deploy: 5e2c5f5908d902ab20ad8e7a57d610e6f8fbf510

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Aurorxa 2024-07-30 08:11:19 +00:00
parent b323ce26d2
commit fb63d14f72
17 changed files with 37 additions and 37 deletions

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import{_ as s,c as a,o as n,a6 as t}from"./chunks/framework.CZKtKhAm.js";const e="/c/assets/1.L8V3GBrc.png",l="/c/assets/2.CdvhiwcU.png",d="/c/assets/3.D74t3-Xt.png",i="/c/assets/4.DCQsqYYC.gif",p="/c/assets/5.CUjMoXNF.gif",o="/c/assets/6.BWbajkuB.gif",c="/c/assets/7.C1JnBDr7.png",r="/c/assets/8.DwN2p3bo.png",u="/c/assets/9.DdSfz-Pf.gif",b="/c/assets/10.BMocjVt7.gif",f=JSON.parse('{"title":"第一章:颇具争议的指针","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/index.md","filePath":"notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/index.md","lastUpdated":1722316351000}'),h={name:"notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/index.md"},g=t('<blockquote><ul><li><code>指针</code>是 C 语言中<code>最重要</code>的概念之一,也是<code>最难以理解</code>的概念之一。</li><li><code>指针</code>是 C 语言的<code>精髓</code>,要想掌握 C 语言就需要深入地了解指针。</li></ul></blockquote><h1 id="第一章-颇具争议的指针" tabindex="-1">第一章:颇具争议的指针 <a class="header-anchor" href="#第一章-颇具争议的指针" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第一章:颇具争议的指针&quot;"></a></h1><h2 id="_1-1-概述" tabindex="-1">1.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.1 概述&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li>目前而言,操作系统几乎都是通过 C 语言来编写和维护的;而 C 语言提供了指针的用法,其能直接操作内存地址,是个非常<code>强大</code>和<code>灵活</code>的工具;但是,需要开发者<code>小心谨慎的使用</code>,以确保程序的稳定性和安全性。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>之所以指针在 C 语言中颇具争议,是因为一方面其功能强大,直接操作内存地址;另一方面,又很危险,不正确的使用指针的方式,非常容易导致程序崩溃。</p></div><ul><li><p>如果没有能很好的使用指针,就会带来一系列的问题,如:</p><ul><li>① <strong>空指针引用Null Pointer Dereference</strong>当一个指针没有正确初始化或者被赋予了空NULL值时如果程序尝试访问该指针所指向的内存会导致运行时错误甚至导致程序崩溃。</li><li>② <strong>野指针Dangling Pointers</strong>:指针指向的内存地址曾经分配给某个变量或对象,但后来该变量或对象被释放或者移动,导致指针仍指向已经无效的内存位置。对野指针进行操作可能会导致未定义的行为或程序崩溃。</li><li>③ <strong>指针算术错误</strong>:在进行指针运算时,如果没有正确管理指针的偏移量或者超出了数组的边界,可能会导致指针指向错误的内存位置,从而影响程序的正确性和安全性。</li><li>④ <strong>内存泄漏</strong>:如果动态分配的内存通过指针分配,但在不再需要时没有正确释放,会导致内存泄漏,长时间运行的程序可能会耗尽系统资源。</li></ul></li><li><p>为了减少指针带来的风险,开发人员可以采取以下的措施:</p><ul><li>① <strong>良好的编程实践</strong>:确保指针的初始化和使用是安全的,避免空指针引用和野指针问题。</li><li>② <strong>边界检查</strong>:在进行指针运算时,始终确保不会超出数组或内存分配的边界。</li><li>③ <strong>使用指针和引用的适当性</strong>:在可能的情况下,可以考虑使用更安全的语言特性,如:引用(在 C++ 等编程语言中)或者更高级别的数据结构来代替裸指针,从而减少指针使用时的潜在风险。</li></ul></li></ul><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① 既然指针很危险那么通过一系列的手段将指针包装或屏蔽以达到程序安全的目的这是现代化的高级编程语言解决的思路Java、Go、Rust 等)。</li><li>② 之所以指针还需要学习是因为在嵌入式等领域其机器的资源CPU、内存等非常有限而现代化的高级编程语言虽然安全但是需要的系统资源也庞大。</li><li>③ 我们知道编译型的程序不管编译过程如何复杂至少需要两步编译和运行。通常我们也将这两步称为编译期和运行期。C 语言中的指针之所以危险就在于程序要在运行的时候才会发现问题(后知后觉);而现代化的高级编程语言中的编译器在程序编译的时候就会发现问题(提前发现问题)。</li><li>④ C 语言的编译器之所以这么设计的原因,就在于当时的内存和 CPU 是非常有限PDP-7 早期小型计算机CPU18 bit 的电子管逻辑内存4kb 和昂贵72,000 $),如果加入安全限制的功能,会远远超过整个系统的资源。</li></ul></div><h2 id="_1-2-现代化高级编程语言是如何解决指针危险的" tabindex="-1">1.2 现代化高级编程语言是如何解决指针危险的? <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-现代化高级编程语言是如何解决指针危险的" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2 现代化高级编程语言是如何解决指针危险的?&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><p><code>C++</code>采用了如下的策略和机制,来解决指针危险操作的:</p><ul><li>① <strong>智能指针:</strong> C++ 引入了智能指针(如<code>std::shared_ptr</code>、<code>std::unique_ptr</code>),这些指针提供了自动资源管理和所有权的语义。<code>std::unique_ptr</code>确保只有一个指针可以访问给定的资源,从而避免了传统指针的悬空引用和内存泄漏问题。<code>std::shared_ptr</code>允许多个指针共享一个资源,并在所有引用释放后自动释放。</li><li>② <strong>引用:</strong> C++ 中的引用(如:<code>&amp;</code>符号)提供了更安全的间接访问方法,与指针相比,引用不能重新绑定到不同的对象,从而减少了意外的指针错误。</li></ul></li><li><p><code>Go</code>采用了如下的策略和机制,来解决指针危险操作的:</p><ul><li>① <strong>内存管理和垃圾回收:</strong> Go 语言通过自动垃圾回收器管理内存减少了手动内存管理所带来的指针操作错误。Go 的垃圾回收器定期扫描并释放不再使用的内存,避免了内存泄漏和悬空指针问题。</li><li>② <strong>指针的安全性:</strong> Go 语言的指针是受限的,不支持指针运算,从而减少了指针操作可能带来的风险。</li></ul></li><li><p><code>Rust</code>采用了如下的策略和机制,来解决指针危险操作的:</p><ul><li>① <strong>所有权和借用:</strong> Rust 引入了所有权和借用的概念,编译器在编译时静态分析所有权转移和引用的生命周期。这种机制避免了数据竞争和空指针解引用等运行时错误,使得在编译时就能够保证内存安全。</li><li>② <strong>生命周期:</strong> Rust 的生命周期系统确保引用的有效性和安全性,防止了悬空引用和指针乱用。</li></ul></li><li><p><code>Java</code>采用了如下的策略和机制,来解决指针危险操作的:</p><ul><li>① <strong>引用类型和自动内存管理:</strong> Java 中所有的对象引用都是通过引用来访问的而不是直接的指针。Java 的自动垃圾回收器负责管理内存,从而避免了手动内存管理可能导致的指针错误,如:内存泄漏和悬空指针。</li><li>② <strong>强类型系统和异常处理:</strong> Java 的强类型系统和异常处理机制减少了指针操作带来的风险空指针解引用异常NullPointerException。编译器在编译时能够捕获许多潜在的类型错误进一步增强了程序的安全性和可靠性。</li></ul></li></ul><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><p>总而言之,各种编程语言通过引入不同的语义和机制,如:智能指针、垃圾回收器、所有权和借用,以及强类型系统,有效地减少了指针操作所带来的各种安全性和可靠性问题,提升了程序的稳定性和开发效率。</p></div><h1 id="第二章-回顾知识" tabindex="-1">第二章:回顾知识 <a class="header-anchor" href="#第二章-回顾知识" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第二章:回顾知识&quot;"></a></h1><h2 id="_2-1-变量" tabindex="-1">2.1 变量 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-1-变量" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.1 变量&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li>变量就是保存程序运行过程中临时产生的值,其语法如下:</li></ul><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">数据类型 变量名 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> 值 ;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><p>变量名(标识符)需要符合命名规则和命名规范!!!</p><ul><li>强制规范: <ul><li>① 只能由<code>小写</code>或<code>大写英文字母</code><code>0-9</code> 或 <code>_</code> 组成。</li><li>② 不能以<code>数字</code>开头。</li><li>③ 不可以是<code>关键字</code>。</li><li>④ 标识符具有<code>长度</code>限制,不同编译器和平台会有所不同,一般限制在 63 个字符内。</li><li>⑤ 严格<code>区分大小写字母</code>Hello、hello 是不同的标识符。</li></ul></li><li>建议规范: <ul><li>① 为了提高阅读性使用有意义的单词见名知意sumnamemaxyear 等。</li><li>② 使用下划线连接多个单词组成的标识符max_classes_per_student 等。</li><li>③ 多个单词组成的标识符,除了使用下划线连接,也可以使用小驼峰命名法,除第一个单词外,后续单词的首字母大写,如: studentId、student_name 等。</li><li>④ 不要出现仅靠大小写区分不同的标识符name、Name 容易混淆。</li><li>⑤ 系统内部使用了一些下划线开头的标识符C99 标准添加的类型 <code>_Bool</code>,为防止冲突,建议开发者尽量避免使用下划线开头的标识符。</li></ul></li></ul></div><ul><li><code>变量名</code>的<code>作用</code>,如下所示: <ul><li>① 当我们<code>编写</code>代码的时候,使用<code>变量名</code>来<code>关联</code>某块内存的<code>地址</code>。</li><li>② 当 CPU <code>执行</code>的时候,会将变量名<code>替换</code>为具体的地址,再进行具体的操作。</li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="_2-2-普通变量和指针变量的区别" tabindex="-1">2.2 普通变量和指针变量的区别 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-2-普通变量和指针变量的区别" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.2 普通变量和指针变量的区别&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li>根据<code>变量</code>中<code>存储</code>的<code>值</code>的<code>不同</code>,我们可以将<code>变量</code>分为两类: <ul><li><code>普通变量</code>:变量所对应的内存中存储的是<code>普通值</code>。</li><li><code>指针变量</code>:变量所对应的内存中存储的是<code>另一个变量的地址</code>。</li></ul></li><li>如下图所示:</li></ul><p><img src="'+e+'" alt="img"></p><ul><li>普通变量和指针变量的相同点,如下所示: <ul><li>① 普通变量有内存空间,指针变量也有内存空间。</li><li>② 普通变量有内存地址,指针变量也有内存地址。</li><li>③ 普通变量所对应的内存空间中有值,指针变量所对应的内存空间中也有值。</li></ul></li><li>普通变量和指针变量的不同点: <ul><li>① <code>普通变量</code>所对应的内存空间<code>存储</code>的是<code>普通的值</code>,如:整数、小数、字符等;<code>指针变量</code>所对应的内存空间<code>存储</code>的是另外一个变量的<code>地址</code>。</li><li>② <code>普通变量有普通变量的运算方式</code>,而<code>指针变量有指针变量的运算方式</code>(后续讲解)。</li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="_2-3-运算符" tabindex="-1">2.3 运算符 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-运算符" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3 运算符&quot;"></a></h2><h3 id="_2-3-1-概述" tabindex="-1">2.3.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3.1 概述&quot;"></a></h3><ul><li>运算符是一种特殊的符号,用于数据的运算、赋值和比较等。</li><li><code>表达式</code>指的是一组运算数、运算符的组合,表达式<code>一定具有值</code>,一个变量或一个常量可以是表达式,变量、常量和运算符也可以组成表达式,如:</li></ul><p><img src="'+l+'" alt="img"></p><ul><li><code>操作数</code>指的是<code>参与运算</code>的<code>值</code>或者<code>对象</code>,如:</li></ul><p><img src="'+d+'" alt=""></p><ul><li>根据<code>操作数</code>的<code>个数</code>,可以将运算符分为: <ul><li>一元运算符(一目运算符)。</li><li>二元运算符(二目运算符)。</li><li>三元运算符(三目运算符)。</li></ul></li><li>根据<code>功能</code>,可以将运算符分为: <ul><li>算术运算符。</li><li>关系运算符(比较运算符)。</li><li>逻辑运算符。</li><li>赋值运算符。</li><li>逻辑运算符。</li><li>位运算符。</li><li>三元运算符。</li></ul></li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>掌握一个运算符,需要关注以下几个方面:</p><ul><li>① 运算符的含义。</li><li>② 运算符操作数的个数。</li><li>③ 运算符所组成的表达式。</li><li>④ 运算符有无副作用,即:运算后是否会修改操作数的值。</li></ul></div><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><p>普通变量支持上述的所有运算符;而指针变量并非支持上述的所有运算符,且支持运算符的含义和普通变量相差较大!!!</p></div><h3 id="_2-3-2-运算符的优先级" tabindex="-1">2.3.2 运算符的优先级 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-2-运算符的优先级" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3.2 运算符的优先级&quot;"></a></h3><ul><li>C 语言中运算符的优先级,如下所示:</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th><strong>优先级</strong></th><th><strong>运算符</strong></th><th><strong>名称或含义</strong></th><th><strong>结合方向</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>1</strong></td><td><code>[]</code></td><td>数组下标</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>()</code></td><td>圆括号</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>.</code></td><td>成员选择(对象)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-&gt;</code></td><td>成员选择(指针)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>2</strong></td><td><code>-</code></td><td>负号运算符</td><td>⬅️(从右到左)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>(类型)</code></td><td>强制类型转换</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>++</code></td><td>自增运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>--</code></td><td>自减运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*</code></td><td>取值运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&amp;</code></td><td>取地址运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>!