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h,ae as g,af as A,ag as y,d as P,u as v,y as w,x as C,ah as R,ai as b,aj as E,a5 as S}from"./chunks/framework.CZRoMP2i.js";function i(e){if(e.extends){const a=i(e.extends);return{...a,...e,async enhanceApp(t){a.enhanceApp&&await a.enhanceApp(t),e.enhanceApp&&await e.enhanceApp(t)}}}return e}const s=i(p),T=P({name:"VitePressApp",setup(){const{site:e,lang:a,dir:t}=v();return w(()=>{C(()=>{document.documentElement.lang=a.value,document.documentElement.dir=t.value})}),e.value.router.prefetchLinks&&R(),b(),E(),s.setup&&s.setup(),()=>S(s.Layout)}});async function j(){globalThis.__VITEPRESS__=!0;const e=D(),a=x();a.provide(c,e);const t=l(e.route);return a.provide(f,t),a.component("Content",d),a.component("ClientOnly",m),Object.defineProperties(a.config.globalProperties,{$frontmatter:{get(){return t.frontmatter.value}},$params:{get(){return t.page.value.params}}}),s.enhanceApp&&await s.enhanceApp({app:a,router:e,siteData:h}),{app:a,router:e,data:t}}function x(){return g(T)}function D(){let 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布尔类型","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）"]},"179":{"title":"1.5.1 概述","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.5 布尔类型"]},"180":{"title":"1.5.2 早期的布尔类型","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.5 布尔类型"]},"181":{"title":"1.5.3 宏定义的布尔类型","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.5 布尔类型"]},"182":{"title":"1.5.4 C99 标准中的布尔类型","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.5 布尔类型"]},"183":{"title":"1.5.5 C99 标准头文件中的布尔类型（推荐）","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.5 布尔类型"]},"184":{"title":"1.6 数据类型转换","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）"]},"185":{"title":"1.6.1 概述","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.6 数据类型转换"]},"186":{"title":"1.6.2 自动类型转换（隐式转换）","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.6 数据类型转换"]},"187":{"title":"1.6.2.1 运算过程中的自动类型转换","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.6 数据类型转换","1.6.2 自动类型转换（隐式转换）"]},"188":{"title":"1.6.2.2 赋值时的自动类型转换","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.6 数据类型转换","1.6.2 自动类型转换（隐式转换）"]},"189":{"title":"1.6.3 强制类型转换","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.6 数据类型转换"]},"190":{"title":"第二章：运算符（⭐）","titles":[]},"191":{"title":"2.1 概述","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）"]},"192":{"title":"2.2 算术运算符","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）"]},"193":{"title":"2.3 关系运算符（比较运算符）","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）"]},"194":{"title":"2.4 逻辑运算符","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）"]},"195":{"title":"2.5 赋值运算符","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）"]},"196":{"title":"2.6 位运算符（了解）","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）"]},"197":{"title":"2.6.1 概述","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）","2.6 位运算符（了解）"]},"198":{"title":"2.6.2 输出二进制位","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）","2.6 位运算符（了解）"]},"199":{"title":"2.6.3 按位与","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）","2.6 位运算符（了解）"]},"200":{"title":"2.6.4 按位或","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）","2.6 位运算符（了解）"]},"201":{"title":"2.6.5 按位异或","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）","2.6 位运算符（了解）"]},"202":{"title":"2.6.6 按位取反","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）","2.6 位运算符（了解）"]},"203":{"title":"2.6.7 二进制左移","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）","2.6 位运算符（了解）"]},"204":{"title":"2.6.8 二进制右移","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）","2.6 位运算符（了解）"]},"205":{"title":"2.7 三元运算符","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）"]},"206":{"title":"2.8 运算符优先级","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）"]},"207":{"title":"第三章：附录","titles":[]},"208":{"title":"3.1 字符集和字符集编码","titles":["第三章：附录"]},"209":{"title":"3.3.1 概述","titles":["第三章：附录","3.1 字符集和字符集编码"]},"210":{"title":"3.3.2 ASCII 编码","titles":["第三章：附录","3.1 字符集和字符集编码"]},"211":{"title":"3.3.3 Unicode 编码","titles":["第三章：附录","3.1 字符集和字符集编码"]},"212":{"title":"第一章：概述","titles":[]},"213":{"title":"第二章：顺序结构","titles":[]},"214":{"title":"2.1 概述","titles":["第二章：顺序结构"]},"215":{"title":"2.2 应用示例","titles":["第二章：顺序结构"]},"216":{"title":"第三章：分支结构（⭐）","titles":[]},"217":{"title":"3.1 概述","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）"]},"218":{"title":"3.2 单分支结构","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）"]},"219":{"title":"3.2.1 概述","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.2 单分支结构"]},"220":{"title":"3.2.2 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.2 单分支结构"]},"221":{"title":"3.2.3 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.2 单分支结构"]},"222":{"title":"3.3 双分支结构","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）"]},"223":{"title":"3.3.1 概述","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.3 双分支结构"]},"224":{"title":"3.3.2 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.3 双分支结构"]},"225":{"title":"3.3.2 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.3 双分支结构"]},"226":{"title":"3.3.3 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.3 双分支结构"]},"227":{"title":"3.4 多重分支结构","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）"]},"228":{"title":"3.4.1 概述","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.4 多重分支结构"]},"229":{"title":"3.4.1 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.4 多重分支结构"]},"230":{"title":"3.4.2 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.4 多重分支结构"]},"231":{"title":"3.5 多重分支结构 switch","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）"]},"232":{"title":"3.5.1 概述","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.5 多重分支结构 switch"]},"233":{"title":"3.5.2 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.5 多重分支结构 switch"]},"234":{"title":"3.5.3 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.5 多重分支结构 switch"]},"235":{"title":"3.5.4 switch 和 if else if 的比较","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.5 多重分支结构 switch"]},"236":{"title":"3.6 嵌套分支","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）"]},"237":{"title":"3.6.1 概述","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.6 嵌套分支"]},"238":{"title":"3.6.2 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.6 嵌套分支"]},"239":{"title":"第四章：随机数","titles":[]},"240":{"title":"4.1 概述","titles":["第四章：随机数"]},"241":{"title":"4.2 C 语言中随机数的产生","titles":["第四章：随机数"]},"242":{"title":"第五章：循环结构（⭐）","titles":[]},"243":{"title":"5.1 概述","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）"]},"244":{"title":"5.2 for 循环","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）"]},"245":{"title":"5.2.1 概述","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.2 for 循环"]},"246":{"title":"5.2.2 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.2 for 循环"]},"247":{"title":"5.2.3 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.2 for 循环"]},"248":{"title":"5.2.4 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.2 for 循环"]},"249":{"title":"5.2.5 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.2 for 循环"]},"250":{"title":"5.2.6 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.2 for 循环"]},"251":{"title":"5.3 while 循环","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）"]},"252":{"title":"5.3.1 概述","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.3 while 循环"]},"253":{"title":"5.3.2 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.3 while 循环"]},"254":{"title":"5.3.3 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.3 while 循环"]},"255":{"title":"5.3.4 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.3 while 循环"]},"256":{"title":"5.3.5 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.3 while 循环"]},"257":{"title":"5.3.6 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.3 while 循环"]},"258":{"title":"5.4 do-while 循环","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）"]},"259":{"title":"5.4.1 概述","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.4 do-while 循环"]},"260":{"title":"5.4.2 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.4 do-while 循环"]},"261":{"title":"5.4.3 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.4 do-while 循环"]},"262":{"title":"5.5 嵌套循环","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）"]},"263":{"title":"5.5.1 概述","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.5 嵌套循环"]},"264":{"title":"5.5.2 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.5 嵌套循环"]},"265":{"title":"5.5.3 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.5 嵌套循环"]},"266":{"title":"5.5.4 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.5 嵌套循环"]},"267":{"title":"5.5.5 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.5 嵌套循环"]},"268":{"title":"5.6 无限循环","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）"]},"269":{"title":"5.7 跳转控制语句","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）"]},"270":{"title":"5.7.1 break","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.7 跳转控制语句"]},"271":{"title":"5.7.2 continue","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.7 跳转控制语句"]},"272":{"title":"5.7.3 return","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.7 跳转控制语句"]},"273":{"title":"第一章：数组的概念","titles":[]},"274":{"title":"1.1 为什么需要数组？","titles":["第一章：数组的概念"]},"275":{"title":"1.1.1 需求分析 1","titles":["第一章：数组的概念","1.1 为什么需要数组？"]},"276":{"title":"1.1.2 需求分析 2","titles":["第一章：数组的概念","1.1 为什么需要数组？"]},"277":{"title":"1.1.3 容器的概念","titles":["第一章：数组的概念","1.1 为什么需要数组？"]},"278":{"title":"1.2 什么是数组？","titles":["第一章：数组的概念"]},"279":{"title":"1.3 数组的相关概念","titles":["第一章：数组的概念"]},"280":{"title":"1.4 数组的特点","titles":["第一章：数组的概念"]},"281":{"title":"第二章：数组的操作（⭐）","titles":[]},"282":{"title":"2.1 数组的定义","titles":["第二章：数组的操作（⭐）"]},"283":{"title":"2.1.1 动态初始化","titles":["第二章：数组的操作（⭐）","2.1 数组的定义"]},"284":{"title":"2.1.2 静态初始化 1","titles":["第二章：数组的操作（⭐）","2.1 数组的定义"]},"285":{"title":"2.1.3 静态初始化 2","titles":["第二章：数组的操作（⭐）","2.1 数组的定义"]},"286":{"title":"2.2 访问数组元素","titles":["第二章：数组的操作（⭐）"]},"287":{"title":"2.3 数组越界","titles":["第二章：数组的操作（⭐）"]},"288":{"title":"2.4 计算数组的长度","titles":["第二章：数组的操作（⭐）"]},"289":{"title":"2.5 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二进制转换为十进制","titles":["第三章：二进制","3.4 进制的转换","3.4.2 二进制和十进制的转换"]},"149":{"title":"3.4.2.2 十进制转换二进制","titles":["第三章：二进制","3.4 进制的转换","3.4.2 二进制和十进制的转换"]},"150":{"title":"3.4.3 二进制转八进制","titles":["第三章：二进制","3.4 进制的转换"]},"151":{"title":"3.4.4 二进制转十六进制","titles":["第三章：二进制","3.4 进制的转换"]},"152":{"title":"3.5 原码、反码和补码","titles":["第三章：二进制"]},"153":{"title":"3.5.1 概述","titles":["第三章：二进制","3.5 原码、反码和补码"]},"154":{"title":"3.5.2 原码","titles":["第三章：二进制","3.5 原码、反码和补码"]},"155":{"title":"3.5.3 反码","titles":["第三章：二进制","3.5 原码、反码和补码"]},"156":{"title":"3.5.4 补码","titles":["第三章：二进制","3.5 原码、反码和补码"]},"157":{"title":"3.5.5 总结","titles":["第三章：二进制","3.5 原码、反码和补码"]},"158":{"title":"3.6 计算机底层为什么使用补码？","titles":["第三章：二进制"]},"159":{"title":"第一章：数据类型（⭐）","titles":[]},"160":{"title":"1.1 概述","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）"]},"161":{"title":"1.2 整数类型","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）"]},"162":{"title":"1.2.1 概述","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.2 整数类型"]},"163":{"title":"1.2.2 短整型（了解）","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.2 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字符类型"]},"179":{"title":"1.4.2 格式占位符","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.4 字符类型"]},"180":{"title":"1.4.3 类型占用的内存大小（存储空间）","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.4 字符类型"]},"181":{"title":"1.4.4 类型的取值范围","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.4 字符类型"]},"182":{"title":"1.4.5 字符类型的本质","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.4 字符类型"]},"183":{"title":"1.5 布尔类型","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）"]},"184":{"title":"1.5.1 概述","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.5 布尔类型"]},"185":{"title":"1.5.2 早期的布尔类型","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.5 布尔类型"]},"186":{"title":"1.5.3 宏定义的布尔类型","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.5 布尔类型"]},"187":{"title":"1.5.4 C99 标准中的布尔类型","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.5 布尔类型"]},"188":{"title":"1.5.5 C99 标准头文件中的布尔类型（推荐）","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.5 布尔类型"]},"189":{"title":"1.6 数据类型转换","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）"]},"190":{"title":"1.6.1 概述","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.6 数据类型转换"]},"191":{"title":"1.6.2 自动类型转换（隐式转换）","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.6 数据类型转换"]},"192":{"title":"1.6.2.1 运算过程中的自动类型转换","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.6 数据类型转换","1.6.2 自动类型转换（隐式转换）"]},"193":{"title":"1.6.2.2 赋值时的自动类型转换","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.6 数据类型转换","1.6.2 自动类型转换（隐式转换）"]},"194":{"title":"1.6.3 强制类型转换","titles":["第一章：数据类型（⭐）","1.6 数据类型转换"]},"195":{"title":"第二章：运算符（⭐）","titles":[]},"196":{"title":"2.1 概述","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）"]},"197":{"title":"2.2 算术运算符","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）"]},"198":{"title":"2.3 关系运算符（比较运算符）","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）"]},"199":{"title":"2.4 逻辑运算符","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）"]},"200":{"title":"2.5 赋值运算符","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）"]},"201":{"title":"2.6 位运算符（了解）","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）"]},"202":{"title":"2.6.1 概述","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）","2.6 位运算符（了解）"]},"203":{"title":"2.6.2 输出二进制位","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）","2.6 位运算符（了解）"]},"204":{"title":"2.6.3 按位与","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）","2.6 位运算符（了解）"]},"205":{"title":"2.6.4 按位或","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）","2.6 位运算符（了解）"]},"206":{"title":"2.6.5 按位异或","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）","2.6 位运算符（了解）"]},"207":{"title":"2.6.6 按位取反","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）","2.6 位运算符（了解）"]},"208":{"title":"2.6.7 二进制左移","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）","2.6 位运算符（了解）"]},"209":{"title":"2.6.8 二进制右移","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）","2.6 位运算符（了解）"]},"210":{"title":"2.7 三元运算符","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）"]},"211":{"title":"2.8 运算符优先级","titles":["第二章：运算符（⭐）"]},"212":{"title":"第三章：附录","titles":[]},"213":{"title":"3.1 字符集和字符集编码","titles":["第三章：附录"]},"214":{"title":"3.3.1 概述","titles":["第三章：附录","3.1 字符集和字符集编码"]},"215":{"title":"3.3.2 ASCII 编码","titles":["第三章：附录","3.1 字符集和字符集编码"]},"216":{"title":"3.3.3 Unicode 编码","titles":["第三章：附录","3.1 字符集和字符集编码"]},"217":{"title":"第一章：概述","titles":[]},"218":{"title":"第二章：顺序结构","titles":[]},"219":{"title":"2.1 概述","titles":["第二章：顺序结构"]},"220":{"title":"2.2 应用示例","titles":["第二章：顺序结构"]},"221":{"title":"第三章：分支结构（⭐）","titles":[]},"222":{"title":"3.1 概述","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）"]},"223":{"title":"3.2 单分支结构","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）"]},"224":{"title":"3.2.1 概述","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.2 单分支结构"]},"225":{"title":"3.2.2 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.2 单分支结构"]},"226":{"title":"3.2.3 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.2 单分支结构"]},"227":{"title":"3.3 双分支结构","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）"]},"228":{"title":"3.3.1 概述","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.3 双分支结构"]},"229":{"title":"3.3.2 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.3 双分支结构"]},"230":{"title":"3.3.2 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.3 双分支结构"]},"231":{"title":"3.3.3 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.3 双分支结构"]},"232":{"title":"3.4 多重分支结构","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）"]},"233":{"title":"3.4.1 概述","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.4 多重分支结构"]},"234":{"title":"3.4.1 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.4 多重分支结构"]},"235":{"title":"3.4.2 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.4 多重分支结构"]},"236":{"title":"3.5 多重分支结构 switch","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）"]},"237":{"title":"3.5.1 概述","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.5 多重分支结构 switch"]},"238":{"title":"3.5.2 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.5 多重分支结构 switch"]},"239":{"title":"3.5.3 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.5 多重分支结构 switch"]},"240":{"title":"3.5.4 switch 和 if else if 的比较","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.5 多重分支结构 switch"]},"241":{"title":"3.6 嵌套分支","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）"]},"242":{"title":"3.6.1 概述","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.6 嵌套分支"]},"243":{"title":"3.6.2 应用示例","titles":["第三章：分支结构（⭐）","3.6 嵌套分支"]},"244":{"title":"第四章：随机数","titles":[]},"245":{"title":"4.1 概述","titles":["第四章：随机数"]},"246":{"title":"4.2 C 语言中随机数的产生","titles":["第四章：随机数"]},"247":{"title":"第五章：循环结构（⭐）","titles":[]},"248":{"title":"5.1 概述","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）"]},"249":{"title":"5.2 for 循环","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）"]},"250":{"title":"5.2.1 概述","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.2 for 循环"]},"251":{"title":"5.2.2 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.2 for 循环"]},"252":{"title":"5.2.3 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.2 for 循环"]},"253":{"title":"5.2.4 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.2 for 循环"]},"254":{"title":"5.2.5 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.2 for 循环"]},"255":{"title":"5.2.6 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.2 for 循环"]},"256":{"title":"5.3 while 循环","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）"]},"257":{"title":"5.3.1 概述","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.3 while 循环"]},"258":{"title":"5.3.2 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.3 while 循环"]},"259":{"title":"5.3.3 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.3 while 循环"]},"260":{"title":"5.3.4 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.3 while 循环"]},"261":{"title":"5.3.5 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.3 while 循环"]},"262":{"title":"5.3.6 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.3 while 循环"]},"263":{"title":"5.4 do-while 循环","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）"]},"264":{"title":"5.4.1 概述","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.4 do-while 循环"]},"265":{"title":"5.4.2 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.4 do-while 循环"]},"266":{"title":"5.4.3 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.4 do-while 循环"]},"267":{"title":"5.5 嵌套循环","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）"]},"268":{"title":"5.5.1 概述","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.5 嵌套循环"]},"269":{"title":"5.5.2 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.5 嵌套循环"]},"270":{"title":"5.5.3 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.5 嵌套循环"]},"271":{"title":"5.5.4 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.5 嵌套循环"]},"272":{"title":"5.5.5 应用示例","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.5 嵌套循环"]},"273":{"title":"5.6 无限循环","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）"]},"274":{"title":"5.7 跳转控制语句","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）"]},"275":{"title":"5.7.1 break","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.7 跳转控制语句"]},"276":{"title":"5.7.2 continue","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.7 跳转控制语句"]},"277":{"title":"5.7.3 return","titles":["第五章：循环结构（⭐）","5.7 跳转控制语句"]},"278":{"title":"第一章：颇具争议的指针","titles":[]},"279":{"title":"1.1 概述","titles":["第一章：颇具争议的指针"]},"280":{"title":"1.2 现代化高级编程语言是如何解决指针危险的？","titles":["第一章：颇具争议的指针"]},"281":{"title":"第二章：回顾知识","titles":[]},"282":{"title":"2.1 变量","titles":["第二章：回顾知识"]},"283":{"title":"2.2 普通变量和指针变量的区别","titles":["第二章：回顾知识"]},"284":{"title":"2.3 运算符","titles":["第二章：回顾知识"]},"285":{"title":"2.3.1 概述","titles":["第二章：回顾知识","2.3 运算符"]},"286":{"title":"2.3.2 运算符的优先级","titles":["第二章：回顾知识","2.3 运算符"]},"287":{"title":"第三章：指针的理解和定义（⭐）","titles":[]},"288":{"title":"3.1 变量的访问方式","titles":["第三章：指针的理解和定义（⭐）"]},"289":{"title":"3.2 内存地址和指针","titles":["第三章：指针的理解和定义（⭐）"]},"290":{"title":"3.3 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第一章：计算机组成原理 ​

