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Torsten Ruger 2018-04-11 10:45:50 +03:00
parent 599583c8f4
commit b1614dc353
7 changed files with 66 additions and 101 deletions
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20
_layouts/project.html.haml
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@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
\---
layout: site
\---
.row
%div
%h1.center
{{page.title}}
%p.center
%span {{page.sub-title}}
%ul.nav
%li
%a{:href => "/project/motivation.html"} Motivation
%li
%a{:href => "/project/ideas.html"} Ideas
%li
%a{:href => "/project/history.html"} History
%li
%a{:href => "/project/contribute.html"} Contribute
%div
{{content}}

20
_layouts/rubyx.html.haml
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@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
\---
layout: site
\---
.row
%div
%h1.center
{{page.title}}
%p.center
%span {{page.sub-title}}
%ul.nav
%li
%a{:href => "/rubyx/layers.html"} Layers of RubyX
%li
%a{:href => "/rubyx/memory.html"} Memory
%li
%a{:href => "/rubyx/threads.html"} Threads
%li
%a{:href => "/rubyx/optimisations.html"} Optimisation ideas
%div
{{content}}

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_layouts/site.html.haml
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!!!
/[if IE 8] <html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en">
/ [if gt IE 8]><!
%html.no-js{:lang => "en"}
/ <![endif]
%body
%p
{% include head.html %}
%header
.container
%a{:href => "https://github.com/ruby-x"}
%img{:alt => "Fork me on GitHub", "data-canonical-src" => "https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_left_orange_ff7600.png", :src => "https://camo.githubusercontent.com/8b6b8ccc6da3aa5722903da7b58eb5ab1081adee/68747470733a2f2f73332e616d617a6f6e6177732e636f6d2f6769746875622f726962626f6e732f666f726b6d655f6c6566745f6f72616e67655f6666373630302e706e67", :style => "position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; border: 0;"}/
%ul.nav
%li
%a{:href => "/"} Home
%li
%a{:href => "/rubyx/layers.html"} Architecture
%li
%a{:href => "/typed/typed.html"} Typed layer
%li
%a{:href => "/arm/overview.html"} Arm Resources
%li
%a{:href => "/project/motivation.html"} About
%li
%a{:href => "{{site.posts.first.url}}"} News
%a{:href => "https://github.com/ruby-x"}
%img{:alt => "Logo", :src => "/assets/images/x-small.png", :style => "position: absolute; top: 15px; right: 15px; border: 0; width: 70px"}/
.container
{{ content }}
%footer
.container
.row.center
%p © Copyright Torsten Ruger 2013-7
:javascript
(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),
m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)
})(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');
var the_id = 'UA-61481839-1';
ga('create', the_id.replace("-1" , "-2") , 'auto');
ga('send', 'pageview');

13
app/helpers/application_helper.rb
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@ -6,4 +6,17 @@ module ApplicationHelper
link += link_to( post.title , blog_post_url(post.slug)) link += link_to( post.title , blog_post_url(post.slug))
link.html_safe link.html_safe
end end
def ext_link(name = nil, options = nil, html_options = nil, &block)
target_blank = {target: "_blank"}
if block_given?
options ||= {}
options = options.merge(target_blank)
else
html_options ||= {}
html_options = html_options.merge(target_blank)
end
link_to(name, options, html_options, &block)
end
end end

10
app/views/pages/project/_menu.html.haml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
.row
%ul.nav
%li
%a{:href => "/project/motivation.html"} Motivation
%li
%a{:href => "/project/ideas.html"} Ideas
%li
%a{:href => "/project/history.html"} History
%li
%a{:href => "/project/contribute.html"} Contribute

10
app/views/pages/rubyx/_menu.haml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
.row
%ul.nav
%li
%a{:href => "/rubyx/layers.html"} Layers of RubyX
%li
%a{:href => "/rubyx/memory.html"} Memory
%li
%a{:href => "/rubyx/threads.html"} Threads
%li
%a{:href => "/rubyx/optimisations.html"} Optimisation ideas