</code></td><td>逻辑非运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>~</code></td><td>按位取反运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>sizeof</code></td><td>长度运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>3</strong></td><td><code>/</code></td><td>除</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*</code></td><td>乘</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>%</code></td><td>余数(取模)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>4</strong></td><td><code>+</code></td><td>加</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-</code></td><td>减</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>5</strong></td><td><code>&lt;&lt;</code></td><td>左移</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;&gt;</code></td><td>右移</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>6</strong></td><td><code>&gt;</code></td><td>大于</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;=</code></td><td>大于等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;</code></td><td>小于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;=</code></td><td>小于等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>7</strong></td><td><code>==</code></td><td>等于</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>!=</code></td><td>不等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>8</strong></td><td><code>&amp;</code></td><td>按位与</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>9</strong></td><td><code>^</code></td><td>按位异或</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>10</strong></td><td><code>|</code></td><td>按位或</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>11</strong></td><td><code>&amp;&amp;</code></td><td>逻辑与</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>12</strong></td><td><code>||</code></td><td>逻辑或</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>13</strong></td><td><code>?:</code></td><td>条件运算符</td><td>⬅️(从右到左)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>14</strong></td><td><code>=</code></td><td>赋值运算符</td><td>⬅️(从右到左)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>/=</code></td><td>除后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*=</code></td><td>乘后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>%=</code></td><td>取模后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>+=</code></td><td>加后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-=</code></td><td>减后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;&lt;=</code></td><td>左移后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;&gt;=</code></td><td>右移后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&amp;=</code></td><td>按位与后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>^=</code></td><td>按位异或后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>|=</code></td><td>按位或后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>15</strong></td><td><code>,</code></td><td>逗号运算符</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><ul><li>① 不要过多的依赖运算符的优先级来控制表达式的执行顺序,这样可读性太差,尽量<code>使用小括号来控制</code>表达式的执行顺序。</li><li>② 不要把一个表达式写得过于复杂,如果一个表达式过于复杂,则把它<code>分成几步</code>来完成。</li><li>③ 运算符优先级不用刻意地去记忆,总体上:一元运算符 &gt; 算术运算符 &gt; 关系运算符 &gt; 逻辑运算符 &gt; 三元运算符 &gt; 赋值运算符。</li></ul></div><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① 取值运算符 <code>*</code> 和取地址运算符 <code>&amp;</code> 的优先级相同,并且运算方向都是从右向左!!!</li><li>② 逗号运算符 <code>,</code> 的优先级最低,并且运算方向是从左向右!!!</li></ul></div><h1 id="第三章-环境切换为-wsl-⭐" tabindex="-1">第三章:环境切换为 WSL <a class="header-anchor" href="#第三章-环境切换为-wsl-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第三章:环境切换为 WSL&quot;"></a></h1><h2 id="_3-1-概述" tabindex="-1">3.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.1 概述&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><p>前文说过C 语言中的指针是否使用是个颇具争议的话题现代化的高级编程语言通过各种策略和机制在编译期就能解决指针危险的问题。但是遗憾的是C 语言的指针很大程度上,在运行期才会暴露问题。</p></li><li><p>幸运的是,我们可以使用 <code>Valgrind</code> 项目来进行<code>内存泄露检测</code>和<code>性能分析</code>,而 Valgrind 只支持 Linux 。</p></li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>win 11 中的 WSL2 就是个 Linux 环境,我们可以在上面跑各种 Linux 工具这样我们就不需要再安装虚拟机软件了VMware Workstation它会完整的模拟一个硬件系统并在上面跑各种 Linux ,实在是太笨重了)。</p></div><h2 id="_3-2-使用步骤" tabindex="-1">3.2 使用步骤 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-2-使用步骤" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.2 使用步骤&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li>在 WSL2 上安装 Valgrind </li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">dnf</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -y</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> upgrade</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &amp;&amp; </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">dnf</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -y</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> install</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> valgrind</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # AlmaLinux</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">apt</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -y</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> update</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &amp;&amp; </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">apt</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -y</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> upgrade</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &amp;&amp; </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">apt</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -y</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> install</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> valgrind</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # Ubuntu</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="'+i+'" alt=""></p><ul><li>查看 valgrind 可执行文件的安装位置:</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">which</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> valgrind</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="'+p+'" alt=""></p><ul><li>CLion 中将工具链设置为 WSL2 </li></ul><p><img src="'+o+'" alt=""></p><ul><li>CLion 中配置 valgrind 的路径:</li></ul><p><img src="'+c+'" alt=""></p><ul><li>查看 WSL2 中 cmake 的版本:</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">cmake</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --version</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="'+r+`" alt=""></p><ul><li>修改项目中 CMakeLists.txt 中 cmake 的版本:</li></ul><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line highlighted"><span>cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.26.5) # 3.26.5</span></span>
import{_ as s,c as a,o as n,a6 as t}from"./chunks/framework.CZKtKhAm.js";const e="/c/assets/1.L8V3GBrc.png",l="/c/assets/2.CdvhiwcU.png",d="/c/assets/3.D74t3-Xt.png",i="/c/assets/4.DCQsqYYC.gif",p="/c/assets/5.CUjMoXNF.gif",o="/c/assets/6.BWbajkuB.gif",c="/c/assets/7.C1JnBDr7.png",r="/c/assets/8.DwN2p3bo.png",u="/c/assets/9.DdSfz-Pf.gif",b="/c/assets/10.BMocjVt7.gif",f=JSON.parse('{"title":"第一章:颇具争议的指针","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/index.md","filePath":"notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/index.md","lastUpdated":1722327044000}'),h={name:"notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/index.md"},g=t('<blockquote><ul><li><code>指针</code>是 C 语言中<code>最重要</code>的概念之一,也是<code>最难以理解</code>的概念之一。</li><li><code>指针</code>是 C 语言的<code>精髓</code>,要想掌握 C 语言就需要深入地了解指针。</li></ul></blockquote><h1 id="第一章-颇具争议的指针" tabindex="-1">第一章:颇具争议的指针 <a class="header-anchor" href="#第一章-颇具争议的指针" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第一章:颇具争议的指针&quot;"></a></h1><h2 id="_1-1-概述" tabindex="-1">1.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.1 概述&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li>目前而言,操作系统几乎都是通过 C 语言来编写和维护的;而 C 语言提供了指针的用法,其能直接操作内存地址,是个非常<code>强大</code>和<code>灵活</code>的工具;但是,需要开发者<code>小心谨慎的使用</code>,以确保程序的稳定性和安全性。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>之所以指针在 C 语言中颇具争议,是因为一方面其功能强大,直接操作内存地址;另一方面,又很危险,不正确的使用指针的方式,非常容易导致程序崩溃。</p></div><ul><li><p>如果没有能很好的使用指针,就会带来一系列的问题,如:</p><ul><li>① <strong>空指针引用Null Pointer Dereference</strong>当一个指针没有正确初始化或者被赋予了空NULL值时如果程序尝试访问该指针所指向的内存会导致运行时错误甚至导致程序崩溃。</li><li>② <strong>野指针Dangling Pointers</strong>:指针指向的内存地址曾经分配给某个变量或对象,但后来该变量或对象被释放或者移动,导致指针仍指向已经无效的内存位置。对野指针进行操作可能会导致未定义的行为或程序崩溃。</li><li>③ <strong>指针算术错误</strong>:在进行指针运算时,如果没有正确管理指针的偏移量或者超出了数组的边界,可能会导致指针指向错误的内存位置,从而影响程序的正确性和安全性。</li><li>④ <strong>内存泄漏</strong>:如果动态分配的内存通过指针分配,但在不再需要时没有正确释放,会导致内存泄漏,长时间运行的程序可能会耗尽系统资源。</li></ul></li><li><p>为了减少指针带来的风险,开发人员可以采取以下的措施:</p><ul><li>① <strong>良好的编程实践</strong>:确保指针的初始化和使用是安全的,避免空指针引用和野指针问题。</li><li>② <strong>边界检查</strong>:在进行指针运算时,始终确保不会超出数组或内存分配的边界。</li><li>③ <strong>使用指针和引用的适当性</strong>:在可能的情况下,可以考虑使用更安全的语言特性,如:引用(在 C++ 等编程语言中)或者更高级别的数据结构来代替裸指针,从而减少指针使用时的潜在风险。</li></ul></li></ul><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① 既然指针很危险那么通过一系列的手段将指针包装或屏蔽以达到程序安全的目的这是现代化的高级编程语言解决的思路Java、Go、Rust 等)。</li><li>② 之所以指针还需要学习是因为在嵌入式等领域其机器的资源CPU、内存等非常有限而现代化的高级编程语言虽然安全但是需要的系统资源也庞大。</li><li>③ 我们知道编译型的程序不管编译过程如何复杂至少需要两步编译和运行。通常我们也将这两步称为编译期和运行期。C 语言中的指针之所以危险就在于程序要在运行的时候才会发现问题(后知后觉);而现代化的高级编程语言中的编译器在程序编译的时候就会发现问题(提前发现问题)。