1.1 计算机系统 ​

  • 计算机（Computer），俗称"电脑"，是一种能够接收和存储信息，并按照存储在其内部的程序对海量的数据进行自动、高速的处理，然后将处理结果输出的现代化智能电子设备。
  • 计算机有很多形式，如：台式电脑、笔记本电脑、智能手机、平板电脑等，还有生产环境中提供重要业务支撑的各种服务器。

  • 一个完整的计算机系统由硬件（Hardware）系统和软件（Software）系统两大部分组成，即：

1.2 冯·诺依曼体系结构 ​

  • 冯·诺依曼是一位多才多艺的科学家，他在数学、物理学、计算机科学、经济学等领域都有杰出的贡献。

  • 冯·诺依曼的主要成就：
    • 在计算机科学领域的最著名贡献是提出了冯·诺依曼体系结构（1946 年），这是现代计算机设计的基础。
    • 促进了计算机的可编程性和通用性，使得计算机能够执行各种复杂的任务。
    • 对核武器设计、自动化控制系统、人工智能等领域的发展产生了重要影响。
    • ……

IMPORTANT

冯·诺依曼体系结构是现代计算机（量子计算机除外）设计的基础。

  • 冯·诺依曼体系结构的理论要点如下：

    • ① 存储程序：程序指令和数据都存储在计算机的内存中，这使得程序可以在运行时修改。

    • ② 二进制逻辑：所有数据和指令都以二进制形式表示。

    • ③ 顺序执行：指令按照它们在内存中的顺序执行，但可以有条件地改变执行顺序。

    • ④ 五大部件：计算机由运算器、控制器、存储器、输入设备和输出设备组成。

    • ⑤ 指令结构：指令由操作码和地址码组成，操作码指示要执行的操作，地址码指示操作数的位置。

    • ⑥ 中心化控制：计算机的控制单元（CPU）负责解释和执行指令，控制数据流。

NOTE

上述的组件协同工作，构成了一个完整的计算机系统：

  • 运算器和控制器通常被集成在一起，组成中央处理器（CPU），负责数据处理和指令执行。
  • 存储器保存数据和程序，是计算机运作的基础。
  • 输入设备和输出设备负责与外界的交互，确保用户能够输入信息并接收计算机的处理结果。

1.3 各种硬件处理速度和性能优化 ​

  • 计算机的性能短板：如果 CPU 有每秒处理 1000 个服务请求的能力，各种总线的负载能力能达到 500 个， 但网卡只能接受 200个请求，而硬盘只能负担 150 个的话，那这台服务器得处理能力只能是 150 个请求/ 秒，有 85% 的处理器计算能力浪费了，在计算机系统当中，硬盘的读写速率已经成为影响系统性能进一 步提高的瓶颈。

