this is necessary because the backslash is an escape character.
#### Update references to classes in your YML config
YAML configuration files can reference SilverStripe classes. Those references also need to use the fully qualified name of each class.
Take for example the following SilverStripe 3 YAML configuration file.
#### Update references to classes in your language files
Translation keys are normally tied to classes. If you override SilverStripe's default translation or if you are localising your own project, you'll need to update those references to use the fully qualified name of each class.
For example, let's say you had the following translation file in `mysite/lang/eng.yml`.
DataObject database tables will default to use a namespaced name. For example, if you have a class under `App\Web\Products\ExplosiveTennisBall` that extends `DataObject`, the matching table in your database will be called `App_Web_Products_ExplosiveTennisBall`.
Avoid using `static::class` or `parent::class` to retrieve translated string. It will retrieve unpredictable values bases on the class inheritance.
</div>
If your template files contain translatable strings, they also need to be updated to referenced the namespaced classes.
For example, `<%t Member.SINGULARNAME 'Member' %>` would become `<%t SilverStripe\Security\Member.SINGULARNAME 'Member' %>`.
Your codebase should now be referencing valid SilverStripe 4 classes. This means that your classes can be loaded at runtime. However, your codebase will still be using an outdated API.
This is a good point to commit your changes to your source control system before moving on to the next step.
## Step 5 - Updating your codebase to use SilverStripe 4 API {#step5}
This is the most intricate and potentially time-consuming part of the upgrade. It involves going through your entire codebase to remove references to deprecated APIs and update your project logic.
### Automatically update deprecated API references with the `inspect` command
The upgrader has an `inspect` command that can flag deprecated API usage, and in some cases, update your codebase to the SilverStripe 4 equivalent. This does require you to carefully review each change and warning to make sure the updated logic still work as intended. Even so, it is a huge time-saver compared to reviewing your code base manually.
Note that the `inspect` command loads your files with PHP interpreter. So basic syntax errors — for example, extending a class that does not exists — will cause an immediate failure. For this reason, you need to complete [Step 4 - Update codebase with references to newly namespaced classes](#step4) before running the `inspect` command.
```bash
upgrade-code inspect ./mysite/ --write
```
You can omit the `--write` flag if you just want to view the proposed changes without applying them. You can run the command on a specific subdirectory or file. This can be more manageable if you have a big project to go through.
Like the `upgrade` command, `inspect` gets its list of API changes from `.upgrade.yml` files. So you may get upgrade suggestions and substitution from third party modules. You can even include your own project specific changes in your `.upgrade.yml` if you want.
#### Sample output of the `inspect` command
Here's some sample output of what you might get back the `inspect` command.
```bash
upgrade-code inspect ./mysite/Models/Coyote.php
Running post-upgrade on "/var/www/SS_example/mysite/code/Models/Coyote.php"
[2018-06-06 13:35:38] Applying ApiChangeWarningsRule to Coyote.php...
modified: Coyote.php
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
{
// Getting a reference to Coyote's list of crazy ideas
- Coyote.php:71 SilverStripe\ORM\DataObject->manyManyComponent(): DataObject->manyManyComponent() moved to DataObjectSchema. Access through getSchema(). You must manually add static::class as the first argument to manyManyComponent()
Changes not saved; Run with --write to commit to disk
If you're using a `.htaccess` file or `web.config` file to handle your server configuration, you can get the generic SilverStripe 4 version of those file from
Just like `index.php`, if you've modified your server configuration file from the one that shipped with SilverStripe 3, you'll need to reconcile your changes into the version retrieve from `recipe-core`.
[Refer to the installation instruction for your platform](/getting_started/installation/) if your server configuration is not managed via a `.htaccess` or `web.config` file.
### Finalising the entry point upgrade
At this stage, you could in theory run your project in SilverStripe 4.
This is a good point to commit your changes to your source control system before moving on to the next step.
The `webroot` upgrader command will automatically move your files for you.
```bash
upgrade-code webroot --write
```
Omit the `--write` flag if you want to preview the change.
If you are using a modified `index.php`, `.htaccess`, or `web.config`, you will get a warning.
### Manually switch to using the public web root
* Create a `public` folder in the root of your project
* Move the following files and folder to your new public folder
*`index.php`
*`.htaccess`
*`webconfig.php`
*`assets`
* Any `favicon` files
* Other common files that should be accssible in your project webroot (example: `robots.txt`)
* Delete the root `resources` directory if present.
* Run the following command `composer vendor-expose` to make static assets files accessible via the `public` directory.
If you are upgrading from SilverStripe 4.0 to SilverStripe 4.1 (or above), you'll need to update `index.php` before moving it to the public folder. You can get a copy of the generic `index.php` file from `vendor/silverstripe/recipe-core/public`. If you've made modifications to your `index.php` file, you'll need to replicate those into the new `public/index.php` file.
### Finalising the web root migration
You'll need to update your server configuration to point to the public directory rather than the root of your project.
Update your `.gitignore` file so `assets` and `resources` are still ignored when located under the `public` folder.
Your project should still be functional, although you may now be missing some static assets.
This is a good point to commit your changes to your source control system before moving on to the next step.
## Step 9 - Move away from hardcoded paths for referencing static assets {#step9}
SilverStripe 4 introduces a new way to reference static assets like images and css.
This enable innovations like moving SilverStripe module [vendor folder](/changelogs/4.0.0#vendor-folder) or the [public web root](/changelogs/4.1.0#public-folder).
If you have folders under `app` or `mysite` that need to be accessible for your project's web root, you need to say so in your `composer.json` file by adding an entry under `extra.expose`.
For example, let's say you have `scripts`, `images` and `css` folders under `app`. You can expose them by adding this content to your `composer.json` file:
```json
{
// ...
"extra": {
"branch-alias": {
"4.x-dev": "4.2.x-dev"
},
"expose": [
"app/scripts",
"app/images",
"app/css"
]
},
// ...
}
```
For the change to take affect, run the following command: `composer vendor-expose`.
### Referencing static assets in your PHP code
Wherever you would have use an hardcoded path, you can now use the `projectname: path/to/file.css` syntax.
`projectname` is controlled by the `project` property of `SilverStripe\Core\Manifest\ModuleManifest` in your YML configuration. This configuration file should look like this:
```yaml
SilverStripe\Core\Manifest\ModuleManifest:
project: app
```
To add some javascript and css files to your requirements from your PHP code, you could use this syntax:
Some third party modules may include their own migration tasks. Take a minute to consult the release notes of your third party dependencies to make sure you have miss anything.