</li><li>④ C 语言的编译器之所以这么设计的原因,就在于当时的内存和 CPU 是非常有限PDP-7 早期小型计算机CPU18 bit 的电子管逻辑内存4kb 和昂贵72,000 $),如果加入安全限制的功能,会远远超过整个系统的资源。</li></ul></div><h2 id="_1-2-现代化高级编程语言是如何解决指针危险的" tabindex="-1">1.2 现代化高级编程语言是如何解决指针危险的? <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-现代化高级编程语言是如何解决指针危险的" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2 现代化高级编程语言是如何解决指针危险的?&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><p><code>C++</code>采用了如下的策略和机制,来解决指针危险操作的:</p><ul><li>① <strong>智能指针:</strong> C++ 引入了智能指针(如<code>std::shared_ptr</code>、<code>std::unique_ptr</code>),这些指针提供了自动资源管理和所有权的语义。<code>std::unique_ptr</code>确保只有一个指针可以访问给定的资源,从而避免了传统指针的悬空引用和内存泄漏问题。<code>std::shared_ptr</code>允许多个指针共享一个资源,并在所有引用释放后自动释放。</li><li>② <strong>引用:</strong> C++ 中的引用(如:<code>&amp;</code>符号)提供了更安全的间接访问方法,与指针相比,引用不能重新绑定到不同的对象,从而减少了意外的指针错误。</li></ul></li><li><p><code>Go</code>采用了如下的策略和机制,来解决指针危险操作的:</p><ul><li>① <strong>内存管理和垃圾回收:</strong> Go 语言通过自动垃圾回收器管理内存减少了手动内存管理所带来的指针操作错误。Go 的垃圾回收器定期扫描并释放不再使用的内存,避免了内存泄漏和悬空指针问题。</li><li>② <strong>指针的安全性:</strong> Go 语言的指针是受限的,不支持指针运算,从而减少了指针操作可能带来的风险。</li></ul></li><li><p><code>Rust</code>采用了如下的策略和机制,来解决指针危险操作的:</p><ul><li>① <strong>所有权和借用:</strong> Rust 引入了所有权和借用的概念,编译器在编译时静态分析所有权转移和引用的生命周期。这种机制避免了数据竞争和空指针解引用等运行时错误,使得在编译时就能够保证内存安全。</li><li>② <strong>生命周期:</strong> Rust 的生命周期系统确保引用的有效性和安全性,防止了悬空引用和指针乱用。</li></ul></li><li><p><code>Java</code>采用了如下的策略和机制,来解决指针危险操作的:</p><ul><li>① <strong>引用类型和自动内存管理:</strong> Java 中所有的对象引用都是通过引用来访问的而不是直接的指针。Java 的自动垃圾回收器负责管理内存,从而避免了手动内存管理可能导致的指针错误,如:内存泄漏和悬空指针。</li><li>② <strong>强类型系统和异常处理:</strong> Java 的强类型系统和异常处理机制减少了指针操作带来的风险空指针解引用异常NullPointerException。编译器在编译时能够捕获许多潜在的类型错误进一步增强了程序的安全性和可靠性。</li></ul></li></ul><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><p>总而言之,各种编程语言通过引入不同的语义和机制,如:智能指针、垃圾回收器、所有权和借用,以及强类型系统,有效地减少了指针操作所带来的各种安全性和可靠性问题,提升了程序的稳定性和开发效率。</p></div><h1 id="第二章-回顾知识" tabindex="-1">第二章:回顾知识 <a class="header-anchor" href="#第二章-回顾知识" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第二章:回顾知识&quot;"></a></h1><h2 id="_2-1-变量" tabindex="-1">2.1 变量 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-1-变量" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.1 变量&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li>变量就是保存程序运行过程中临时产生的值,其语法如下:</li></ul><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">数据类型 变量名 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> 值 ;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><p>变量名(标识符)需要符合命名规则和命名规范!!!</p><ul><li>强制规范: <ul><li>① 只能由<code>小写</code>或<code>大写英文字母</code><code>0-9</code> 或 <code>_</code> 组成。</li><li>② 不能以<code>数字</code>开头。</li><li>③ 不可以是<code>关键字</code>。</li><li>④ 标识符具有<code>长度</code>限制,不同编译器和平台会有所不同,一般限制在 63 个字符内。</li><li>⑤ 严格<code>区分大小写字母</code>Hello、hello 是不同的标识符。</li></ul></li><li>建议规范: <ul><li>① 为了提高阅读性使用有意义的单词见名知意sumnamemaxyear 等。</li><li>② 使用下划线连接多个单词组成的标识符max_classes_per_student 等。</li><li>③ 多个单词组成的标识符,除了使用下划线连接,也可以使用小驼峰命名法,除第一个单词外,后续单词的首字母大写,如: studentId、student_name 等。</li><li>④ 不要出现仅靠大小写区分不同的标识符name、Name 容易混淆。</li><li>⑤ 系统内部使用了一些下划线开头的标识符C99 标准添加的类型 <code>_Bool</code>,为防止冲突,建议开发者尽量避免使用下划线开头的标识符。</li></ul></li></ul></div><ul><li><code>变量名</code>的<code>作用</code>,如下所示: <ul><li>① 当我们<code>编写</code>代码的时候,使用<code>变量名</code>来<code>关联</code>某块内存的<code>地址</code>。</li><li>② 当 CPU <code>执行</code>的时候,会将变量名<code>替换</code>为具体的地址,再进行具体的操作。</li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="_2-2-普通变量和指针变量的区别" tabindex="-1">2.2 普通变量和指针变量的区别 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-2-普通变量和指针变量的区别" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.2 普通变量和指针变量的区别&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li>根据<code>变量</code>中<code>存储</code>的<code>值</code>的<code>不同</code>,我们可以将<code>变量</code>分为两类: <ul><li><code>普通变量</code>:变量所对应的内存中存储的是<code>普通值</code>。</li><li><code>指针变量</code>:变量所对应的内存中存储的是<code>另一个变量的地址</code>。</li></ul></li><li>如下图所示:</li></ul><p><img src="'+e+'" alt="img"></p><ul><li>普通变量和指针变量的相同点,如下所示: <ul><li>① 普通变量有内存空间,指针变量也有内存空间。</li><li>② 普通变量有内存地址,指针变量也有内存地址。</li><li>③ 普通变量所对应的内存空间中有值,指针变量所对应的内存空间中也有值。</li></ul></li><li>普通变量和指针变量的不同点: <ul><li>① <code>普通变量</code>所对应的内存空间<code>存储</code>的是<code>普通的值</code>,如:整数、小数、字符等;<code>指针变量</code>所对应的内存空间<code>存储</code>的是另外一个变量的<code>地址</code>。</li><li>② <code>普通变量有普通变量的运算方式</code>,而<code>指针变量有指针变量的运算方式</code>(后续讲解)。</li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="_2-3-运算符" tabindex="-1">2.3 运算符 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-运算符" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3 运算符&quot;"></a></h2><h3 id="_2-3-1-概述" tabindex="-1">2.3.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3.1 概述&quot;"></a></h3><ul><li>运算符是一种特殊的符号,用于数据的运算、赋值和比较等。</li><li><code>表达式</code>指的是一组运算数、运算符的组合,表达式<code>一定具有值</code>,一个变量或一个常量可以是表达式,变量、常量和运算符也可以组成表达式,如:</li></ul><p><img src="'+l+'" alt="img"></p><ul><li><code>操作数</code>指的是<code>参与运算</code>的<code>值</code>或者<code>对象</code>,如:</li></ul><p><img src="'+d+'" alt=""></p><ul><li>根据<code>操作数</code>的<code>个数</code>,可以将运算符分为: <ul><li>一元运算符(一目运算符)。</li><li>二元运算符(二目运算符)。</li><li>三元运算符(三目运算符)。</li></ul></li><li>根据<code>功能</code>,可以将运算符分为: <ul><li>算术运算符。</li><li>关系运算符(比较运算符)。</li><li>逻辑运算符。</li><li>赋值运算符。</li><li>逻辑运算符。</li><li>位运算符。</li><li>三元运算符。</li></ul></li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>掌握一个运算符,需要关注以下几个方面:</p><ul><li>① 运算符的含义。</li><li>② 运算符操作数的个数。</li><li>③ 运算符所组成的表达式。</li><li>④ 运算符有无副作用,即:运算后是否会修改操作数的值。</li></ul></div><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><p>普通变量支持上述的所有运算符;而指针变量并非支持上述的所有运算符,且支持运算符的含义和普通变量相差较大!!!</p></div><h3 id="_2-3-2-运算符的优先级" tabindex="-1">2.3.2 运算符的优先级 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-2-运算符的优先级" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3.2 运算符的优先级&quot;"></a></h3><ul><li>C 语言中运算符的优先级,如下所示:</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th><strong>优先级</strong></th><th><strong>运算符</strong></th><th><strong>名称或含义</strong></th><th><strong>结合方向</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>1</strong></td><td><code>[]</code></td><td>数组下标</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>()</code></td><td>圆括号</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>.</code></td><td>成员选择(对象)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-&gt;</code></td><td>成员选择(指针)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>2</strong></td><td><code>-</code></td><td>负号运算符</td><td>⬅️(从右到左)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>(类型)</code></td><td>强制类型转换</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>++</code></td><td>自增运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>--</code></td><td>自减运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*</code></td><td>取值运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&amp;</code></td><td>取地址运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>!</code></td><td>逻辑非运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>~</code></td><td>按位取反运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>sizeof</code></td><td>长度运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>3</strong></td><td><code>/</code></td><td>除</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*</code></td><td>乘</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>%</code></td><td>余数(取模)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>4</strong></td><td><code>+</code></td><td>加</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-</code></td><td>减</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>5</strong></td><td><code>&lt;&lt;</code></td><td>左移</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;&gt;</code></td><td>右移</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>6</strong></td><td><code>&gt;</code></td><td>大于</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;=</code></td><td>大于等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;</code></td><td>小于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;=</code></td><td>小于等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>7</strong></td><td><code>==</code></td><td>等于</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>!=</code></td><td>不等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>8</strong></td><td><code>&amp;</code></td><td>按位与</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>9</strong></td><td><code>^</code></td><td>按位异或</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>10</strong></td><td><code>|</code></td><td>按位或</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>11</strong></td><td><code>&amp;&amp;</code></td><td>逻辑与</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>12</strong></td><td><code>||</code></td><td>逻辑或</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>13</strong></td><td><code>?:</code></td><td>条件运算符</td><td>⬅️(从右到左)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>14</strong></td><td><code>=</code></td><td>赋值运算符</td><td>⬅️(从右到左)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>/=</code></td><td>除后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*=</code></td><td>乘后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>%=</code></td><td>取模后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>+=</code></td><td>加后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-=</code></td><td>减后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;&lt;=</code></td><td>左移后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;&gt;=</code></td><td>右移后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&amp;=</code></td><td>按位与后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>^=</code></td><td>按位异或后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>|=</code></td><td>按位或后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>15</strong></td><td><code>,</code></td><td>逗号运算符</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><ul><li>① 不要过多的依赖运算符的优先级来控制表达式的执行顺序,这样可读性太差,尽量<code>使用小括号来控制</code>表达式的执行顺序。