img

  • 计算机的各个设备部件的延迟从高到低的排列，依次是机械硬盘（HDD）、固态硬盘（SSD）、内存、CPU 。

img

  • 从上图中，我们可以知道，CPU 是最快的，一个时钟周期是 0.3 ns ，内存访问需要 120 ns ，固态硬盘访问需要 50-150 us，传统的硬盘访问需要 1-10 ms，而网络访问是最慢，需要 40 ms 以上。
  • 时间的单位换算如下：
txt
1 秒 = 1000 毫秒，即 1 s = 1000 ms。
+import{_ as s,c as i,o as l,a6 as a}from"./chunks/framework.CZRoMP2i.js";const e="/c/assets/1.D4a42fT1.jpg",t="/c/assets/2.D2wnxl5F.png",n="/c/assets/3.Dq625oo9.jpg",o="/c/assets/4.uqu1DEK4.png",p="/c/assets/5.C6Q0Q8kf.jpg",c="/c/assets/6.B4Srsb-0.png",d="/c/assets/7._D_c8Lrn.png",r="/c/assets/8.DlIyFGDg.png",h="/c/assets/9.7zkUmpQw.png",k="/c/assets/10.h1ugtjyX.png",u="/c/assets/11.D5PWTabw.png",g="/c/assets/12.Bvs6QYjl.jpg",b="/c/assets/9.7zkUmpQw.png",m="/c/assets/14.CsR5exrN.png",E="/c/assets/15.BRG9GQdT.png",y="/c/assets/16.C2sciGZn.png",C="/c/assets/17.DdyXXyxJ.png",x="/c/assets/18.DIeb_KXW.png",v="/c/assets/19.C-kvMz2p.png",_="/c/assets/20.CQqFxmDa.png",A="/c/assets/21.CjMWyIiX.png",f="/c/assets/22.DFQhcDgs.png",F="/c/assets/23.Cco1vsW8.png",L=JSON.parse('{"title":"第一章：计算机组成原理","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/index.md","filePath":"notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/index.md","lastUpdated":1723194567000}'),D={name:"notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/index.md"},P=a('
第一章：计算机组成原理 ​
1.1 计算机系统 ​
  • 计算机（Computer），俗称"电脑"，是一种能够接收和存储信息，并按照存储在其内部的程序对海量的数据进行自动、高速的处理，然后将处理结果输出的现代化智能电子设备。
  • 计算机有很多形式，如：台式电脑、笔记本电脑、智能手机、平板电脑等，还有生产环境中提供重要业务支撑的各种服务器。
  • 一个完整的计算机系统由硬件（Hardware）系统和软件（Software）系统两大部分组成，即：
1.2 冯·诺依曼体系结构 ​
  • 冯·诺依曼是一位多才多艺的科学家，他在数学、物理学、计算机科学、经济学等领域都有杰出的贡献。
  • 冯·诺依曼的主要成就： 
    • 在计算机科学领域的最著名贡献是提出了冯·诺依曼体系结构（1946 年），这是现代计算机设计的基础。
    • 促进了计算机的可编程性和通用性，使得计算机能够执行各种复杂的任务。
    • 对核武器设计、自动化控制系统、人工智能等领域的发展产生了重要影响。
    • ……
IMPORTANT
冯·诺依曼体系结构是现代计算机（量子计算机除外）设计的基础。
  • 冯·诺依曼体系结构的理论要点如下：
    • ① 存储程序：程序指令和数据都存储在计算机的内存中，这使得程序可以在运行时修改。
    • ② 二进制逻辑：所有数据和指令都以二进制形式表示。
    • ③ 顺序执行：指令按照它们在内存中的顺序执行，但可以有条件地改变执行顺序。
    • ④ 五大部件：计算机由运算器、控制器、存储器、输入设备和输出设备组成。
    • ⑤ 指令结构：指令由操作码和地址码组成，操作码指示要执行的操作，地址码指示操作数的位置。
    • ⑥ 中心化控制：计算机的控制单元（CPU）负责解释和执行指令，控制数据流。
NOTE
上述的组件协同工作，构成了一个完整的计算机系统：
  • 运算器和控制器通常被集成在一起，组成中央处理器（CPU），负责数据处理和指令执行。
  • 存储器保存数据和程序，是计算机运作的基础。
  • 输入设备和输出设备负责与外界的交互，确保用户能够输入信息并接收计算机的处理结果。
1.3 各种硬件处理速度和性能优化 ​
  • 计算机的性能短板：如果 CPU 有每秒处理 1000 个服务请求的能力，各种总线的负载能力能达到 500 个， 但网卡只能接受 200个请求，而硬盘只能负担 150 个的话，那这台服务器得处理能力只能是 150 个请求/ 秒，有 85% 的处理器计算能力浪费了，在计算机系统当中，硬盘的读写速率已经成为影响系统性能进一 步提高的瓶颈。
img
  • 计算机的各个设备部件的延迟从高到低的排列，依次是机械硬盘（HDD）、固态硬盘（SSD）、内存、CPU 。
img
  • 从上图中，我们可以知道，CPU 是最快的，一个时钟周期是 0.3 ns ，内存访问需要 120 ns ，固态硬盘访问需要 50-150 us，传统的硬盘访问需要 1-10 ms，而网络访问是最慢，需要 40 ms 以上。
  • 时间的单位换算如下：
txt
1 秒 = 1000 毫秒，即 1 s = 1000 ms。
 1 毫秒 = 1000 微妙，即 1 ms = 1000 us 。
 1 微妙 = 1000 纳秒，即 1 us = 1000 ns。
  • 按照上图，将计算机世界的时间和人类世界的时间进行对比，即：
txt
如果 CPU 的时钟周期按照 1 秒计算，
 那么，内存访问就需要 6 分钟；
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import{_ as s,c as i,o as l,a6 as a}from"./chunks/framework.CZRoMP2i.js";const e
 那么，网络访问就需要 4 年以上。
  • 所以，对于 CPU 来说，这个世界真的是太慢了！！！
  • 其实，中国古代中的文人，通常以蜉蝣来表示时间的短暂（和其他生物的寿命比），也是类似的道理，即：
txt
鹤寿千岁，以极其游，蜉蝣朝生而暮死，尽其乐，盖其旦暮为期，远不过三日尔。
 	                                        --- 出自 西汉淮南王刘安《淮南子》
txt
寄蜉蝣于天地，渺沧海之一粟。 哀吾生之须臾，羡长江之无穷。 
 挟飞仙以遨游，抱明月而长终。 知不可乎骤得，托遗响于悲风。
-	                                        --- 出自 苏轼《赤壁赋》
NOTE
对于蜉蝣来说，从早到晚就是一生；而对于我们人类而言，却仅仅只是一天。
  • 存储器的层次结构（CPU 中也有存储器，即：寄存器、高速缓存 L1、L2 和 L3），如下所示：
img
NOTE
上图以层次化的方式，展示了价格信息，揭示了一个真理，即：鱼和熊掌不可兼得。
  • ① 存储器越往上速度越快，但是价格越来越贵， 越往下速度越慢，但是价格越来越便宜。
  • ② 正是由于计算机各个部件的速度不同，容量不同，价格不同，导致了计算机系统/编程中的各种问题以及相应的解决方案。
总结：CPU 都是直接和内存打交道的，即：CPU 会直接从内存中读取数据，待数据处理完毕之后，会将结果再次写入到内存中；如果需要将数据持久化（永久）保存（内存是易失性存储器，内存中的数据是以电荷形式存储在存储单元中的。当计算机关闭或断电时，这些电荷很快消散，导致存储在内存中的数据丢失），那么就会内存中的数据再刷新到磁盘或硬盘上，即：落盘。
1.4 计算机软件 ​
1.4.1 操作系统的来源 ​
  • 在上古时期，硬件资源不够丰富，计算机设计的也非常简陋。那个时候，很多应用程序都是直接跑在硬件上的，即：一个计算机只能跑一个应用程序。
  • 随着技术的发展，硬件越来越丰富，功能也越来越强大，性能也越来越好。这种情况下，如果一台计算机只能跑一个程序，实在是太浪费了。而且，底层硬件不断丰富，应用程序需要对接的硬件也将越来越多，如果每个应用程序都这么干，不显示工作很重复吗？于是，操作系统应运而生了。
  • 操作系统的功能： 
    • 硬件驱动。
    • 进程管理。
    • 内存管理。
    • 网络管理。
    • 安全管理。
    • 文件管理。
  • 那么，操作系统的作用，就是这样的，即： 
    • 对下，管理计算机的硬件资源。
    • 对上，提供使用计算机资源的操作方式，有： 
      • 系统调用：是一套已经写好的代码接口，应用程序通过调用这些接口来请求操作系统执行特定的硬件操作。它们直接与硬件交互，提供底层功能支持，如：文件操作、进程管理、内存管理等。开发者通过系统调用可以实现对底层资源的直接控制，确保程序能够高效、安全地运行。
      • 终端命令：是一种文本命令接口，通过命令行输入各种指令来控制操作系统和软件的行为。终端命令可以执行文件操作、系统配置、网络管理等各种任务。主要针对开发人员和高级用户，他们通过命令行可以快速、精确地完成各种操作，提高工作效率。
      • 图形用户界面（GUI）是通过图形元素（如：窗口、图标、按钮等）与用户进行交互的界面。供直观、易用的操作方式，使用户能够通过鼠标点击、拖拽等简单操作完成复杂任务。主要面向普通用户，降低了计算机操作的门槛，提高了用户体验和工作效率。
1.4.2 用户态和内核态 ​
  • 在现代操作系统中，用户态（User Mode）和内核态（Kernel Mode）是两种不同的执行模式，它们对系统资源的访问权限有着本质的区别。这种区分是为了提供一个稳定和安全的运行环境，防止用户程序直接操作硬件设备和关键的系统资源，从而可能引起系统的不稳定或安全问题。
  • 核态（Kernel Mode） VS 用户态（User Mode）：
类型内核态（Kernel Mode）用户态（User Mode）
权限内核态是操作系统代码运行的模式，拥有访问系统全部资源和执行硬件操作的最高权限。在这种模式下，操作系统的核心部分可以直接访问内存、硬件设备控制、管理文件系统和网络通信等。用户态是普通应用程序运行的模式，具有较低的系统资源访问权限。在用户态，程序不能直接执行硬件操作，必须通过操作系统提供的接口（即系统调用）来请求服务。
安全性由于内核态具有如此高的权限，因此只有可信的、经过严格审查的操作系统核心组件才被允许在此模式下运行。这样可以保护系统不被恶意软件破坏。用户态为系统提供了一层保护，确保用户程序不能直接访问关键的系统资源，防止系统崩溃和数据泄露。
功能内核态提供了系统调用的接口，允许用户态程序安全地请求使用操作系统提供的服务，比如：文件操作、网络通信、内存管理等。用户态保证了操作系统的稳定性和安全性，同时也使得多个程序可以在相互隔离的环境中同时运行，避免相互干扰。
NOTE
  • ① 操作系统通过用户态和内核态的分离，实现了对系统资源的保护和控制。
  • ② 当用户程序需要进行文件读写、网络通信或其他需要操作系统介入的操作时，会发生从用户态到内核态的切换。这通过系统调用（System Call）实现，系统调用是用户程序与操作系统内核通信的桥梁。
  • ③ 执行完毕后，系统从内核态返回用户态，继续执行用户程序。
  • ④ 用户态和内核态的这种分离设计是现代操作系统中实现安全、稳定运行的关键机制之一。
  • 示例：
java
import java.io.IOException;
+	                                        --- 出自 苏轼《赤壁赋》
NOTE
对于蜉蝣来说，从早到晚就是一生；而对于我们人类而言，却仅仅只是一天。
  • 存储器的层次结构（CPU 中也有存储器，即：寄存器、高速缓存 L1、L2 和 L3），如下所示：
img
NOTE
上图以层次化的方式，展示了价格信息，揭示了一个真理，即：鱼和熊掌不可兼得。
  • ① 存储器越往上速度越快，但是价格越来越贵， 越往下速度越慢，但是价格越来越便宜。
  • ② 正是由于计算机各个部件的速度不同，容量不同，价格不同，导致了计算机系统/编程中的各种问题以及相应的解决方案。
总结：CPU 都是直接和内存打交道的，即：CPU 会直接从内存中读取数据，待数据处理完毕之后，会将结果再次写入到内存中；如果需要将数据持久化（永久）保存（内存是易失性存储器，内存中的数据是以电荷形式存储在存储单元中的。当计算机关闭或断电时，这些电荷很快消散，导致存储在内存中的数据丢失），那么就需要将内存中的数据再刷新到磁盘或硬盘上，即：落盘。
1.4 计算机软件 ​
1.4.1 操作系统的来源 ​
  • 在上古时期，硬件资源不够丰富，计算机设计的也非常简陋。那个时候，很多应用程序都是直接跑在硬件上的，即：一个计算机只能跑一个应用程序。
  • 随着技术的发展，硬件越来越丰富，功能也越来越强大，性能也越来越好。这种情况下，如果一台计算机只能跑一个程序，实在是太浪费了。而且，底层硬件不断丰富，应用程序需要对接的硬件也将越来越多，如果每个应用程序都这么干，不显示工作很重复吗？于是，操作系统应运而生了。
  • 操作系统的功能： 
    • 硬件驱动。
    • 进程管理。
    • 内存管理。
    • 网络管理。
    • 安全管理。
    • 文件管理。
  • 那么，操作系统的作用，就是这样的，即： 
    • 对下，管理计算机的硬件资源。
    • 对上，提供使用计算机资源的操作方式，有： 
      • 系统调用：是一套已经写好的代码接口，应用程序通过调用这些接口来请求操作系统执行特定的硬件操作。它们直接与硬件交互，提供底层功能支持，如：文件操作、进程管理、内存管理等。开发者通过系统调用可以实现对底层资源的直接控制，确保程序能够高效、安全地运行。
      • 终端命令：是一种文本命令接口，通过命令行输入各种指令来控制操作系统和软件的行为。终端命令可以执行文件操作、系统配置、网络管理等各种任务。主要针对开发人员和高级用户，他们通过命令行可以快速、精确地完成各种操作，提高工作效率。
      • 图形用户界面（GUI）是通过图形元素（如：窗口、图标、按钮等）与用户进行交互的界面。供直观、易用的操作方式，使用户能够通过鼠标点击、拖拽等简单操作完成复杂任务。主要面向普通用户，降低了计算机操作的门槛，提高了用户体验和工作效率。
1.4.2 用户态和内核态 ​
  • 在现代操作系统中，用户态（User Mode）和内核态（Kernel Mode）是两种不同的执行模式，它们对系统资源的访问权限有着本质的区别。这种区分是为了提供一个稳定和安全的运行环境，防止用户程序直接操作硬件设备和关键的系统资源，从而可能引起系统的不稳定或安全问题。
  • 核态（Kernel Mode） VS 用户态（User Mode）：
类型内核态（Kernel Mode）用户态（User Mode）
权限内核态是操作系统代码运行的模式，拥有访问系统全部资源和执行硬件操作的最高权限。在这种模式下，操作系统的核心部分可以直接访问内存、硬件设备控制、管理文件系统和网络通信等。用户态是普通应用程序运行的模式，具有较低的系统资源访问权限。在用户态，程序不能直接执行硬件操作，必须通过操作系统提供的接口（即系统调用）来请求服务。
安全性由于内核态具有如此高的权限，因此只有可信的、经过严格审查的操作系统核心组件才被允许在此模式下运行。这样可以保护系统不被恶意软件破坏。用户态为系统提供了一层保护，确保用户程序不能直接访问关键的系统资源，防止系统崩溃和数据泄露。
功能内核态提供了系统调用的接口，允许用户态程序安全地请求使用操作系统提供的服务，比如：文件操作、网络通信、内存管理等。用户态保证了操作系统的稳定性和安全性，同时也使得多个程序可以在相互隔离的环境中同时运行，避免相互干扰。
NOTE
  • ① 操作系统通过用户态和内核态的分离，实现了对系统资源的保护和控制。
  • ② 当用户程序需要进行文件读写、网络通信或其他需要操作系统介入的操作时，会发生从用户态到内核态的切换。这通过系统调用（System Call）实现，系统调用是用户程序与操作系统内核通信的桥梁。
  • ③ 执行完毕后，系统从内核态返回用户态，继续执行用户程序。
  • ④ 用户态和内核态的这种分离设计是现代操作系统中实现安全、稳定运行的关键机制之一。
  • 示例：
java
import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.nio.file.Paths;
@@ -44,4 +44,4 @@ import{_ as s,c as i,o as l,a6 as a}from"./chunks/framework.CZRoMP2i.js";const e
     return 0;  // 函数执行完毕时返回函数值0
 }
  • 编程语言就是用于控制计算机，让其完成我们需要的功能。而我们学习编程语言，其实就是学习这些文字和符号编写的规则。
  • 因为 CPU 只能识别二进制的指令，而我们编写的程序叫做源代码，是人类能看懂；但是，计算机却不能识别。那么，我们就需要让计算机能识别我们编写的源程序，就需要将我们编写的源代码交给编译器程序，其会帮助我们将所编写的源代码转换为计算机能够识别的二进制指令。
NOTE
编译器就是运行在操作系统之上的程序，其作用就是用来将程序员编写的源代码转换为计算机能够识别的二进制指令。
  • 如果我们用 Java 语言编写了程序（源代码），那么编写的程序也是不能直接运行的，需要通过 Java 语言的编译器将 Java 程序编译为计算机能够识别的二进制指令。