53
app/views/pages/rubyx/layers.html.haml
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@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
- title = "RubyX architectural layers" - title = "RubyX architectural layers"
= render "pages/rubyx/menu"
%h1#main-layers Main Layers %h1#main-layers Main Layers
%p %p
To implement an object system to execute object oriented languages takes a large system. To implement an object system to execute object oriented languages takes a large system.
@ -13,18 +15,20 @@
just push more functionality into the “virtual machine” and it is in fact only the just push more functionality into the “virtual machine” and it is in fact only the
compiling to binaries that gives static languages their speed. This is the reason compiling to binaries that gives static languages their speed. This is the reason
to compile ruby. to compile ruby.
%p %p.center
%img{:alt => "Architectural layers", :src => "/assets/layers.jpg"}/ = image_tag "layers.jpg" , alt: "Architectural layers"
%h3#ruby Ruby %h3#ruby Ruby
%p %p
To compile and run ruby, we first need to parse ruby. While parsing ruby is quite To compile and run ruby, we first need to parse ruby. While parsing ruby is quite
a difficult task, it has already been implemented in pure ruby a difficult task, it has already been implemented in pure ruby
%a{:href => "https://github.com/whitequark/parser"}> here = succeed "." do
\. The output of the parser is =ext_link "here" ,"https://github.com/whitequark/parser"
The output of the parser is
an ast, which holds information about the code in instances of a single an ast, which holds information about the code in instances of a single
%em Node %em Node
class. class.
Nodes have a type (which you sometimes see in s-expressions) and a list of children. Nodes have a type attribute (which you sometimes see in s-expressions) and a list of children.
%p There are two basic problems when working with ruby ast: one is the a in ast, the other is ruby. %p There are two basic problems when working with ruby ast: one is the a in ast, the other is ruby.
%p %p
Since an abstract syntax tree only has one base class, one needs to employ the visitor Since an abstract syntax tree only has one base class, one needs to employ the visitor
@ -34,12 +38,13 @@
The second, possibly bigger problem, is ruby itself: Ruby is full of programmer happiness, The second, possibly bigger problem, is ruby itself: Ruby is full of programmer happiness,
three ways to do this, five to do that. To simplify that, remove the duplication and three ways to do this, five to do that. To simplify that, remove the duplication and
make analyis easier, Vool was created. make analyis easier, Vool was created.
%h3#virtual-object-oriented-language Virtual Object Oriented Language %h3#virtual-object-oriented-language Virtual Object Oriented Language
%p %p
Virtual, in this context, means that there is no syntax for this language; it is an Virtual, in this context, means that there is no syntax for this language; it is an
intermediate representation which intermediate representation which
%em could %em could
be targeted by several languages. be targeted by several real languages.
%p %p
The main purpose is to simplify existing oo languages down to it’s core components: mostly The main purpose is to simplify existing oo languages down to it’s core components: mostly
calling, assignment, continuations and exceptions. Typed classes for each language construct calling, assignment, continuations and exceptions. Typed classes for each language construct
@ -47,8 +52,14 @@
%p %p
Examples for things that exist in ruby but are broken down in Vool are Examples for things that exist in ruby but are broken down in Vool are
%em unless %em unless
, ternary operator, ,
do while or for loops and other similar syntactic sugar. %em ternary operator
,
%em do while
or
%em for
loops and other similar syntactic sugar.
%h3#minimal-object-machine Minimal Object machine %h3#minimal-object-machine Minimal Object machine
%p %p
We compile Vool statements into Mom instructions. Mom is a machine, which means it has We compile Vool statements into Mom instructions. Mom is a machine, which means it has
@ -61,19 +72,18 @@
functionality is expressed through instructions. Methods are in fact defined (as vool) on classes functionality is expressed through instructions. Methods are in fact defined (as vool) on classes
and then compiled to Mom/Risc/Arm and the results stored in the method object. and then compiled to Mom/Risc/Arm and the results stored in the method object.
%p %p
Compilation to Mom happens in two stages: The Mom level exists to make the transition to Risc easier. It has a very abstract,
1. The linear statements/code is translated to Mom instructions. high level instruction set, where each single instruction may resolve to many tens
2. Control statements are translated to jumps and labels. of lower level instructions. But it breaks down Vool's tree into an instruction
%p list, which is conceptually a much easier input for the next layer.
The second step leaves a linked list of machine instructions as the input for the next stage.
In the future a more elaborate system of optimisations is envisioned between these stages.
%h3#risc Risc %h3#risc Risc
%p %p
The Register machine layer is a relatively close abstraction of risc hardware, but without the The Register machine layer is a relatively close abstraction of risc hardware, but without the
quirks. quirks.
%p %p
The Risc machine has registers, indexed addressing, operators, branches and everything The Risc machine has registers, indexed addressing, operators, branches and everything
needed for the next layer. It does not try to abstract every possible machine feature needed to implement Mom. It does not try to abstract every possible machine feature
(like llvm), but rather “objectifies” the general risc view to provide what is needed for (like llvm), but rather “objectifies” the general risc view to provide what is needed for
the Mom layer, the next layer up. the Mom layer, the next layer up.
%p %p
@ -93,6 +103,7 @@
Visualizing the control flow and being able to see values updated immediately helped Visualizing the control flow and being able to see values updated immediately helped
tremendously in creating this layer. And the interpreter helps in testing, ie keeping it tremendously in creating this layer. And the interpreter helps in testing, ie keeping it
working in the face of developer change. working in the face of developer change.
%h3#binary--arm-and-elf Binary , Arm and Elf %h3#binary--arm-and-elf Binary , Arm and Elf
%p %p
A physical machine will run binaries containing instructions that the cpu understands, in a A physical machine will run binaries containing instructions that the cpu understands, in a
@ -100,9 +111,11 @@
these layers. these layers.
%p %p
Arm is a risc architecture, but anyone who knows it will attest, with it’s own quirks. Arm is a risc architecture, but anyone who knows it will attest, with it’s own quirks.
For example any instruction may be executed conditionally in arm. Or there is no 32bit For example any instruction may be executed conditionally, ie
register load instruction. It is possible to create very dense code using all the arm %em every
special features, but this is not implemented yet. instruction carries bits to make it check the status register. Or the fact that there
is no 32bit register load instruction. It is possible to create very dense code using
all the arm special features, but this is not implemented yet.
%p %p
All Arm instructions are (ie derive from) Register instruction and there is an ArmTranslator The Arm::Translator translates that translates RegisterInstructions to ArmInstructions,
that translates RegisterInstructions to ArmInstructions. and the Elf::ObjectWriter creates Linux binaries.