</li><li>② 不要把一个表达式写得过于复杂,如果一个表达式过于复杂,则把它<code>分成几步</code>来完成。</li><li>③ 运算符优先级不用刻意地去记忆,总体上:一元运算符 &gt; 算术运算符 &gt; 关系运算符 &gt; 逻辑运算符 &gt; 三元运算符 &gt; 赋值运算符。</li></ul></div><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① 取值运算符 <code>*</code> 和取地址运算符 <code>&amp;</code> 的优先级相同,并且运算方向都是从右向左!!!</li><li>② 逗号运算符 <code>,</code> 的优先级最低,并且运算方向是从左向右!!!</li></ul></div><h1 id="第三章-环境切换为-wsl-⭐" tabindex="-1">第三章:环境切换为 WSL <a class="header-anchor" href="#第三章-环境切换为-wsl-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第三章:环境切换为 WSL&quot;"></a></h1><h2 id="_3-1-概述" tabindex="-1">3.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.1 概述&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><p>前文说过C 语言中的指针是否使用是个颇具争议的话题现代化的高级编程语言通过各种策略和机制在编译期就能解决指针危险的问题。但是遗憾的是C 语言的指针很大程度上,在运行期才会暴露问题。</p></li><li><p>幸运的是,我们可以使用 <code>Valgrind</code> 项目来进行<code>内存泄露检测</code>和<code>性能分析</code>,而 Valgrind 只支持 Linux 。</p></li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>win 11 中的 WSL2 就是个 Linux 环境,我们可以在上面跑各种 Linux 工具这样我们就不需要再安装虚拟机软件了VMware Workstation它会完整的模拟一个硬件系统并在上面跑各种 Linux ,实在是太笨重了)。</p></div><h2 id="_3-2-使用步骤" tabindex="-1">3.2 使用步骤 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-2-使用步骤" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.2 使用步骤&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li>在 WSL2 上安装 Valgrind </li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">dnf</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -y</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> upgrade</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &amp;&amp; </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">dnf</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -y</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> install</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> valgrind</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # AlmaLinux</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">apt</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -y</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> update</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &amp;&amp; </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">apt</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -y</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> upgrade</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &amp;&amp; </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">apt</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -y</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> install</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> valgrind</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # Ubuntu</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="'+i+'" alt=""></p><ul><li>查看 valgrind 可执行文件的安装位置:</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">which</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> valgrind</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="'+p+'" alt=""></p><ul><li>CLion 中将工具链设置为 WSL2 </li></ul><p><img src="'+o+'" alt=""></p><ul><li>CLion 中配置 valgrind 的路径:</li></ul><p><img src="'+c+'" alt=""></p><ul><li>查看 WSL2 中 cmake 的版本:</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">cmake</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --version</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="'+r+`" alt=""></p><ul><li>修改项目中 CMakeLists.txt 中 cmake 的版本:</li></ul><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line highlighted"><span>cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.26.5) # 3.26.5</span></span>
<span class="line"><span></span></span>
<span class="line"><span># 项目名称和版本号</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>project(c-study VERSION 1.0 LANGUAGES C)</span></span>
@ -61,4 +61,4 @@ import{_ as s,c as a,o as n,a6 as t}from"./chunks/framework.CZKtKhAm.js";const e
<span class="line"><span> target_sources(\${EXECUTABLE_NAME} PRIVATE \${MODULE_SOURCES})</span></span>
<span class="line"><span> endif ()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span> endif ()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>endforeach ()</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br><span class="line-number">31</span><br><span class="line-number">32</span><br><span class="line-number">33</span><br><span class="line-number">34</span><br><span class="line-number">35</span><br><span class="line-number">36</span><br><span class="line-number">37</span><br><span class="line-number">38</span><br><span class="line-number">39</span><br><span class="line-number">40</span><br><span class="line-number">41</span><br><span class="line-number">42</span><br><span class="line-number">43</span><br><span class="line-number">44</span><br><span class="line-number">45</span><br><span class="line-number">46</span><br><span class="line-number">47</span><br><span class="line-number">48</span><br><span class="line-number">49</span><br><span class="line-number">50</span><br><span class="line-number">51</span><br><span class="line-number">52</span><br><span class="line-number">53</span><br><span class="line-number">54</span><br><span class="line-number">55</span><br><span class="line-number">56</span><br><span class="line-number">57</span><br><span class="line-number">58</span><br><span class="line-number">59</span><br><span class="line-number">60</span><br><span class="line-number">61</span><br><span class="line-number">62</span><br><span class="line-number">63</span><br><span class="line-number">64</span><br></div></div><ul><li> CLion </li></ul><p><img src="`+u+'" alt=""></p><ul><li> CLion valgrind </li></ul><p><img src="'+b+'" alt=""></p><h1 id="--" tabindex="-1"> <a class="header-anchor" href="#--" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;&quot;"></a></h1><h2 id="_4-1-" tabindex="-1">4.1 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_4-1-" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;4.1 &quot;"></a></h2><h1 id="--" tabindex="-1"> <a class="header-anchor" href="#--" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;&quot;"></a></h1><h2 id="_5-1-" tabindex="-1">5.1 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_5-1-" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;5.1 &quot;"></a></h2><h2 id="_5-2-" tabindex="-1">5.2 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_5-2-" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;5.2 &quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><p> C <code></code><code></code></p></li><li><p></p><ul><li> <strong></strong><code>int a = 5</code></li><li> <strong></strong><code>a + b</code><code>a - b</code><code>a * b</code><code>a / b</code></li><li><strong></strong> <code>a &gt; b</code><code>a == b</code></li><li> <strong></strong> <code>a &amp;&amp; b</code><code>a || b</code><code>!a</code></li><li> <strong></strong> <code>a &amp; b</code><code>a | b</code><code>a ^ b</code><code>~a</code><code>a &lt;&lt; 2</code><code>a &gt;&gt; 2</code></li><li> <strong></strong><code>a++</code><code>--a</code> </li></ul></li><li><p></p><ul><li> <strong></strong> <code>int *p = &amp;a;</code></li><li> <strong></strong>访 <code>*p = 10;</code> </li><li> <strong></strong> <ul><li><strong></strong>访 <code>p + 1</code></li><li><strong></strong><code>p++</code><code>p--</code></li><li><strong></strong> <code>ptr1 - ptr2</code></li><li><strong></strong> <code>p1 == p2</code><code>p1 != p2</code></li></ul></li><li> <strong>访</strong>访 <code>*(p + i)</code> 访 <code>i</code> </li><li> <strong></strong><code>int **pp = &amp;p;</code></li></ul></li></ul><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><p>使</p></div><p>C</p><p> <code>p</code> <code>q</code> <code>p - q</code> <code>p</code> <code>q</code> </p><p>使便</p>',69),m=[g];function k(E,_,C,v,A,q){return n(),a("div",null,m)}const T=s(h,[["render",k]]);export{f as __pageData,T as default};