  • 如果我们用 Python 语言编写了程序（源代码），那么编写的程序也是不能直接运行的，需要通过 Python 语言的编译器将 Python 程序编译为计算机能够识别的二进制指令。
  • ……
  • 总而言之，无论我们学习任何一门编程语言，想要将程序运行起来，都必须做如下的两件事情： 
    • ① 学习该语言的文字和符号编写的规则，即：语法规则。
    • ② 需要在操作系统上安装对应编程语言的编译器程序，将源程序编译为计算机能够识别的二进制指令。
2.3 计算机语言简史 ​
2.3.1 机器语言（相当于人类的石器时代） ​
  • 1946 年 2 月 14 日，世界上第一台计算机 ENIAC 诞生，使用的是最原始的穿透卡片。
  • 这种卡片使用的是用二进制代码表示的语言，和人类语言差别极大，这种语言就称为机器语言，如：
txt
0000,0000,000000010000 代表 LOAD A, 16
 0000,0001,000000000001 代表 LOAD B, 1
-0001,0001,000000010000 代表 STORE B, 16
  • 这种语言本质上是计算机能识别的唯一语言，人类很难理解；换言之，当时的程序员 99.9% 都是异类！！！
IMPORTANT
不同类型（CPU 架构，如：x86_64、arm 等）的处理器有不同的机器语言指令集，指令集架构（ISA）决定了机器语言的具体形式；换言之，机器语言与特定硬件架构紧密相关，机器语言程序几乎没有可移植性。
2.3.2 汇编语言（相当于人类的青铜&铁器时代） ​
  • 汇编语言使用助记符（如：MOV、ADD、SUB）代替二进制操作码，使程序更易于人类编写和理解；因此，汇编语言也被称为符号语言。
  • 汇编语言的优点是能编写高效率的程序；但是，缺点和机器语言没什么不同，汇编语言同样依赖于具体的计算机架构（面向机器），程序不具备跨平台的可移植性。
NOTE
汇编语言，目前仍然应用于工业电子编程领域、软件的加密解密、计算机病毒分析等。
2.3.3 高级语言（相当于人类的信息时代） ​
  • 高级语言是一种接近于人们使用习惯的程序设计语言。它允许程序员使用接近日常英语的指令来编写程序，程序中的符号和算式也和日常使用的数学公式差不多，接近于自然语言和数学语言，容易被人们掌握。
  • 高级语言独立于计算机硬件，有一定的通用性；计算机不能直接识别和执行用高级语言编写的程序，需要使用编译器或解释器转换为机器语言，才能被计算机识别和执行。
NOTE
普遍使用的高级编程语言，有：C、C++、Java、Python、C#、JavaScript、Go、SQL 等。
2.3.4 总结 ​
  • 编写语言的对比，如下所示：
类别特征优点缺点示例
机器语言直接由计算机执行的二进制代码执行速度快编写困难，可读性差，与具体硬件强绑定二进制代码
汇编语言用助记符代替二进制代码的低级语言相对机器语言更易编写和理解，允许直接控制硬件资源依然需要了解硬件，不够抽象，与具体硬件或平台相关MOV，ADD 等助记符
高级语言接近人类语言，提供了更高层次的抽象易于编写和维护，可移植性好，支持多种编程范式需要通过编译器或解释器转换为机器语言，可能存在一定的性能损失C，Java， Python 等
NOTE
  • ① 这三种编程语言类型从低级到高级提供了不同层次的抽象，以满足不同的编程需求和场景。
  • ② 随着计算机科学的发展，高级语言因其强大的表达能力、良好的可移植性和易用性，成为了日常软件开发的主流选择。
第三章：初识 C 语言 ​
3.1 C 语言的由来 ​
  • 1969 年，美国贝尔实验室的肯·汤姆森（Ken Thompson）和丹尼斯·里奇（Dennis Ritchie）一起开发了 Unix 操作系统。Unix 最初是使用汇编语言编写的，依赖于计算机硬件。为了程序的可读性和可移植性，它们决定使用高级语言重写。但是。当时的高级语言无法满足他们的要求，肯·汤姆森就在 BCPL 语言的基础上发明了 B 语言。
  • 1972 年，丹尼斯·里奇（Dennis Ritchie）在 B 语言的基础上重新设计了一种新的语言，这种新语言取代了 B 语言，即 C 语言。
  • 1973 年，整个 Unix 系统都使用 C 语言重写。
NOTE
C 语言最初是作为 Unix 系统的开发工具而发明的。
  • 此后，这种语言快速流传，广泛用于各种操作系统和系统软件的开发，如：Unix、MS-DOS、Microsoft Windows 以及 Linux 等。
  • 1988 年，美国国家标准协会（ANSI）正式将 C 语言标准化，标志着 C 语言开始稳定和规范化。
3.2 为什么要学习 C 语言？ ​
  • ① C 语言具有可移植好、跨平台的特点：用 C 语言编写的代码可以在不同的操作系统和硬件平台上编译和运行。
NOTE
  • ① C 语言的最原始的设计目的，就是为了将 Unix 操作系统移植到其他的计算机架构上，这使得它从一开始就非常注重可移植性。
  • ② 这边所说的 C 语言的可移植性，是和汇编语言相比的；如果 C 语言和现代化的高级编程语言相比，可移植性还是很差的，如：Java 的口号是“一次编译，到处运行”，Go 的口号是“一次编译，到处执行”。
  • ② C 语言在许多领域应用广泛。 
    • 操作系统：C 广泛用于开发操作系统，如：Unix、Linux 和 Windows。
    • 嵌入式系统：C 是一种用于开发嵌入式系统（如：微控制器、微处理器和其它电子设备）的流程语言。
    • 系统软件：C 用于开发设备驱动程序、编译器和汇编器等系统软件。
    • 网络：C 语言广泛用于开发网络应用程序，例如：Web 服务器、网络协议和网络驱动程序。
    • 数据库系统：C 用于开发数据库系统，例如：Oracle、MySQL 和 PostgreSQL 。
    • 游戏：由于 C 能够处理低级硬件交互，因此经常用于开发计算机游戏。
    • 人工智能：C 用于开发人工智能和机器学习的应用程序，例如：神经网络和深度学习算法。
    • 科学应用：C 用于开发科学应用程序，例如：仿真软件和数值分析工具。
    • 金融应用：C 用于开发股票市场分析和交易系统等金融应用。
  • ③ C 语言能够直接对硬件进行操作、管理内存以及和操作系统对话，这使得它是一种非常接近底层的语言，非常适合写需要和硬件交互、有极高性能要求的程序。
  • ④ 学习 C 语言有助于快速上手其他编程语言，如：C++（原先是 C 语言的一个扩展，在 C 语言的基础上嫁接了面向对象编程思想）、C#、Java 等，这些语言都继承或深受 C 语言的影响和启发。
  • ⑤ C 语言长盛不衰。C 语言至今，依然是最广泛使用、最流行的编程语言之一，包括很多大学将 C 语言作为计算机教学的入门语言，拥有庞大而活跃的用户社区，这意味着有许多资源和库可供开发人员使用。
3.3 计算机语言排行榜 ​
  • TIOBE 是一个流行编程语言排行，每月更新。排名权重基于世界范围内工程师数量，Google、Bing、Yahoo! 、Wikipedia、Amazon、Youtube 和百度这些主流的搜索引擎，也将作为排名权重的参考指标。
  • 计算机语言走势图：
3.4 C 语言的版本选择 ​
  • 随着微型计算机的日益普及，出现了许多 C 语言版本（标准）：
    • 版本 1（K＆R C）：K&R C 指的是 C 语言的原始版本。1978年，C 语言的发明者布莱恩·柯林（Brian Kernighan）和丹尼斯·里奇（Dennis Ritchie）合写了一本著名的教材《C 编程语言》（The C programming language）。
    NOTE
    由于 C 语言还没有成文的语法标准，这本书就成了公认标准，以两位作者的姓氏首字母作为版本简称 “K&R C”。
    • 版本 2（ANSI C，又称 C89 或 C90）：C 语言的原始版本非常简单，对很多情况的描述非常模糊，加上 C 语法依然在快速发展，要求将 C 语言标准化的呼声越来越高。1989 年，美国国家标准协会（ANSI）制定了一套 C 语言标准，并于次年被国际标准化组织（ISO）通过。它被称为 “ANSI C”，也可以按照发布年份，称为 “C89 或 C90”。
    • 版本 3（C99）：C 语言标准的第一次大型修订，发生在 1999 年，增加了许多语言特性，比如：双斜杠（ // ）的注释语法，可变长度数组、灵活的数组成员、复数、内联函数和指定的初始值设定项，这个版本称为 C99，是目前最流行的 C 版本。
    • 版本 4（C11）：2011 年，标准化组织再一次对 C 语言进行修订，增加了_Generic、static_assert 和原子类型限定符。这个版本称为 C11。
    NOTE
    需要强调的是，修订标准的原因并不是因为原标准不能用，而是需要跟进新的技术。
    • 版本 5（C17）：C11 标准在 2017 年进行了修补，但发布是在 2018 年。新版本只是解决了 C11 的一些缺陷，没有引入任何新功能。这个版本称为 C17。
    • 版本 6（C23）：2023 年发布，计划进一步增强安全性，消除实现定义的行为，引入模块化语言概念等新特性，使 C 语言在安全和可靠性方面有重大提高。
    • ……
3.5 C 语言的优缺点 ​
  • C 语言的优点：
    • ① 高效：C 语言生成的代码非常高效，执行速度快，这使得其非常适合用于操作系统、嵌入式系统等需要高性能的场景。
    • ② 灵活性和低级控制：C 语言允许直接操作内存和硬件，可以进行位操作、指针运算等底层编程，非常适合开发需要直接硬件控制的应用。
    • ③ 广泛的硬件和平台支持：C 语言几乎可以在所有的计算机平台上运行，从微处理器到超级计算机，几乎所有的硬件平台都支持 C 语言。
    • ④ 标准库丰富：C 语言有一个标准库（C Standard Library），提供了大量常用的函数，涵盖了文件操作、字符串处理、内存管理等多种功能。
    • ⑤ 语言简洁：语法规则相对简单，没有过多的复杂特性，使得语言本身比较容易学习和掌握。
  • C 语言的缺点：
    • ① 缺乏高级特性：和现代编程语言相对，C 语言缺乏一些高级特性，如：面向对象编程、垃圾回收机制等，这使得某些类型的应用程序开发可能会更加复杂。
    • ② 安全性问题：C 语言允许直接操作内存，可能会导致缓冲区溢出、空指针引用等安全漏洞。如果不小心处理，容易产生难以调试的错误和安全隐患。
    • ③ 手动管理内存：C 语言需要程序员手动管理内存，即：分配内存和释放内存，这增加了内存泄露和悬空指针等问题的风险。
    • ④ 错误调试困难：由于 C 语言的底层操作特点，调试和排查错误可能比较困难，尤其是在处理复杂指针和内存操作的时候。
    • ⑤ 标准库有限：虽然 C 语言的标准库涵盖了很多基本功能，但相比现代编程语言的标准库，功能相对有限，尤其是在网络编程、多线程编程等方面。
  • 总而言之，C 语言的高效性和灵活性使其在系统级编程和嵌入式系统中占据重要地位，但其缺乏高级特性和内存管理上的挑战也使得开发过程可能更加复杂和容易出错。对于需要高性能和底层控制的应用，C 语言依然是不可替代的选择。
第四章：C 语言的学习技巧 ​
4.1 概述 ​
  • 对于大部分的初学者， 学习 C 语言的目的可能是为了成为一名合格的程序员，开发出优秀的软件。但是，在学习了 C 语言的基本语法后，却发现只能在控制台（黑底白字）上玩玩，没有漂亮的用户界面以及人性化的交互。于是，开始学习数据结构、算法、数据库、操作系统，越陷越深，越来越迷茫，不知道学习 C 语言能做什么，认为学习编程很难，开始怀疑自己，直到放弃！！！
  • 其实，C 语言本身就是一门非常简单的语言，提供的实用功能不多，大部分的时候需要借助操作系统、第三方库以及以及一些硬件才能发挥它的威力！！！
IMPORTANT
  • ① 学习 C 语言仅仅是让你踏上程序员之路的第一步而已，只学习 C 语言也做不了什么。
  • ② 系统、扎实的学习 C 语言可以让你了解底层硬件、一些简单的数据结构和算法，并培养计算机思维。
  • C 语言是一门通用性的语言，并没有针对某个领域进行优化，在实际项目中，C 语言主要用于比较底层的开发，例如： 
    • Windows、Linux、Unix 等操作系统的内核 90% 以上都使用 C 语言开发（Rust 语言有望未来，在更多的操作系统开发中占据一席之地，特别是在对安全性和性能要求极高的领域）。
    • 开发硬件驱动，让硬件和操作系统连接起来，这样用户才能更有效的使用硬件。
    • 单片机和嵌入式属于软硬件的结合，是使用 C 语言最多的地方。
    • 开发系统组件或服务，用于支撑上层应用。
    • ……
  • 既然 C 语言的应用很多，为什么感觉学习它还是做不了什么？答案就是生态。
IMPORTANT
现代化的高级编程语言的流行程度，除了和编程语言的设计是否优秀有关，最主要的原因就是生态。
  • ① 很多编程语言都自带标准库（语言本身提供的，开箱即用），如：Java、Go 等。
  • ② 很多编程语言都有自己的包管理器（用于管理第三方库）解决方案，如：Java 中的 Maven、Gradle、Go 中的 go modules ，JavaScript 的 npm 等。
遗憾的是，C 语言的标准库非常简单，只有输入输出、文件操作、日期时间、字符串处理、内存管理，对于网络编程、GUI、数据库、并发等需要大量的第三方库来扩展 C 语言的功能（Java 语言、Go 语言等其他的现代化高级编程语言，都是直接将这些常见的开发场景内置到标准库中，极大的降低了软件开发的难度）。C 语言的第三方库也非常稀少，更别提缺少自己的包管理器。
不过，现在 C 语言社区也开始诞生了一些包管理器，如：Conan 和 vcpkg ；也有自己的项目构建工具，如：cmake 、xmake 等。
NOTE
JavaScript 的作者 Brendan Eich（布兰登·艾奇） 曾经这么说：“与其说我爱 JavaScript，不如说我恨它。它是 C 语言和 Self 语言一夜情的产物。十八世纪英国文学家约翰逊博士说得好："它的优秀之处并非原创，它的原创之处并不优秀。"”
汇编生 C ，C 生万物！！！
4.2 项目构建工具和包管理器 ​
4.2.1 概述 ​
  • 项目构建工具和包管理器在软件开发中扮演着不同的角色，它们虽然有时会有重叠的功能，但主要关注的点是不同的。
4.2.2 项目构建工具 ​
  • 项目构建工具是用于自动化编译、测试、打包、部署等一系列任务的软件工具。它们帮助开发者简化和管理整个软件开发生命周期中的各个步骤，尤其是在构建过程中的复杂性管理上。
  • 其功能有： 
    • 编译代码：自动编译源代码（如 ：.java、.c 等）为可执行文件或中间文件（如：.class 文件）。
    • 运行测试：集成单元测试、集成测试，自动运行测试用例并生成报告。
    • 打包：将编译后的代码、依赖库、资源文件等打包成可分发的格式（如：JAR、WAR、可执行文件等）。
    • 依赖管理：自动下载、更新和管理项目所需的第三方库（这部分功能有时与包管理器重叠）。
    • 部署：将打包后的应用程序自动部署到测试环境、生产环境等。
    • 任务自动化：除了基本的构建流程外，还可以自动化执行一些常见任务，如：代码检查、文档生成等。
  • 常用的项目构建工具： 
    • Maven（Java）：一个流行的构建工具和依赖管理工具，广泛用于 Java 项目。
    • Gradle（Java、Kotlin、Groovy）：一个灵活的构建工具，支持声明式的构建脚本和多种语言。
    • Make（C/C++）：一个经典的构建工具，使用 Makefile 来定义构建规则和依赖关系。
    • Ant（Java）：早期流行的 Java 构建工具，通过 XML 配置文件定义构建过程。
    • CMake（C/C++）：一个跨平台的构建系统，帮助生成标准的构建文件，如：Makefile 或 Visual Studio 项目文件。
4.2.3 包管理器 ​
  • 包管理器是用于自动化安装、更新、配置和管理软件包及其依赖关系的工具。它主要关注于获取和管理项目所需的第三方库或工具包，并确保它们正确地集成到项目中。
  • 其功能有： 
    • 依赖管理：根据项目配置文件（如：package.json、requirements.txt）自动下载和安装项目所需的依赖包。
    • 版本控制：管理包的版本，允许开发者指定某个特定版本或版本范围，确保项目中的库版本一致性。
    • 包的发布和共享：开发者可以通过包管理器发布自己的库，并且共享给社区或组织内部的其他项目使用。
    • 环境隔离：有些包管理器提供虚拟环境功能，可以将不同项目的依赖隔离开，避免版本冲突。
    • 更新和卸载：包管理器可以自动更新依赖包到最新的兼容版本或卸载不再需要的包。
  • 常见的包管理器： 
    • npm（Node.js）：用于管理 JavaScript 和 Node.js 项目的包和模块。
    • pip（Python）：用于安装和管理 Python 的软件包。
    • Composer（PHP）：用于管理 PHP 项目的依赖库。
    • NuGet（.NET）：用于管理 .NET 平台上的包和库。
    • RubyGems（Ruby）：用于管理 Ruby 的库和工具包。
    • Cargo（Rust）：Rust 编程语言的包管理器和构建工具。
    • Yarn（JavaScript）：是 npm 的替代品，提供更快和更可靠的包管理体验。
    • Homebrew（macOS）：用于 macOS 系统下的命令行工具和库的管理。
4.2.3 注意事项 ​
  • 对于 Java 项目中的 Maven 或 Gradle 而言，其不仅是项目构建工具也是包管理工具。
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+0001,0001,000000010000 代表 STORE B, 16
  • 这种语言本质上是计算机能识别的唯一语言，人类很难理解；换言之，当时的程序员 99.9% 都是异类！！！