<span class="line"><span>endforeach ()</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br><span class="line-number">31</span><br><span class="line-number">32</span><br><span class="line-number">33</span><br><span class="line-number">34</span><br><span class="line-number">35</span><br><span class="line-number">36</span><br><span class="line-number">37</span><br><span class="line-number">38</span><br><span class="line-number">39</span><br><span class="line-number">40</span><br><span class="line-number">41</span><br><span class="line-number">42</span><br><span class="line-number">43</span><br><span class="line-number">44</span><br><span class="line-number">45</span><br><span class="line-number">46</span><br><span class="line-number">47</span><br><span class="line-number">48</span><br><span class="line-number">49</span><br><span class="line-number">50</span><br><span class="line-number">51</span><br><span class="line-number">52</span><br><span class="line-number">53</span><br><span class="line-number">54</span><br><span class="line-number">55</span><br><span class="line-number">56</span><br><span class="line-number">57</span><br><span class="line-number">58</span><br><span class="line-number">59</span><br><span class="line-number">60</span><br><span class="line-number">61</span><br><span class="line-number">62</span><br><span class="line-number">63</span><br><span class="line-number">64</span><br></div></div><ul><li> CLion </li></ul><p><img src="`+u+'" alt=""></p><ul><li> CLion valgrind </li></ul><p><img src="'+b+'" alt=""></p><h1 id="--" tabindex="-1"> <a class="header-anchor" href="#--" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;&quot;"></a></h1><h2 id="_4-1-" tabindex="-1">4.1 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_4-1-" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;4.1 &quot;"></a></h2><h1 id="--" tabindex="-1"> <a class="header-anchor" href="#--" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;&quot;"></a></h1><h2 id="_5-1-" tabindex="-1">5.1 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_5-1-" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;5.1 &quot;"></a></h2><h2 id="_5-2-" tabindex="-1">5.2 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_5-2-" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;5.2 &quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><p> C <code></code><code></code><code></code></p><ul><li> <strong></strong><code>int a = 5</code></li><li> <strong></strong><code>a + b</code><code>a - b</code><code>a * b</code><code>a / b</code></li><li> <strong></strong> <code>a &gt; b</code><code>a == b</code></li><li> <strong></strong> <code>a &amp;&amp; b</code><code>a || b</code><code>!a</code></li><li> <strong></strong> <code>a &amp; b</code><code>a | b</code><code>a ^ b</code><code>~a</code><code>a &lt;&lt; 2</code><code>a &gt;&gt; 2</code></li><li> <strong></strong><code>a++</code><code>--a</code> </li></ul></li><li><p> C <code></code><code></code><code></code></p><ul><li> <strong></strong> <code>int *p = &amp;a;</code></li><li> <strong></strong>访 <code>*p = 10;</code> </li><li> <strong></strong> <ul><li><strong></strong>访 <code>p + 1</code></li><li><strong></strong><code>p++</code><code>p--</code></li><li><strong></strong> <code>ptr1 - ptr2</code></li><li><strong></strong> <code>p1 == p2</code><code>p1 != p2</code></li></ul></li><li> <strong>访</strong>访 <code>*(p + i)</code> 访 <code>i</code> </li><li> <strong></strong><code>int **pp = &amp;p;</code></li></ul></li></ul><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><p>使</p></div><p>C</p><p> <code>p</code> <code>q</code> <code>p - q</code> <code>p</code> <code>q</code> </p><p>使便</p>',69),m=[g];function k(E,_,C,v,A,q){return n(),a("div",null,m)}const T=s(h,[["render",k]]);export{f as __pageData,T as default};

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<span class="line"><span># requires dnsTunneling but are also OPTIONAL</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>bestEffortDnsParsing=true</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>useWindowsDnsCache=true</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br></div></div><p><img src="/c/assets/167.CKuuzuQ_.png" alt=""></p><ul><li>在命令行中,执行如下的命令:</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">wsl</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --shutdown</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="/c/assets/168.B4r6Nv14.gif" alt=""></p><ul><li>此时,再打开终端,就没有这种提示了:</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/169.CvbhuZNK.png" alt=""></p></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-e257564d><!----><div class="last-updated" data-v-e257564d><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-e257564d data-v-e98dd255>上次更新: <time datetime="2024-07-25T23:27:41.000Z" data-v-e98dd255></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><!----></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/02_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>下一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>变量和进制</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><footer class="VPFooter has-sidebar" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-e315a0ad><div class="container" data-v-e315a0ad><p class="message" data-v-e315a0ad>Released under the MIT License.</p><p class="copyright" data-v-e315a0ad>Copyright © 2024 许大仙</p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br></div></div><h2 id="_3-3-进制的转换" tabindex="-1">3.3 进制的转换 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-进制的转换" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.3 进制的转换&quot;"></a></h2><h3 id="_3-3-1-概述" tabindex="-1">3.3.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.3.1 概述&quot;"></a></h3><ul><li>不同进制的转换,如下所示:</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/19.uqLiL_yu.png" alt=""></p><ul><li>在计算机中,数据是从右往左的方式排列的;其中,最右边的是低位,最左边的是高位,即:</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/20.CkykpHY2.png" alt=""></p><h3 id="_3-3-2-二进制和十进制的转换" tabindex="-1">3.3.2 二进制和十进制的转换 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-2-二进制和十进制的转换" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.3.2 二进制和十进制的转换&quot;"></a></h3><h4 id="_3-3-2-1-二进制转换为十进制" tabindex="-1">3.3.2.1 二进制转换为十进制 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-2-1-二进制转换为十进制" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.3.2.1 二进制转换为十进制&quot;"></a></h4><ul><li>规则:从最低位开始,将每个位上的数提取出来,乘以 2 的 (位数 - 1 )次方,然后求和。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① 在学术界,将这种计算规则,称为<code>位权相加法</code></li><li><code>八进制转换为十进制</code><code>十六进制转换为十进制</code><code>二进制转换为十进制</code>的算法相同!!!</li></ul></div><ul><li>示例:十进制转十进制</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/21.DV1YbrOP.png" alt=""></p><ul><li>示例:二进制转十进制</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/22.AHNJT9TV.png" alt=""></p><h4 id="_3-3-2-2-十进制转换二进制" tabindex="-1">3.3.2.2 十进制转换二进制 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-2-2-十进制转换二进制" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.3.2.2 十进制转换二进制&quot;"></a></h4><ul><li>规则:将该数不断除以 2 ,直到商为 0 为止,然后将每步得到的余数倒过来,就是对应的二进制。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① 在学术界,将这种计算规则,称为<code>短除法</code><code>连续除2取余法</code></li><li>② 很好理解,只有不断地除以 2 ,就能保证最大的数字不超过 2 ,这不就是二进制(只能有 0 或 1</li><li><code>八进制转换为二进制</code><code>十六进制转换为二进制</code><code>十进制转换为二进制</code>的算法相同!!!</li></ul></div><ul><li>示例:十进制转十进制</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/23.Bs-MOwx2.png" alt=""></p><ul><li>示例:十进制转二进制</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/24.StzjmBz-.png" alt=""></p><h3 id="_3-3-3-二进制转八进制" tabindex="-1">3.3.3 二进制转八进制 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-3-二进制转八进制" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.3.3 二进制转八进制&quot;"></a></h3><ul><li><p>规则:每 3 位二进制就是一个八进制。</p></li><li><p>示例011 101 001 -&gt; 351</p></li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/25.C0wVWaxD.png" alt=""></p><h3 id="_3-3-4-二进制转十六进制" tabindex="-1">3.3.4 二进制转十六进制 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-4-二进制转十六进制" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.3.4 二进制转十六进制&quot;"></a></h3><ul><li><p>规则:每 4 位二进制就是一个十六进制。</p></li><li><p>示例1110 1001 -&gt; 0xE9</p></li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/26.LXJMAihe.png" alt=""></p><h2 id="_3-4-原码、反码和补码" tabindex="-1">3.4 原码、反码和补码 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-4-原码、反码和补码" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.4 原码、反码和补码&quot;"></a></h2><h3 id="_3-4-1-概述" tabindex="-1">3.4.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-4-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.4.1 概述&quot;"></a></h3><ul><li>机器数一个数在计算机的存储形式是二进制我们称这些二进制数为机器数。机器数可以是有符号的用机器数的最高位来存放符号位0 表示正数1 表示负数。</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/27._UTCq3PD.png" alt=""></p><ul><li>真值:因为机器数带有符号位,所以机器数的形式值不等于其真实表示的值(真值),以机器数 1000 0001 为例,其真正表示的值(首位是符号位)为 -1而形式值却是 129 ,因此将带有符号位的机器数的真正表示的值称为机器数的真值。</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/28.BjQ5kBL-.png" alt=""></p><h3 id="_3-4-2-原码" tabindex="-1">3.4.2 原码 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-4-2-原码" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.4.2 原码&quot;"></a></h3><ul><li>原码的表示与机器数真值表示的一样,即用第一位表示符号,其余位表示数值。</li><li>规则: <ul><li>正数的<code>原码</code>是它本身对应的二进制数,符号位是 0 。</li><li>负数的<code>原码</code>是它本身绝对值对应的二进制数,但是符号位是 1 。</li></ul></li><li>+1 的原码,使用 8 位二进数来表示,就是:</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>十进制数</th><th>原码8位二进制数</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>+1</td><td><code>0</code>000 0001</td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li>-1 的原码,使用 8 位二进数来表示,就是:</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>十进制数</th><th>原码8位二进制数</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>-1</td><td><code>1</code>000 0001</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><p>按照原码的规则,会出现 <code>+0</code><code>-0</code> 的情况,即:<code>0</code>000 0000+0<code>1</code>000 0000-0显然不符合实际情况所以计算机底层虽然存储和计算的都是二进数但显然不是原码。</p></div><h3 id="_3-4-3-反码" tabindex="-1">3.4.3 反码 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-4-3-反码" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.4.3 反码&quot;"></a></h3><ul><li><p>规则:</p><ul><li>正数的反码和它的原码相同。</li><li>负数的反码是在其原码的基础上,符号位不变,其余各位取反。</li></ul></li><li><p>+1 的反码,使用 8 位二进数来表示,就是:</p></li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>十进制数</th><th>原码8位二进制数</th><th>反码8位二进制数</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>+1</td><td><code>0</code>000 0001</td><td><code>0</code>000 0001</td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li>-1 的反码,使用 8 位二进数来表示,就是:</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>十进制数</th><th>原码8位二进制数</th><th>反码8位二进制数</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>-1</td><td><code>1</code>000 0001</td><td><code>1</code>111 1110</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><p>按照反码的规则,如果是 <code>+0</code>,对应的原码是 <code>0</code>000 0000那么其反码还是 <code>0</code>000 0000 ;如果是 <code>-0</code>,对应的原码是 <code>1</code>000 0000其反码是 <code>1</code>111 1111显然不符合实际情况所以计算机底层虽然存储和计算的都是二进数但显然不是反码。</p></div><h3 id="_3-4-4-补码" tabindex="-1">3.4.4 补码 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-4-4-补码" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.4.4 补码&quot;"></a></h3><ul><li><p>规则:</p><ul><li>正数的补码和它的原码相同。</li><li>负数的补码是在其反码的基础上 + 1 。</li></ul></li><li><p>+1 的补码,使用 8 位二进数来表示,就是:</p></li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>十进制数</th><th>原码8位二进制数</th><th>反码8位二进制数</th><th>补码8位二进制数</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>+1</td><td><code>0</code>000 0001</td><td><code>0</code>000 0001</td><td><code>0</code>000 0001</td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li>-1 的补码,使用 8 位二进数来表示,就是:</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>十进制数</th><th>原码8位二进制数</th><th>反码8位二进制数</th><th>补码8位二进制数</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>-1</td><td><code>1</code>000 0001</td><td><code>1</code>111 1110</td><td><code>1</code>111 1111</td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li>如果 0 ,按照 <code>+0</code> 的情况进行处理,即:</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/29.COIOzcmT.png" alt=""></p><ul><li>如果 0 ,按照 <code>-0</code> 的情况进行处理,即:</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/30.Cu__mjav.png" alt=""></p><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① 补码表示法解决了<code>原码</code><code>反码</code>存在的<code>两种</code>零(<code>+0</code><code>-0</code>)的问题,即:在补码表示法中,只有<code>一个</code>零,即 0000 0000。</li><li>②补码使得<code>加法运算</code><code>减法运算</code>可以统一处理,通过将减法运算<code>转换</code>为加法运算,可以简化硬件设计,提高了运算效率。</li><li>③ 计算机底层<code>存储</code><code>计算</code>的都是<code>二进数的补码</code></li></ul></div><h3 id="_3-4-5-总结" tabindex="-1">3.4.5 总结 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-4-5-总结" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.4.5 总结&quot;"></a></h3><ul><li>① 正数的原码、反码和补码都是一样的,三码合一。</li><li>② 负数的反码是在其原码的基础上按位取反0 变 1 1 变 0 ),符号位不变;负数的补码是其反码 + 1 。</li><li>③ 0 的补码是 0 。</li></ul><h2 id="_3-5-计算机底层为什么使用补码" tabindex="-1">3.5 计算机底层为什么使用补码? <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-5-计算机底层为什么使用补码" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.5 计算机底层为什么使用补码?&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li>如果计算是 <code>2 - 2</code> ,那么可以转换为 <code>2 + (-2)</code>,这样计算机内部在处理<code>减法计算</code>的时候,就会将其转换为<code>加法计算</code>的形式,以简化硬件设计和提高计算效率。</li><li><code>最高位</code>表示<code>符号位</code>,由于符号位的存在,如果使用<code>原码</code>来计算,就会导致<code>计算结果不正确</code>,即:</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/31.BX_KzkHt.png" alt=""></p><ul><li><code>补码</code>的设计可以巧妙的让<code>符号位</code>也参与计算,并且可以得到<code>正确的计算结果</code>,即:</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/32.COt_QxSP.png" alt=""></p></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-e257564d><!----><div class="last-updated" data-v-e257564d><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-e257564d data-v-e98dd255>上次更新: <time datetime="2024-07-17T07:44:31.000Z" data-v-e98dd255></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/" 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<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br></div></div><h2 id="_2-8-运算符优先级" tabindex="-1">2.8 运算符优先级 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-8-运算符优先级" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.8 运算符优先级&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li>C 语言中运算符的优先级,如下所示:</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th><strong>优先级</strong></th><th><strong>运算符</strong></th><th><strong>名称或含义</strong></th><th><strong>结合方向</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>1</strong></td><td><code>[]</code></td><td>数组下标</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>()</code></td><td>圆括号</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>.</code></td><td>成员选择(对象)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-&gt;</code></td><td>成员选择(指针)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>2</strong></td><td><code>-</code></td><td>负号运算符</td><td>⬅️(从右到左)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>(类型)</code></td><td>强制类型转换</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>++</code></td><td>自增运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>--</code></td><td>自减运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*</code></td><td>取值运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&amp;</code></td><td>取地址运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>!</code></td><td>逻辑非运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>~</code></td><td>按位取反运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>sizeof</code></td><td>长度运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>3</strong></td><td><code>/</code></td><td></td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*</code></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>%</code></td><td>余数(取模)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>4</strong></td><td><code>+</code></td><td></td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-</code></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>5</strong></td><td><code>&lt;&lt;</code></td><td>左移</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;&gt;</code></td><td>右移</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>6</strong></td><td><code>&gt;</code></td><td>大于</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;=</code></td><td>大于等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;</code></td><td>小于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;=</code></td><td>小于等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>7</strong></td><td><code>==</code></td><td>等于</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>!=</code></td><td>不等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>8</strong></td><td><code>&amp;</code></td><td>按位与</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>9</strong></td><td><code>^</code></td><td>按位异或</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>10</strong></td><td><code>|</code></td><td>按位或</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>11</strong></td><td><code>&amp;&amp;</code></td><td>逻辑与</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>12</strong></td><td><code>||</code></td><td>逻辑或</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>13</strong></td><td><code>?:</code></td><td>条件运算符</td><td>⬅️(从右到左)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>14</strong></td><td><code>=</code></td><td>赋值运算符</td><td>⬅️(从右到左)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>/=</code></td><td>除后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*=</code></td><td>乘后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>%=</code></td><td>取模后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>+=</code></td><td>加后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-=</code></td><td>减后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;&lt;=</code></td><td>左移后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;&gt;=</code></td><td>右移后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&amp;=</code></td><td>按位与后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>^=</code></td><td>按位异或后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>|=</code></td><td>按位或后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>15</strong></td><td><code>,</code></td><td>逗号运算符</td><td>➡️(从左到右)</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><ul><li>① 不要过多的依赖运算符的优先级来控制表达式的执行顺序,这样可读性太差,尽量<code>使用小括号来控制</code>表达式的执行顺序。</li><li>② 不要把一个表达式写得过于复杂,如果一个表达式过于复杂,则把它<code>分成几步</code>来完成。</li><li>③ 运算符优先级不用刻意地去记忆,总体上:一元运算符 &gt; 算术运算符 &gt; 关系运算符 &gt; 逻辑运算符 &gt; 三元运算符 &gt; 赋值运算符。</li></ul></div><h1 id="第三章-附录" tabindex="-1">第三章:附录 <a class="header-anchor" href="#第三章-附录" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第三章:附录&quot;"></a></h1><h2 id="_3-1-字符集和字符集编码" tabindex="-1">3.1 字符集和字符集编码 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-1-字符集和字符集编码" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.1 字符集和字符集编码&quot;"></a></h2><h3 id="_3-3-1-概述" tabindex="-1">3.3.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.3.1 概述&quot;"></a></h3><ul><li>字符集和字符集编码(简称编码)计算机系统中处理文本数据的两个基本概念,它们密切相关但又有区别。</li><li>字符集Character Set是一组字符的集合其中每个字符都被分配了一个<code>唯一的编号</code>(通常是数字)。字符可以是字母、数字、符号、控制代码(如换行符)等。<code>字符集定义了可以表示的字符的范围</code>,但它并不直接定义如何将这些字符存储在计算机中。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>ASCII美国信息交换标准代码是最早期和最简单的字符集之一它只包括了英文字母、数字和一些特殊字符共 128 个字符。每个字符都分配给了一个从 0 到 127 的数字。</p></div><ul><li>字符集编码Character Encoding简称编码是一种方案或方法<code>它定义了如何将字符集中的字符转换为计算机存储和传输的数据(通常是一串二进制数字)</code>。简而言之,编码是字符到二进制数据之间的映射规则。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>ASCII编码方案定义了如何将 ASCII 字符集中的每个字符表示为 7 位的二进制数字。