IMPORTANT

不同类型（CPU 架构，如：x86_64、arm 等）的处理器有不同的机器语言指令集，指令集架构（ISA）决定了机器语言的具体形式；换言之，机器语言与特定硬件架构紧密相关，机器语言程序几乎没有可移植性。

2.3.2 汇编语言（相当于人类的青铜&铁器时代） ​

  • 汇编语言使用助记符（如：MOV、ADD、SUB）代替二进制操作码，使程序更易于人类编写和理解；因此，汇编语言也被称为符号语言。

  • 汇编语言的优点是能编写高效率的程序；但是，缺点和机器语言没什么不同，汇编语言同样依赖于具体的计算机架构（面向机器），程序不具备跨平台的可移植性。

NOTE

汇编语言，目前仍然应用于工业电子编程领域、软件的加密解密、计算机病毒分析等。

2.3.3 高级语言（相当于人类的信息时代） ​

  • 高级语言是一种接近于人们使用习惯的程序设计语言。它允许程序员使用接近日常英语的指令来编写程序，程序中的符号和算式也和日常使用的数学公式差不多，接近于自然语言和数学语言，容易被人们掌握。

  • 高级语言独立于计算机硬件，有一定的通用性；计算机不能直接识别和执行用高级语言编写的程序，需要使用编译器或解释器转换为机器语言，才能被计算机识别和执行。

NOTE

普遍使用的高级编程语言，有：C、C++、Java、Python、C#、JavaScript、Go、SQL 等。

2.3.4 总结 ​

  • 编写语言的对比，如下所示：
类别特征优点缺点示例
机器语言直接由计算机执行的二进制代码执行速度快编写困难，可读性差，与具体硬件强绑定二进制代码
汇编语言用助记符代替二进制代码的低级语言相对机器语言更易编写和理解，允许直接控制硬件资源依然需要了解硬件，不够抽象，与具体硬件或平台相关MOV，ADD 等助记符
高级语言接近人类语言，提供了更高层次的抽象易于编写和维护，可移植性好，支持多种编程范式需要通过编译器或解释器转换为机器语言，可能存在一定的性能损失C，Java， Python 等

NOTE

  • ① 这三种编程语言类型从低级到高级提供了不同层次的抽象，以满足不同的编程需求和场景。
  • ② 随着计算机科学的发展，高级语言因其强大的表达能力、良好的可移植性和易用性，成为了日常软件开发的主流选择。

第三章：初识 C 语言 ​

3.1 C 语言的由来 ​

  • 1969 年，美国贝尔实验室的肯·汤姆森（Ken Thompson）和丹尼斯·里奇（Dennis Ritchie）一起开发了 Unix 操作系统。Unix 最初是使用汇编语言编写的，依赖于计算机硬件。为了程序的可读性和可移植性，它们决定使用高级语言重写。但是。当时的高级语言无法满足他们的要求，肯·汤姆森就在 BCPL 语言的基础上发明了 B 语言。
  • 1972 年，丹尼斯·里奇（Dennis Ritchie）在 B 语言的基础上重新设计了一种新的语言，这种新语言取代了 B 语言，即 C 语言。

  • 1973 年，整个 Unix 系统都使用 C 语言重写。

NOTE

C 语言最初是作为 Unix 系统的开发工具而发明的。

  • 此后，这种语言快速流传，广泛用于各种操作系统和系统软件的开发，如：Unix、MS-DOS、Microsoft Windows 以及 Linux 等。

  • 1988 年，美国国家标准协会（ANSI）正式将 C 语言标准化，标志着 C 语言开始稳定和规范化。

3.2 为什么要学习 C 语言？ ​

  • ① C 语言具有可移植好、跨平台的特点：用 C 语言编写的代码可以在不同的操作系统和硬件平台上编译和运行。

NOTE

  • ① C 语言的最原始的设计目的，就是为了将 Unix 操作系统移植到其他的计算机架构上，这使得它从一开始就非常注重可移植性。
  • ② 这边所说的 C 语言的可移植性，是和汇编语言相比的；如果 C 语言和现代化的高级编程语言相比，可移植性还是很差的，如：Java 的口号是“一次编译，到处运行”，Go 的口号是“一次编译，到处执行”。
  • ② C 语言在许多领域应用广泛。
    • 操作系统：C 广泛用于开发操作系统，如：Unix、Linux 和 Windows。
    • 嵌入式系统：C 是一种用于开发嵌入式系统（如：微控制器、微处理器和其它电子设备）的流程语言。
    • 系统软件：C 用于开发设备驱动程序、编译器和汇编器等系统软件。
    • 网络：C 语言广泛用于开发网络应用程序，例如：Web 服务器、网络协议和网络驱动程序。
    • 数据库系统：C 用于开发数据库系统，例如：Oracle、MySQL 和 PostgreSQL 。
    • 游戏：由于 C 能够处理低级硬件交互，因此经常用于开发计算机游戏。
    • 人工智能：C 用于开发人工智能和机器学习的应用程序，例如：神经网络和深度学习算法。
    • 科学应用：C 用于开发科学应用程序，例如：仿真软件和数值分析工具。
    • 金融应用：C 用于开发股票市场分析和交易系统等金融应用。
  • ③ C 语言能够直接对硬件进行操作、管理内存以及和操作系统对话，这使得它是一种非常接近底层的语言，非常适合写需要和硬件交互、有极高性能要求的程序。
  • ④ 学习 C 语言有助于快速上手其他编程语言，如：C++（原先是 C 语言的一个扩展，在 C 语言的基础上嫁接了面向对象编程思想）、C#、Java 等，这些语言都继承或深受 C 语言的影响和启发。
  • ⑤ C 语言长盛不衰。C 语言至今，依然是最广泛使用、最流行的编程语言之一，包括很多大学将 C 语言作为计算机教学的入门语言，拥有庞大而活跃的用户社区，这意味着有许多资源和库可供开发人员使用。

3.3 计算机语言排行榜 ​

  • TIOBE 是一个流行编程语言排行，每月更新。排名权重基于世界范围内工程师数量，Google、Bing、Yahoo! 、Wikipedia、Amazon、Youtube 和百度这些主流的搜索引擎，也将作为排名权重的参考指标。

  • 计算机语言走势图：

3.4 C 语言的版本选择 ​

  • 随着微型计算机的日益普及，出现了许多 C 语言版本（标准）：

    • 版本 1（K＆R C）：K&R C 指的是 C 语言的原始版本。1978年，C 语言的发明者布莱恩·柯林（Brian Kernighan）和丹尼斯·里奇（Dennis Ritchie）合写了一本著名的教材《C 编程语言》（The C programming language）。

    NOTE

    由于 C 语言还没有成文的语法标准，这本书就成了公认标准，以两位作者的姓氏首字母作为版本简称 “K&R C”。

    • 版本 2（ANSI C，又称 C89 或 C90）：C 语言的原始版本非常简单，对很多情况的描述非常模糊，加上 C 语法依然在快速发展，要求将 C 语言标准化的呼声越来越高。1989 年，美国国家标准协会（ANSI）制定了一套 C 语言标准，并于次年被国际标准化组织（ISO）通过。它被称为 “ANSI C”，也可以按照发布年份，称为 “C89 或 C90”。

    • 版本 3（C99）：C 语言标准的第一次大型修订，发生在 1999 年，增加了许多语言特性，比如：双斜杠（ // ）的注释语法，可变长度数组、灵活的数组成员、复数、内联函数和指定的初始值设定项，这个版本称为 C99，是目前最流行的 C 版本。

    • 版本 4（C11）：2011 年，标准化组织再一次对 C 语言进行修订，增加了_Generic、static_assert 和原子类型限定符。这个版本称为 C11。

    NOTE

    需要强调的是，修订标准的原因并不是因为原标准不能用，而是需要跟进新的技术。

    • 版本 5（C17）：C11 标准在 2017 年进行了修补，但发布是在 2018 年。新版本只是解决了 C11 的一些缺陷，没有引入任何新功能。这个版本称为 C17。
    • 版本 6（C23）：2023 年发布，计划进一步增强安全性，消除实现定义的行为，引入模块化语言概念等新特性，使 C 语言在安全和可靠性方面有重大提高。
    • ……

3.5 C 语言的优缺点 ​

  • C 语言的优点：

    • ① 高效：C 语言生成的代码非常高效，执行速度快，这使得其非常适合用于操作系统、嵌入式系统等需要高性能的场景。
    • ② 灵活性和低级控制：C 语言允许直接操作内存和硬件，可以进行位操作、指针运算等底层编程，非常适合开发需要直接硬件控制的应用。
    • ③ 广泛的硬件和平台支持：C 语言几乎可以在所有的计算机平台上运行，从微处理器到超级计算机，几乎所有的硬件平台都支持 C 语言。
    • ④ 标准库丰富：C 语言有一个标准库（C Standard Library），提供了大量常用的函数，涵盖了文件操作、字符串处理、内存管理等多种功能。
    • ⑤ 语言简洁：语法规则相对简单，没有过多的复杂特性，使得语言本身比较容易学习和掌握。

  • C 语言的缺点：

    • ① 缺乏高级特性：和现代编程语言相对，C 语言缺乏一些高级特性，如：面向对象编程、垃圾回收机制等，这使得某些类型的应用程序开发可能会更加复杂。
    • ② 安全性问题：C 语言允许直接操作内存，可能会导致缓冲区溢出、空指针引用等安全漏洞。如果不小心处理，容易产生难以调试的错误和安全隐患。
    • ③ 手动管理内存：C 语言需要程序员手动管理内存，即：分配内存和释放内存，这增加了内存泄露和悬空指针等问题的风险。
    • ④ 错误调试困难：由于 C 语言的底层操作特点，调试和排查错误可能比较困难，尤其是在处理复杂指针和内存操作的时候。
    • ⑤ 标准库有限：虽然 C 语言的标准库涵盖了很多基本功能，但相比现代编程语言的标准库，功能相对有限，尤其是在网络编程、多线程编程等方面。

  • 总而言之，C 语言的高效性和灵活性使其在系统级编程和嵌入式系统中占据重要地位，但其缺乏高级特性和内存管理上的挑战也使得开发过程可能更加复杂和容易出错。对于需要高性能和底层控制的应用，C 语言依然是不可替代的选择。

第四章：C 语言的学习技巧 ​

4.1 概述 ​

  • 对于大部分的初学者， 学习 C 语言的目的可能是为了成为一名合格的程序员，开发出优秀的软件。但是，在学习了 C 语言的基本语法后，却发现只能在控制台（黑底白字）上玩玩，没有漂亮的用户界面以及人性化的交互。于是，开始学习数据结构、算法、数据库、操作系统，越陷越深，越来越迷茫，不知道学习 C 语言能做什么，认为学习编程很难，开始怀疑自己，直到放弃！！！
  • 其实，C 语言本身就是一门非常简单的语言，提供的实用功能不多，大部分的时候需要借助操作系统、第三方库以及以及一些硬件才能发挥它的威力！！！

IMPORTANT

  • ① 学习 C 语言仅仅是让你踏上程序员之路的第一步而已，只学习 C 语言也做不了什么。
  • ② 系统、扎实的学习 C 语言可以让你了解底层硬件、一些简单的数据结构和算法，并培养计算机思维。
  • C 语言是一门通用性的语言，并没有针对某个领域进行优化，在实际项目中，C 语言主要用于比较底层的开发，例如：
    • Windows、Linux、Unix 等操作系统的内核 90% 以上都使用 C 语言开发（Rust 语言有望未来，在操作系统开发中占据一席之地，特别是在对安全性和性能要求极高的领域）。
    • 开发硬件驱动，让硬件和操作系统连接起来，这样用户才能更有效的使用硬件。
    • 单片机和嵌入式属于软硬件的结合，是使用 C 语言最多的地方。
    • 开发系统组件或服务，用于支撑上层应用。
    • ……
  • 既然 C 语言的应用很多，为什么感觉学习它还是做不了什么？答案就是生态。

IMPORTANT

现代化的高级编程语言的流行程度，除了和编程语言的设计是否优秀有关，最主要的原因就是生态。

  • ① 很多编程语言都自带标准库（语言本身提供的，开箱即用），如：Java、Go 等。
  • ② 很多编程语言都有自己的包管理器（用于管理第三方库）解决方案，如：Java 中的 Maven、Gradle、Go 中的 go modules ，JavaScript 的 npm 等。

遗憾的是，C 语言的标准库非常简单，只有输入输出、文件操作、日期时间、字符串处理、内存管理，对于网络编程、GUI、数据库、并发等需要大量的第三方库来扩展 C 语言的功能（Java 语言、Go 语言等其他的现代化高级编程语言，都是直接将这些常见的开发场景内置到标准库中，极大的降低了软件开发的难度）。C 语言的第三方库也非常稀少，更别提缺少自己的包管理器。

不过，现在 C 语言社区也开始诞生了一些包管理器，如：Conan 和 vcpkg ；也有自己的项目构建工具，如：cmake 、xmake 等。

NOTE

JavaScript 的作者 Brendan Eich（布兰登·艾奇） 曾经这么说：“与其说我爱 JavaScript，不如说我恨它。它是 C 语言和 Self 语言一夜情的产物。十八世纪英国文学家约翰逊博士说得好："它的优秀之处并非原创，它的原创之处并不优秀。"”

汇编生 C ，C 生万物！！！

4.2 项目构建工具和包管理器 ​

4.2.1 概述 ​

  • 项目构建工具和包管理器在软件开发中扮演着不同的角色，它们虽然有时会有重叠的功能，但主要关注的点是不同的。

4.2.2 项目构建工具 ​

  • 项目构建工具是用于自动化编译、测试、打包、部署等一系列任务的软件工具。它们帮助开发者简化和管理整个软件开发生命周期中的各个步骤，尤其是在构建过程中的复杂性管理上。
  • 其功能有：
    • 编译代码：自动编译源代码（如 ：.java、.c 等）为可执行文件或中间文件（如：.class 文件）。
    • 运行测试：集成单元测试、集成测试，自动运行测试用例并生成报告。
    • 打包：将编译后的代码、依赖库、资源文件等打包成可分发的格式（如：JAR、WAR、可执行文件等）。
    • 依赖管理：自动下载、更新和管理项目所需的第三方库（这部分功能有时与包管理器重叠）。
    • 部署：将打包后的应用程序自动部署到测试环境、生产环境等。
    • 任务自动化：除了基本的构建流程外，还可以自动化执行一些常见任务，如：代码检查、文档生成等。
  • 常用的项目构建工具：
    • Maven（Java）：一个流行的构建工具和依赖管理工具，广泛用于 Java 项目。
    • Gradle（Java、Kotlin、Groovy）：一个灵活的构建工具，支持声明式的构建脚本和多种语言。
    • Make（C/C++）：一个经典的构建工具，使用 Makefile 来定义构建规则和依赖关系。
    • Ant（Java）：早期流行的 Java 构建工具，通过 XML 配置文件定义构建过程。
    • CMake（C/C++）：一个跨平台的构建系统，帮助生成标准的构建文件，如：Makefile 或 Visual Studio 项目文件。

4.2.3 包管理器 ​

  • 包管理器是用于自动化安装、更新、配置和管理软件包及其依赖关系的工具。它主要关注于获取和管理项目所需的第三方库或工具包，并确保它们正确地集成到项目中。
  • 其功能有：
    • 依赖管理：根据项目配置文件（如：package.json、requirements.txt）自动下载和安装项目所需的依赖包。
    • 版本控制：管理包的版本，允许开发者指定某个特定版本或版本范围，确保项目中的库版本一致性。
    • 包的发布和共享：开发者可以通过包管理器发布自己的库，并且共享给社区或组织内部的其他项目使用。
    • 环境隔离：有些包管理器提供虚拟环境功能，可以将不同项目的依赖隔离开，避免版本冲突。
    • 更新和卸载：包管理器可以自动更新依赖包到最新的兼容版本或卸载不再需要的包。
  • 常见的包管理器：
    • npm（Node.js）：用于管理 JavaScript 和 Node.js 项目的包和模块。
    • pip（Python）：用于安装和管理 Python 的软件包。
    • Composer（PHP）：用于管理 PHP 项目的依赖库。
    • NuGet（.NET）：用于管理 .NET 平台上的包和库。
    • RubyGems（Ruby）：用于管理 Ruby 的库和工具包。
    • Cargo（Rust）：Rust 编程语言的包管理器和构建工具。
    • Yarn（JavaScript）：是 npm 的替代品，提供更快和更可靠的包管理体验。
    • Homebrew（macOS）：用于 macOS 系统下的命令行工具和库的管理。

4.2.3 注意事项 ​

  • 对于 Java 项目中的 Maven 或 Gradle 而言，其不仅是项目构建工具也是包管理工具。
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第一章：开发环境的安装和配置（⭐） ​

1.1 环境的安装和配置 ​

1.1.1 概述 ​

  • 要开发 C/C++ 程序，需要安装 C/C++ 编译器，目前有两种主流实现，即：

    • GCC（GNU Compiler Collection）：全平台实现，即支持 Windows、MacOS、Linux 等。
    • MSVC（Microsoft Visual C++）：只支持 Windows 系统。

  • GCC 在 Windows 上的版本有很多，如：MinGW-w64、Gygwin、MSYS2。它们之间的区别，如下所示：

特性MinGW-w64CygwinMSYS2
简介Minimalist GNU for WindowsPOSIX 兼容环境和工具集结合了 MinGW 和 Cygwin 的工具集
编译器提供 GCC 编译器提供 POSIX 兼容环境，包含大量工具提供 MinGW-w64 工具链和 Cygwin 环境
生成文件Windows 原生可执行文件POSIX 兼容的可执行文件可以生成 Windows 原生可执行文件或 POSIX 文件
依赖无需额外依赖依赖 Cygwin DLL根据使用工具链决定（MinGW-w64 无依赖，Cygwin 有依赖）
工具和库基本的编译工具丰富的 Unix 工具和库丰富的工具和库，强大的包管理系统
性能性能较好可能较低，因为通过兼容层调用系统取决于使用的工具链（MinGW-w64 性能较好）
复杂度简单易用设置和使用相对复杂较为灵活，复杂度介于 MinGW-w64 和 Cygwin 之间
适用场景开发 Windows 原生应用运行和开发 Unix 程序混合使用 Unix 工具和开发 Windows 原生应用
优点轻量级，直接生成 Windows 应用完整的 POSIX 兼容环境，丰富的工具灵活的环境，强大的包管理系统
缺点工具和库较少生成文件依赖 Cygwin DLL，性能可能较低环境较大，占用更多空间，复杂性比 MinGW-w64 高