例如:大写字母<code>&quot;A&quot;</code>在ASCII 编码中表示为二进制的<code>1000001</code>,十进制的 <code>65</code></p></div><ul><li><code>字符集</code><code>字符集编码</code>之间的关系如下:</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/29.CGTVELeO.png" alt=""></p><ul><li>Linux 中安装帮助手册:</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/30.Bz4_lEH0.gif" alt=""></p><h3 id="_3-3-2-ascii-编码" tabindex="-1">3.3.2 ASCII 编码 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-2-ascii-编码" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.3.2 ASCII 编码&quot;"></a></h3><ul><li><code>冯·诺依曼</code>体系结构中,我们知道,计算机中所有的<code>数据</code><code>指令</code>都是以<code>二进制</code>的形式表示的;所以,计算机中对于文本数据的数据也是以二进制来存储的,那么对应的流程如下:</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/31.CcDWE4nn.png" alt=""></p><ul><li>我们知道,计算机是上个世纪 60 年代在美国研制成功的,为了实现字符和二进制的转换,美国就制定了一套字符编码,即英语字符和二进制位之间的关系,即 ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange编码 <ul><li>ASCII 编码只包括了英文字符、数字和一些特殊字符,一共 128 个字符,并且每个字符都分配了唯一的数字,范围是 0 - 127。</li><li>ASCII 编码中的每个字符都使用 7 位的二进制数字表示;但是,计算机中的存储的最小单位是 1 B = 8 位,那么最高位统一规定为 0 。</li></ul></li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① 其实,早期是没有字符集的概念的,只是后来为了解决乱码问题,而产生了字符集的概念。</li><li>② 对于英文体系来说,<code>a-zA-Z0-9</code>以及一些<code>特殊字符</code>一共 <code>128</code> 就可以满足实际存储需求;所以,在也是为什么 ASCII 码使用 7 位二进制2^7 = 128 )来存储的。</li></ul></div><ul><li>在操作系统中就内置了对应的编码表Linux 也不例外;可以使用如下的命令查看:</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">man</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ascii</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="/c/assets/32.B7y2_JVX.gif" alt=""></p><ul><li>其对应的 ASCII 编码表,如下所示:</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/33.Btcc3rs2.gif" alt=""></p><ul><li>但是,随着计算机的发展,计算机开始了东征之路,由美国传播到东方:</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/34.CR4ARW8y.png" alt=""></p><ul><li>先是传播到了欧洲,欧洲在兼容 ASCII 编码的基础上,推出了 ISO8859-1 编码,即: <ul><li>ISO8859-1 编码包括基本的拉丁字母表、数字、标点符号,以及西欧语言中特有的一些字符,如:法语中的 <code>è</code>、德语中的 <code>ü</code> 等。</li><li>ISO 8859-1 为每个字符分配一个单字节8 位)编码,意味着它可以表示最多 256 2^8个不同的字符编号从 0 到 255</li><li>ISO 8859-1 的前 128 个字符与 ASCII 编码完全一致,这使得 ASCII 编码的文本可以无缝转换为 ISO 8859-1 编码。</li></ul></li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/33.Btcc3rs2.gif" alt=""></p><p><img src="/c/assets/36.DOX3ymYP.gif" alt=""></p><ul><li>计算机继续传播到了亚洲,亚洲(双字节)各个国家分别给出了自己国家对应的字符集编码,如: <ul><li>日本推出了 Shift-JIS 编码: <ul><li>单字节 ASCII 范围0 - 127。</li><li>双字节范围: <ul><li>第一个字节129 - 159 和 224 - 239 。</li><li>第二个字节64 - 126 和 128 - 252 。</li></ul></li></ul></li><li>韩国推出了 EUC-KR 编码: <ul><li>单字节 ASCII 范围0 - 127。</li><li>双字节范围:从 41281 - 65278。</li></ul></li><li>中国推出了 GBK 编码: <ul><li>单字节 ASCII 范围0 - 127。</li><li>双字节范围33088 - 65278 。</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① 通过上面日本、韩国、中国的编码十进制范围,我们可以看到,虽然这些编码系统在技术上的编码范围存在重叠(特别是在高位字节区域),但因为它们各自支持的字符集完全不同,所以实际上它们并不直接冲突。</li><li>② 但是,如果一个中国人通过 GBK 编码写的文章,通过邮件发送给韩国人,因为韩国和中国在字符集编码上的高位字节有重叠部分,必然会造成歧义。</li></ul></div><h3 id="_3-3-3-unicode-编码" tabindex="-1">3.3.3 Unicode 编码 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-3-unicode-编码" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.3.3 Unicode 编码&quot;"></a></h3><ul><li><p>在 Unicode 之前世界上存在着数百种不同的编码系统每一种编码系统都是为了支持特定语言或一组语言的字符集。这些编码系统包括ASCII、ISO 8859 系列、GBK、Shift-JIS、EUC-KR 等,它们各自有不同的字符范围和编码方式。这种多样性虽然在局部范围内解决了字符表示的问题,但也带来了以下几个方面的挑战:</p><ul><li><code>编码冲突</code>:由于不同的编码系统可以为相同的字节值分配不同的字符,因此在不同编码之间转换文本时,如果没有正确处理编码信息,就很容易产生乱码。这种编码冲突在尝试处理多种语言的文本时尤为突出。</li><li><code>编码的复杂性</code>:随着全球化的发展,软件和系统需要支持越来越多的语言,这就要求开发者和系统同时处理多种不同的编码系统。这不仅增加了开发和维护的复杂性,而且也增加了出错的风险。</li><li><code>资源限制</code>:在早期计算机技术中,内存和存储资源相对有限。不同的编码标准要求系统存储多套字符集数据,这无疑增加了对有限资源的消耗。</li><li>……</li></ul></li><li><p>针对上述的种种问题为了推行全球化Unicode 应运而生Unicode 的核心规则和设计原则是建立一个全球统一的字符集,使得世界上所有的文字和符号都能被唯一地识别和使用,无论使用者位于何地或使用何种语言。这套规则包括了字符的编码、表示、处理和转换机制,旨在确保不同系统和软件间能够无缝交换和处理文本数据。</p><ul><li><code>通用字符集 (UCS)</code>Unicode 为每一个字符分配一个唯一的编号(称为<code>“码点”</code>)。这些码点被组织在一个统一的字符集中,官方称之为 “通用字符集”Universal Character SetUCS。码点通常表示为 <code>U+</code> 后跟一个十六进制数,例如:<code>U+0041</code> 代表大写的英文字母 <code>“A”</code></li><li><code>编码平面和区段</code>Unicode 码点被划分为多个 “平面Planes每个平面包含 6553616^4个码点。目前Unicode定义了 17 个平面(从 0 到16每个平面被分配了一个编号从 “基本多文种平面BMP” 的 0 开始,到 16 号平面结束。这意味着 Unicode 理论上可以支持超过 110万17*65536个码点。</li></ul></li><li><p>Unicode 仅仅只是字符集,给每个字符设置了唯一的数字编号而已,却没有给出这些数字编号实际如何存储,可以通过如下命令查看:</p></li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/37.Cie9_tkP.gif" alt=""></p><ul><li>为了在计算机系统中表示 Unicode 字符,定义了几种编码方案,这些方案包括 UTF-8、UTF-16 和 UTF-32 等。 <ul><li><strong>UTF-8</strong>:使用 1 - 4 个字节表示每个 Unicode 字符,兼容 ASCII是网络上最常用的编码。</li><li><strong>UTF-16</strong>:使用 2 - 4 个字节表示每个 Unicode 字符,适合于需要经常处理基本多文种平面之外字符的应用。</li><li><strong>UTF-32</strong>:使用固定的 4 个字节表示每个 Unicode 字符,简化了字符处理,但增加了存储空间的需求。</li></ul></li><li><code>Unicode 字符集</code>和对应的<code>UTF-8 字符编码</code>之间的关系,如下所示:</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/38.DLjH9Ges.png" alt=""></p></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-e257564d><!----><div class="last-updated" data-v-e257564d><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-e257564d data-v-e98dd255>上次更新: <time datetime="2024-07-30T05:12:31.000Z" data-v-e98dd255></time></p></div></div><nav 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<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br></div></div></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-e257564d><!----><div class="last-updated" data-v-e257564d><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-e257564d data-v-e98dd255>上次更新: <time datetime="2024-07-23T02:31:31.000Z" data-v-e98dd255></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/03_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>上一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>数据类型和运算符</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/05_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>下一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>数组</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><footer class="VPFooter has-sidebar" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-e315a0ad><div class="container" data-v-e315a0ad><p class="message" data-v-e315a0ad>Released under the MIT License.</p><p class="copyright" data-v-e315a0ad>Copyright © 2024 许大仙</p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br><span class="line-number">31</span><br><span class="line-number">32</span><br><span class="line-number">33</span><br><span class="line-number">34</span><br><span class="line-number">35</span><br><span class="line-number">36</span><br><span class="line-number">37</span><br><span class="line-number">38</span><br></div></div></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-e257564d><!----><div class="last-updated" data-v-e257564d><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-e257564d data-v-e98dd255>上次更新: <time datetime="2024-07-24T08:58:15.000Z" data-v-e98dd255></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/04_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>上一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>流程控制</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>下一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>指针</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><footer class="VPFooter has-sidebar" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-e315a0ad><div class="container" data-v-e315a0ad><p class="message" data-v-e315a0ad>Released under the MIT License.</p><p class="copyright" data-v-e315a0ad>Copyright © 2024 许大仙</p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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<span class="line"><span> target_sources(${EXECUTABLE_NAME} PRIVATE ${MODULE_SOURCES})</span></span>
<span class="line"><span> endif ()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span> endif ()</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>endforeach ()</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br><span class="line-number">31</span><br><span class="line-number">32</span><br><span class="line-number">33</span><br><span class="line-number">34</span><br><span class="line-number">35</span><br><span class="line-number">36</span><br><span class="line-number">37</span><br><span class="line-number">38</span><br><span class="line-number">39</span><br><span class="line-number">40</span><br><span class="line-number">41</span><br><span class="line-number">42</span><br><span class="line-number">43</span><br><span class="line-number">44</span><br><span class="line-number">45</span><br><span class="line-number">46</span><br><span class="line-number">47</span><br><span class="line-number">48</span><br><span class="line-number">49</span><br><span class="line-number">50</span><br><span class="line-number">51</span><br><span class="line-number">52</span><br><span class="line-number">53</span><br><span class="line-number">54</span><br><span class="line-number">55</span><br><span class="line-number">56</span><br><span class="line-number">57</span><br><span class="line-number">58</span><br><span class="line-number">59</span><br><span class="line-number">60</span><br><span class="line-number">61</span><br><span class="line-number">62</span><br><span class="line-number">63</span><br><span class="line-number">64</span><br></div></div><ul><li>在 CLion 中正常运行代码:</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/9.DdSfz-Pf.gif" alt=""></p><ul><li>在 CLion 中通过 valgrind 运行代码:</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/10.BMocjVt7.gif" alt=""></p><h1 id="第四章-指针的理解和定义-⭐" tabindex="-1">第四章:指针的理解和定义(⭐) <a class="header-anchor" href="#第四章-指针的理解和定义-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第四章:指针的理解和定义(⭐)&quot;"></a></h1><h2 id="_4-1-概述" tabindex="-1">4.