NOTE

  • ① MinGW-w64 、Cygwin 以及 MSYS2 任选其一安装即可。
  • ② 目前的 Win10 和 Win11 版本支持 WSL2 （Windows Sub Linux 2 ，即 Windows 的子系统 Linux），可以实现在 Windows 系统上安装一个 Linux ，然后再运行 Linux 中的 GCC 工具链。

1.1.2 MinGW-w64 的安装和配置 ​

1.1.2.1 安装 ​

  • 下载到本地：略。

NOTE

下载地址在这里。

  • 解压到指定的目录，即：

NOTE

本人的解压目录是：D:\\develop\\mingw64 。

1.1.2.2 配置 path 环境变量 ​

  • 配置环境变量，以便任意目录都可以执行 gcc 命令，即：

NOTE

因为，本人安装 MinGW-w64 的目录是 D:\\develop\\mingw64，所以配置 path 环境变量就需要 D:\\develop\\mingw64\\bin。

  • 测试是否安装成功：
shell
gcc --version

1.1.3 Cygwin 的安装和配置 ​

1.1.3.1 安装 ​

  • 下载到本地：略。

NOTE

下载地址在这里。

  • 点击安装：

NOTE

默认是最小化安装，没有 GCC，需要选择 gcc-core、gcc-g++、make、gdb、binutils 。

1.1.3.2 配置 path 环境变量 ​

  • 和 3.1.2.2 配置 path 环境变量 步骤相同：略。

1.1.4 MSYS2（推荐） ​

1.1.4.1 安装 ​

  • 下载到本地：略。

NOTE

下载地址在这里。

  • 点击安装：

  • 出现命令终端：

  • 替换清华镜像源（可选）：
shell
sed -i "s#https\\?://mirror.msys2.org/#https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/msys2/#g" /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist*

  • 安装 gcc 等相关开发包：
shell
pacman -Syu --noconfirm # 更新包管理器
shell
pacman -Sy base-devel --noconfirm # 安装开发工具包
shell
pacman -Sy mingw-w64-x86_64-toolchain --noconfirm # 安装开发 gcc 相关工具链

1.1.4.2 配置 path 环境变量 ​

  • 和 3.1.2.2 配置 path 环境变量 步骤相同：略。

1.2 IDE 的安装和配置 ​

1.2.1 CLion ​

1.2.1.1 概述 ​

  • CLion 是一款由 JetBrains 推出的跨平台 C/C++ 集成开发环境（IDE），它具有智能编辑器、CMake 构建支持、调试器、单元测试、代码分析等功能，可以极大提高 C/C++ 开发效率。

1.2.1.2 安装 ​

  • 鼠标双击，进入安装：

  • 下一步：

  • 下一步：

  • 下一步：

  • 安装：

  • 安装完成：

1.2.1.3 配置 ​

  • 打开 CLion ：

  • 安装中文插件（可选）：

  • 配置新 UI ：

  • 新 UI 配置自定义字体（可选）：

  • 配置自动保存功能：

  • 配置文件编码 为 UTF-8：

  • 配置控制台编码为 UTF-8：

  • 配置显示方法分隔符功能：

  • 配置编辑器的字体（可选）：

  • 检测 GCC 工具链是否安装成功：

1.2.2 VS Code ​

1.2.2.1 概述 ​

  • Visual Studio Code (VS Code) 是一个免费的开源代码编辑器，适用于 Windows、MacOS 和 Linux 平台。它支持语法高亮、智能代码补全（IntelliSense）、内置调试工具和Git集成。用户可以通过扩展来添加更多功能，如：支持新的编程语言、主题和调试工具。VS Code 还支持在微软 Azure 上进行部署和托管，适用于各种编程语言和框架。

NOTE

Visual Studio Code 需要安装对应的插件，才能运行 C/C++ 代码。

1.2.2.2 安装 ​

  • 鼠标双击，进入安装：

  • 同意协议：

  • 下一步：

  • 下一步：

  • 下一步：

  • 安装：

  • 安装过程：

  • 安装完成：

1.2.2.3 配置 ​

  • 安装中文插件：

  • 安装 C/C++ 插件：

1.2.3 Microsoft Visual Studio ​

1.2.3.1 概述 ​

  • Visual Studio（简称 VS）是由微软公司发布的集成开发环境。它包括了整个软件生命周期中所需要的大部分工具，如：UML工具、代码管控工具、集成开发环境（IDE）等。

  • Visual Studio 支持 C/C++、C#、F#、VB 等多种程序语言的开发和测试，可以用于生成Web应用程序，也可以生成桌面应用程序，功能十分强大，但下载和安装很可能耗时数小时，还可能会塞满磁盘。

  • Visual Studio 2022 有三种版本：社区版(免费，不支持企业使用)，专业版(第一年 1199 美元/ 799 美元续订)和企业版(第一年 5999 美元/ 2569 美元续订)。企业版拥有面向架构师的功能、高级调试和测试，这些功能是另两种 SKU 所没有的。

  • Visual Studio 旨在成为世界上最好的 IDE（集成开发环境），目前最新版本为 Visual Studio 2022。

1.2.3.2 安装 ​

  • 鼠标双击，进入安装：

  • 继续：

  • 等待：

  • 工作负荷（使用 C++ 的桌面开发）：

  • 单个组件：

  • 语言包：

  • 安装位置（修改默认的安装位置）：

  • 如果不是第一次安装，可能会出现共享组件、工具和 SDK不可以修改，即：

  • 此时，就需要打开注册表编辑器，将如下图中的除了第一个选项，全部删除，然后关闭再重新安装，即：

  • 开始安装：

  • 安装中：

  • 安装完成，然后关闭：

1.2.3.3 配置 ​

  • 在开始菜单处，启动 VS ：

  • 登录或跳过该选项（有微软账号就注册，没有就暂时跳过）：

  • 继续：

  • 注册 VS ：

  • 填写注册码：

NOTE

  • ① Pro 版本：TD244-P4NB7-YQ6XK-Y8MMM-YWV2J
  • ② Enterprise 版本：VHF9H-NXBBB-638P6-6JHCY-88JWH

第二章：HelloWorld（⭐） ​

2.3.1 手动版 ​

  • ① 新建一个 HelloWorld.c 的文件：

  • ② 通过记事本等软件打开该文件，输入如下的代码，并保存：
c
#include <stdio.h>
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第一章：开发环境的安装和配置（⭐） ​
1.1 环境的安装和配置 ​
1.1.1 概述 ​
  • 要开发 C/C++ 程序，需要安装 C/C++ 编译器，目前有两种主流实现，即： 
    • GCC（GNU Compiler Collection）：全平台实现，即支持 Windows、MacOS、Linux 等。
    • MSVC（Microsoft Visual C++）：只支持 Windows 系统。
  • GCC 在 Windows 上的版本有很多，如：MinGW-w64、Gygwin、MSYS2。它们之间的区别，如下所示：
特性MinGW-w64CygwinMSYS2
简介Minimalist GNU for WindowsPOSIX 兼容环境和工具集结合了 MinGW 和 Cygwin 的工具集
编译器提供 GCC 编译器提供 POSIX 兼容环境，包含大量工具提供 MinGW-w64 工具链和 Cygwin 环境
生成文件Windows 原生可执行文件POSIX 兼容的可执行文件可以生成 Windows 原生可执行文件或 POSIX 文件
依赖无需额外依赖依赖 Cygwin DLL根据使用工具链决定（MinGW-w64 无依赖，Cygwin 有依赖）
工具和库基本的编译工具丰富的 Unix 工具和库丰富的工具和库，强大的包管理系统
性能性能较好可能较低，因为通过兼容层调用系统取决于使用的工具链（MinGW-w64 性能较好）
复杂度简单易用设置和使用相对复杂较为灵活，复杂度介于 MinGW-w64 和 Cygwin 之间
适用场景开发 Windows 原生应用运行和开发 Unix 程序混合使用 Unix 工具和开发 Windows 原生应用
优点轻量级，直接生成 Windows 应用完整的 POSIX 兼容环境，丰富的工具灵活的环境，强大的包管理系统
缺点工具和库较少生成文件依赖 Cygwin DLL，性能可能较低环境较大，占用更多空间，复杂性比 MinGW-w64 高
NOTE
  • ① MinGW-w64 、Cygwin 以及 MSYS2 任选其一安装即可。
  • ② 目前的 Win10 和 Win11 版本支持 WSL2 （Windows Sub Linux 2 ，即 Windows 的子系统 Linux），可以实现在 Windows 系统上安装一个 Linux ，然后再运行 Linux 中的 GCC 工具链。
1.1.2 MinGW-w64 的安装和配置 ​
1.1.2.1 安装 ​
  • 下载到本地：略。
NOTE
下载地址在这里。
  • 解压到指定的目录，即：
NOTE
本人的解压目录是：D:\\develop\\mingw64 。
1.1.2.2 配置 path 环境变量 ​
  • 配置环境变量，以便任意目录都可以执行 gcc 命令，即：
NOTE
因为，本人安装 MinGW-w64 的目录是 D:\\develop\\mingw64，所以配置 path 环境变量就需要 D:\\develop\\mingw64\\bin。
  • 测试是否安装成功：
shell
gcc --version
1.1.3 Cygwin 的安装和配置 ​
1.1.3.1 安装 ​
  • 下载到本地：略。
NOTE
下载地址在这里。
  • 点击安装：
NOTE
默认是最小化安装，没有 GCC，需要选择 gcc-core、gcc-g++、make、gdb、binutils 。
1.1.3.2 配置 path 环境变量 ​
  • 和 3.1.2.2 配置 path 环境变量 步骤相同：略。
1.1.4 MSYS2（推荐） ​
1.1.4.1 安装 ​
  • 下载到本地：略。
NOTE
下载地址在这里。
  • 点击安装：
  • 出现命令终端：
  • 替换清华镜像源（可选）：
shell
sed -i "s#https\\?://mirror.msys2.org/#https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/msys2/#g" /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist*
  • 安装 gcc 等相关开发包：
shell
pacman -Syu --noconfirm # 更新包管理器
shell
pacman -Sy base-devel --noconfirm # 安装开发工具包
shell
pacman -Sy mingw-w64-x86_64-toolchain --noconfirm # 安装开发 gcc 相关工具链
1.1.4.2 配置 path 环境变量 ​
  • 和 3.1.2.2 配置 path 环境变量 步骤相同：略。
1.2 IDE 的安装和配置 ​
1.2.1 CLion ​
1.2.1.1 概述 ​
  • CLion 是一款由 JetBrains 推出的跨平台 C/C++ 集成开发环境（IDE），它具有智能编辑器、CMake 构建支持、调试器、单元测试、代码分析等功能，可以极大提高 C/C++ 开发效率。
1.2.1.2 安装 ​
  • 鼠标双击，进入安装：
  • 下一步：
  • 下一步：
  • 下一步：
  • 安装：
  • 安装完成：
1.2.1.3 配置 ​
  • 打开 CLion ：
  • 安装中文插件（可选）：
  • 配置新 UI ：
  • 新 UI 配置自定义字体（可选）：
  • 配置自动保存功能：
  • 配置文件编码 为 UTF-8：
  • 配置控制台编码为 UTF-8：
  • 配置显示方法分隔符功能：
  • 配置编辑器的字体（可选）：
  • 检测 GCC 工具链是否安装成功：
1.2.2 VS Code ​
1.2.2.1 概述 ​
  • Visual Studio Code (VS Code) 是一个免费的开源代码编辑器，适用于 Windows、MacOS 和 Linux 平台。它支持语法高亮、智能代码补全（IntelliSense）、内置调试工具和Git集成。用户可以通过扩展来添加更多功能，如：支持新的编程语言、主题和调试工具。VS Code 还支持在微软 Azure 上进行部署和托管，适用于各种编程语言和框架。
NOTE
Visual Studio Code 需要安装对应的插件，才能运行 C/C++ 代码。
1.2.2.2 安装 ​
  • 鼠标双击，进入安装：
  • 同意协议：
  • 下一步：
  • 下一步：
  • 下一步：
  • 安装：
  • 安装过程：
  • 安装完成：
1.2.2.3 配置 ​
  • 安装中文插件：
  • 安装 C/C++ 插件：
1.2.3 Microsoft Visual Studio ​
1.2.3.1 概述 ​
  • Visual Studio（简称 VS）是由微软公司发布的集成开发环境。它包括了整个软件生命周期中所需要的大部分工具，如：UML工具、代码管控工具、集成开发环境（IDE）等。
  • Visual Studio 支持 C/C++、C#、F#、VB 等多种程序语言的开发和测试，可以用于生成Web应用程序，也可以生成桌面应用程序，功能十分强大，但下载和安装很可能耗时数小时，还可能会塞满磁盘。
  • Visual Studio 2022 有三种版本：社区版(免费，不支持企业使用)，专业版(第一年 1199 美元/ 799 美元续订)和企业版(第一年 5999 美元/ 2569 美元续订)。企业版拥有面向架构师的功能、高级调试和测试，这些功能是另两种 SKU 所没有的。
  • Visual Studio 旨在成为世界上最好的 IDE（集成开发环境），目前最新版本为 Visual Studio 2022。
1.2.3.2 安装 ​
  • 鼠标双击，进入安装：
  • 继续：
  • 等待：
  • 工作负荷（使用 C++ 的桌面开发）：
  • 单个组件：
  • 语言包：
  • 安装位置（修改默认的安装位置）：
  • 如果不是第一次安装，可能会出现共享组件、工具和 SDK不可以修改，即：
  • 此时，就需要打开注册表编辑器，将如下图中的除了第一个选项，全部删除，然后关闭再重新安装，即：
  • 开始安装：
  • 安装中：
  • 安装完成，然后关闭：
1.2.3.3 配置 ​
  • 在开始菜单处，启动 VS ：
  • 登录或跳过该选项（有微软账号就注册，没有就暂时跳过）：
  • 继续：
  • 注册 VS ：
  • 填写注册码：
NOTE
  • ① Pro 版本：TD244-P4NB7-YQ6XK-Y8MMM-YWV2J
  • ② Enterprise 版本：VHF9H-NXBBB-638P6-6JHCY-88JWH
第二章：C 语言入门（HelloWorld，⭐） ​
2.1 手动版 ​
  • ① 新建一个 HelloWorld.c 的文件：
  • ② 通过记事本等软件打开该文件，输入如下的代码，并保存：
c
#include <stdio.h>
 