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_4-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;4.1 概述&quot;"></a></h2><h1 id="第五章-指针的运算-⭐" tabindex="-1">第五章:指针的运算(⭐) <a class="header-anchor" href="#第五章-指针的运算-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第五章:指针的运算(⭐)&quot;"></a></h1><h2 id="_5-1-概述" tabindex="-1">5.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_5-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;5.1 概述&quot;"></a></h2><h2 id="_5-2-总结" tabindex="-1">5.2 总结 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_5-2-总结" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;5.2 总结&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><p>在 C 语言中,<code>普通变量</code><code>指针变量</code>支持的操作有所不同,以下是对这两类变量各自支持操作的总结。</p></li><li><p>普通变量是直接存储数据的变量。对于普通变量,支持的操作包括:</p><ul><li><strong>赋值操作</strong>:给变量赋值,如:<code>int a = 5</code></li><li><strong>算术运算</strong>:可以对数值类型的普通变量进行加、减、乘、除等运算,如:<code>a + b</code><code>a - b</code><code>a * b</code><code>a / b</code></li><li><strong>关系运算</strong>:可以进行比较运算(大于、小于、等于等),如: <code>a &gt; b</code><code>a == b</code></li><li><strong>逻辑运算</strong>:对布尔类型的值进行与、或、非运算,如: <code>a &amp;&amp; b</code><code>a || b</code><code>!a</code></li><li><strong>位运算</strong>:对整数类型的值进行位操作(与、或、异或、取反、左移、右移等),如: <code>a &amp; b</code><code>a | b</code><code>a ^ b</code><code>~a</code><code>a &lt;&lt; 2</code><code>a &gt;&gt; 2</code></li><li><strong>自增自减运算</strong><code>a++</code><code>--a</code> 等。</li></ul></li><li><p>指针变量存储的是另一个变量的地址。对于指针变量,支持的操作包括:</p><ul><li><strong>赋值操作</strong>:可以将一个地址赋值给指针,如: <code>int *p = &amp;a;</code></li><li><strong>解引用操作</strong>:通过指针访问它指向的变量,如: <code>*p = 10;</code> 修改指向变量的值。</li><li><strong>指针运算</strong> <ul><li><strong>指针和整数值的加减运算</strong>:指针可以进行整数的加减运算,用于访问数组或结构体成员,如: <code>p + 1</code></li><li><strong>指针的自增和自减运算</strong>:指的是内存地址的向前或向后移动,如:<code>p++</code><code>p--</code></li><li><strong>指针间的相减运算</strong>:两个指向同一数组的指针相减可以得到它们之间的元素个数,如: <code>ptr1 - ptr2</code></li><li><strong>指针间的比较运算</strong>:可以比较两个指针,如 <code>p1 == p2</code><code>p1 != p2</code></li></ul></li><li><strong>数组访问</strong>:指针可以用于访问数组中的元素,通过 <code>*(p + i)</code> 访问第 <code>i</code> 个元素。</li><li><strong>指向指针的指针</strong>:可以声明指向指针的指针,即多级指针,如:<code>int **pp = &amp;p;</code></li></ul></li></ul><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><p>在使用指针时,务必小心避免野指针和内存泄漏等问题。</p></div><p>在C语言中同类指针相减的结果是一个整数它表示两个指针之间相隔多少个指向的对象单位而不是它们在内存中的字节偏移量。这种对象单位是指针所指向的具体类型的大小。</p><p>举个例子来说,如果你有两个指向整数数组元素的指针 <code>p</code><code>q</code>,那么 <code>p - q</code> 的结果将是 <code>p</code> 指向的数组元素的索引与 <code>q</code> 指向的数组元素索引之间的差值。这个差值代表了在数组中相隔多少个整数元素,而不是它们在内存中的字节偏移量。</p><p>这种设计的优势在于,它使得指针运算更加直观和便于理解,特别是在处理数组和其他连续存储的数据结构时。因为指针运算结果的单位是根据指针所指向的具体类型来计算的,这样可以确保不同平台上的程序行为是一致的,不会受到底层硬件架构或者字节对齐规则的影响。</p></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-e257564d><!----><div class="last-updated" data-v-e257564d><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-e257564d data-v-e98dd255>上次更新: <time datetime="2024-07-30T05:12:31.000Z" data-v-e98dd255></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/05_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>上一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>数组</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/07_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>下一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>函数</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><footer class="VPFooter has-sidebar" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-e315a0ad><div class="container" data-v-e315a0ad><p class="message" data-v-e315a0ad>Released under the MIT License.</p><p class="copyright" data-v-e315a0ad>Copyright © 2024 许大仙</p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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<span class="line"><span>endforeach ()</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br><span class="line-number">31</span><br><span class="line-number">32</span><br><span class="line-number">33</span><br><span class="line-number">34</span><br><span class="line-number">35</span><br><span class="line-number">36</span><br><span class="line-number">37</span><br><span class="line-number">38</span><br><span class="line-number">39</span><br><span class="line-number">40</span><br><span class="line-number">41</span><br><span class="line-number">42</span><br><span class="line-number">43</span><br><span class="line-number">44</span><br><span class="line-number">45</span><br><span class="line-number">46</span><br><span class="line-number">47</span><br><span class="line-number">48</span><br><span class="line-number">49</span><br><span class="line-number">50</span><br><span class="line-number">51</span><br><span class="line-number">52</span><br><span class="line-number">53</span><br><span class="line-number">54</span><br><span class="line-number">55</span><br><span class="line-number">56</span><br><span class="line-number">57</span><br><span class="line-number">58</span><br><span class="line-number">59</span><br><span class="line-number">60</span><br><span class="line-number">61</span><br><span class="line-number">62</span><br><span class="line-number">63</span><br><span class="line-number">64</span><br></div></div><ul><li>在 CLion 中正常运行代码:</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/9.DdSfz-Pf.gif" alt=""></p><ul><li>在 CLion 中通过 valgrind 运行代码:</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/10.BMocjVt7.gif" alt=""></p><h1 id="第四章-指针的理解和定义-⭐" tabindex="-1">第四章:指针的理解和定义(⭐) <a class="header-anchor" href="#第四章-指针的理解和定义-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第四章:指针的理解和定义(⭐)&quot;"></a></h1><h2 id="_4-1-概述" tabindex="-1">4.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_4-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;4.1 概述&quot;"></a></h2><h1 id="第五章-指针的运算-⭐" tabindex="-1">第五章:指针的运算(⭐) <a class="header-anchor" href="#第五章-指针的运算-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第五章:指针的运算(⭐)&quot;"></a></h1><h2 id="_5-1-概述" tabindex="-1">5.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_5-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;5.1 概述&quot;"></a></h2><h2 id="_5-2-总结" tabindex="-1">5.2 总结 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_5-2-总结" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;5.2 总结&quot;"></a></h2><ul><li><p>在 C 语言中,<code>普通变量</code>是直接存储<code>数据</code><code>变量</code>。对于普通变量,支持的操作包括:</p><ul><li><strong>赋值操作</strong>:给变量赋值,如:<code>int a = 5</code></li><li><strong>算术运算</strong>:可以对数值类型的普通变量进行加、减、乘、除等运算,如:<code>a + b</code><code>a - b</code><code>a * b</code><code>a / b</code></li><li> <strong>关系运算</strong>:可以进行比较运算(大于、小于、等于等),如: <code>a &gt; b</code><code>a == b</code></li><li><strong>逻辑运算</strong>:对布尔类型的值进行与、或、非运算,如: <code>a &amp;&amp; b</code><code>a || b</code><code>!a</code></li><li><strong>位运算</strong>:对整数类型的值进行位操作(与、或、异或、取反、左移、右移等),如: <code>a &amp; b</code><code>a | b</code><code>a ^ b</code><code>~a</code><code>a &lt;&lt; 2</code><code>a &gt;&gt; 2</code></li><li><strong>自增自减运算</strong><code>a++</code><code>--a</code> 等。</li></ul></li><li><p>在 C 语言中,<code>指针变量</code>存储的是<code>另一个变量</code><code>地址</code>。对于指针变量,支持的操作包括:</p><ul><li><strong>赋值操作</strong>:可以将一个地址赋值给指针,如: <code>int *p = &amp;a;</code></li><li><strong>解引用操作</strong>:通过指针访问它指向的变量,如: <code>*p = 10;</code> 修改指向变量的值。</li><li><strong>指针运算</strong> <ul><li><strong>指针和整数值的加减运算</strong>:指针可以进行整数的加减运算,用于访问数组或结构体成员,如: <code>p + 1</code></li><li><strong>指针的自增和自减运算</strong>:指的是内存地址的向前或向后移动,如:<code>p++</code><code>p--</code></li><li><strong>指针间的相减运算</strong>:两个指向同一数组的指针相减可以得到它们之间的元素个数,如: <code>ptr1 - ptr2</code></li><li><strong>指针间的比较运算</strong>:可以比较两个指针,如 <code>p1 == p2</code><code>p1 != p2</code></li></ul></li><li><strong>数组访问</strong>:指针可以用于访问数组中的元素,通过 <code>*(p + i)</code> 访问第 <code>i</code> 个元素。</li><li><strong>指向指针的指针</strong>:可以声明指向指针的指针,即多级指针,如:<code>int **pp = &amp;p;</code></li></ul></li></ul><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><p>在使用指针时,务必小心避免野指针和内存泄漏等问题。</p></div><p>在C语言中同类指针相减的结果是一个整数它表示两个指针之间相隔多少个指向的对象单位而不是它们在内存中的字节偏移量。这种对象单位是指针所指向的具体类型的大小。</p><p>举个例子来说,如果你有两个指向整数数组元素的指针 <code>p</code><code>q</code>,那么 <code>p - q</code> 的结果将是 <code>p</code> 指向的数组元素的索引与 <code>q</code> 指向的数组元素索引之间的差值。这个差值代表了在数组中相隔多少个整数元素,而不是它们在内存中的字节偏移量。</p><p>这种设计的优势在于,它使得指针运算更加直观和便于理解,特别是在处理数组和其他连续存储的数据结构时。因为指针运算结果的单位是根据指针所指向的具体类型来计算的,这样可以确保不同平台上的程序行为是一致的,不会受到底层硬件架构或者字节对齐规则的影响。</p></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-e257564d><!----><div class="last-updated" data-v-e257564d><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-e257564d data-v-e98dd255>上次更新: <time datetime="2024-07-30T08:10:44.000Z" data-v-e98dd255></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/05_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>上一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>数组</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/07_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>下一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>函数</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><footer class="VPFooter has-sidebar" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-e315a0ad><div class="container" data-v-e315a0ad><p class="message" data-v-e315a0ad>Released under the MIT License.</p><p class="copyright" data-v-e315a0ad>Copyright © 2024 许大仙</p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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