 int main(){
     printf("Hello World");
     return 0;
-}
  • ③ 通过 gcc 命令编译该文件：
shell
gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.exe
  • ④ 执行：
shell
./HelloWorld.exe
2.3.2 VS Code 版 ​
  • ① 新建一个空文件夹（目录），用于存放代码：
  • ② 通过 vscode 打开该目录：
  • ③ 在 vscode 中新建 HelloWorld.c 文件：
  • ④ 设置 VSCode 中 C/C++ 的代码格式为行尾风格（可选）：
  • ⑤ 编写如下的代码，并保存：
c
#include <stdio.h>
+}
  • ③ 通过 gcc 命令编译该文件：
shell
gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.exe
  • ④ 执行：
shell
./HelloWorld.exe
2.2 VS Code 版 ​
  • ① 新建一个空文件夹（目录），用于存放代码：
  • ② 通过 vscode 打开该目录：
  • ③ 在 vscode 中新建 HelloWorld.c 文件：
  • ④ 设置 VSCode 中 C/C++ 的代码格式为行尾风格（可选）：
  • ⑤ 编写如下的代码，并保存：
c
#include <stdio.h>
 
 int main(){
     printf("Hello World");
     return 0;
-}
  • ⑥ 通过 gcc 命令编译该文件：
shell
gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.exe
  • ⑦ 执行：
shell
./HelloWorld.exe
  • ⑧ 安装 Code Runner 插件（步骤略），实现右键直接编译执行（可选）：
2.3.3 VS 版 ​
  • ① 新建空项目：
  • ② 打开解决方案资源管理器：
  • ③ 新建 HelloWorld.c 文件：
  • ④ 编写如下代码，并保存：
c
#include <stdio.h>
+}
  • ⑥ 通过 gcc 命令编译该文件：
shell
gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.exe
  • ⑦ 执行：
shell
./HelloWorld.exe
  • ⑧ 安装 Code Runner 插件（步骤略），实现右键直接编译执行（可选）：
2.3 VS 版 ​
  • ① 新建空项目：
  • ② 打开解决方案资源管理器：
  • ③ 新建 HelloWorld.c 文件：
  • ④ 编写如下代码，并保存：
c
#include <stdio.h>
 
 int main(){
     printf("Hello World");
     return 0;
-}
  • ⑤ 编译和执行：
2.3.4 CLion ​
  • ① 新建空项目：
  • ② 编写如下代码，并保存：
c
#include <stdio.h>
+}
  • ⑤ 编译和执行：
2.4 CLion 版 ​
  • ① 新建空项目：
  • ② 编写如下代码，并保存：
c
#include <stdio.h>
 
 int main(){
     printf("Hello World");
     return 0;
-}
  • ③ 编译和运行：
  • ④ 默认情况下，一个项目只能有一个 c 源文件包含 main 函数，但是 CLion 可以有多个，如下：
  • ⑤ 如果之后，有中文乱码问题，那么请做如下步骤：
NOTE
内容如下所示：
txt
-Dfile.encoding=UTF-8
--Dconsole.encoding=UTF-8
第三章：注释（⭐） ​
3.1 概述 ​
  • 编程语言中，注释是一种特殊的文本，它不会被编译器执行，而仅用于代码的解释和文档说明。
NOTE
  • ① 注释是一个程序员必须有具有的良好编程习惯。
  • ② 在实际开发中，程序员可以将自己的思路通过注释整理出来，然后再用代码去实现。
3.2 单行注释 ​
  • C 语言中的单行注释的格式，如下所示：
c
// 单行注释
NOTE
在 CLion 中的快捷键是 Ctrl + / 。
  • 示例：
c
#include <stdio.h> // 这是编译预处理指令
+}
  • ③ 编译和运行：
  • ④ 默认情况下，一个项目只能有一个 c 源文件包含 main 函数，但是 CLion 可以有多个，如下：
  • ⑤ 如果之后，有中文乱码问题，那么请做如下步骤：
NOTE
内容如下所示：
txt
-Dfile.encoding=UTF-8
+-Dconsole.encoding=UTF-8
第三章：五花八门的 C 语言编译器（⭐） ​
3.1 概述 ​
  • 由于 C 语言的历史比较久，而且早期没有规范，整个计算机产业也都处于拓荒的年代，所以就涌现了很多款 C 语言编译器，它们各有特点，适用于不同的平台。
3.2 桌面操作系统 ​
  • 目前而言，主流的桌面操作系统就是 Windows、Linux 和 MacOS 。
  • 对于 Windows 而言，使用的最多的 C/C++ 编译器是 MSVC （Microsoft Visual C++），被集成在 Visual Studio 开发环境中，其特点如下： 
    • ① 兼容性: 与 Windows 操作系统和 Windows API 深度集成，生成的二进制文件为 PE 格式。
    • ② 调试工具: 提供强大的调试工具，如：Visual Studio Debugger。
    • ③ 优化: 支持各种编译器优化，特别是针对 Windows 平台的优化。
    • ④ 库支持: 提供丰富的 Windows 专用库，如：MFC（Microsoft Foundation Class Library）。
NOTE
MSVC 不开源，我们可以使用 Visual Studio Community 社区版，但是如果想使用 Visual Studio Community 社区版生成出来的应用进行商用，就需要好好阅读微软的许可证和说明书了。
  • 对于 Linux 而言，使用的最多的 C/C++ 编译器是 GCC（支持多种架构和语言），并且很多 Linux 发行版本都将 GCC 作为默认的编译器，其特点如下所示： 
    • ① 广泛支持: 支持各种 Linux 发行版，是大多数开源项目的默认编译器。
    • ② 强大的优化: 提供各种编译优化选项，适合多种性能需求的开发。
    • ③ 丰富的工具链: 和 GDB（GNU 调试器）、Make、Autoconf 等工具无缝集成。
NOTE
目前而言，GCC 已经属于跨平台的项目了，支持 Windows、Linux 和 MacOS ，在 Windows 上 GCC 的移植项目，如：MinGW、Cygwin 以及 MSYS2，其差别如下所示：
  • ① MinGW 提供了 GCC 编译器的 Windows 版本，可以生成 Windows 兼容的本地代码。
  • ② Cygwin 是一个在 Windows 上运行的类 Unix 环境，它提供了一套完整的 POSIX 兼容工具，包括 GCC 编译器。
  • ③ MSYS2 是一个在 Windows 上运行的轻量级、开源的 Unix-like 环境，它为 Windows 用户提供了类似于 Linux 的开发环境。MSYS2 是 MinGW 和 Cygwin 的后继者，旨在提供更现代化和更强大的开发工具集。
  • 对于 MacOS 而言，使用的最多的 C/C++ 编译器是 Clang/LLVM，其特点如下： 
    • ① Xcode 集成: 深度集成到 Xcode 中，支持 Apple 的所有平台（macOS、iOS、tvOS、watchOS）的开发。
    • ② 优化和兼容: 生成的代码针对 Apple 的硬件进行优化，并兼容 GCC 的大部分功能。
    • ③ 现代化: Clang 提供了对 C 语言标准的全面支持，并且以其快速的编译速度和易读的错误报告而著称。
NOTE
在 MacOS 中，尽管 Clang 是默认编译器；但是，也可以 Homebrew 等包管理器来安装 GCC ，以便开发 C/C++ 项目。
3.3 嵌入式系统 ​
  • 在嵌入式系统开发中，可用的 C 语言编译器以及工具链非常丰富， 有很多是免费或开源的，如下所示：
    • GCC (GNU Compiler Collection)： 
      • 简介：GCC 是最广泛使用的开源编译器集合之一，支持多种处理器架构，包括 ARM、AVR、MIPS、RISC-V 等。
      • 开源或免费：完全开源且免费，受到广泛的社区支持。
    • Clang/LLVM： 
      • 简介：Clang 是基于 LLVM 架构的开源编译器，支持多种架构，并且与 GCC 兼容。
      • 开源或免费：开源且免费，具有快速的编译速度和现代化的代码分析工具。
    • SDCC (Small Device C Compiler)： 
      • 简介: SDCC 是一个开源的跨平台 C 编译器，主要用于 8 位和 16 位微控制器，如：8051、Z80、PIC 等。
      • 开源或免费：完全开源且免费，适合教育和小型项目开发。
    • MPLAB XC Compilers： 
      • 简介：MPLAB XC 是由 Microchip 提供的编译器系列，专门用于其 PIC 和 dsPIC 微控制器。
      • 开源或免费：提供免费版本（使用标准优化级别），但也有付费版本提供更高级的优化。
    • ARM GCC： 
      • 简介：ARM GCC 是 GCC 的一个专门版本，针对 ARM Cortex-M 系列微控制器进行了优化。
      • 开源或免费：完全开源且免费，广泛用于工业、教育和开源项目中。
    • PlatformIO ： 
      • 简介：PlatformIO 是一个开源的嵌入式开发生态系统，支持多种开发板、框架和编译器。
      • 开源或免费：基本功能免费，部分高级功能和插件需要订阅服务。
    • Eclipse ： 
      • 简介：Eclipse 是一个开源的集成开发环境（IDE），可以通过插件支持嵌入式开发。
      • 开源或免费：Eclipse 和 GCC 都是开源免费的，适合跨平台开发。
    • Arduino IDE： 
      • 简介：Arduino IDE 是一个简单易用的开源开发环境，广泛用于 Arduino 开发板和其他兼容开发板。
      • 开源或免费：完全开源且免费，非常适合教育和入门级开发。
    • ...
  • 这些编译器以及工具链各有优势，开发者应根据目标硬件平台、项目需求和开发环境选择最适合的编译器。
3.4 C 语言为什么有那么多的编译器？ ​
  • C 语言并没有一个官方机构，也不属于哪个公司，它只有一个制定标准的委员会，任何其他组织或者个人都可以开发 C 语言的编译器，而这个编译器要遵守哪个 C 语言标准，是 100% 遵守还是部分遵守，并没有强制性的措施，也没有任何约束。
NOTE
各个厂商可以为了自己的利益、根据自己的喜好来开发编译器。
  • 这就导致了一个棘手的问题，有的编译器遵守较新的 C 语言标准，有的编译器只能遵守较老的 C 语言标准，有的编译器还进行了很多扩展。比如： 
    • GCC、LLVM/Clang 更新非常及时，能够支持最新的 C 语言标准。
    • MSVC 更新比较缓慢，迟迟不能支持新标准，例如：VC 6.0、VS2010 都在使用 C89 标准，VS2015 部分支持 C99 标准。
NOTE
微软官方给出的答复：最新的标准已经在 C++ 中支持了，C 语言就没必要再重复了。
  • 初学者经常会遇到这种情况，有些代码在 MSVC 下能够正常运行，拿到 GCC 下就不行了，一堆报错信息； 或者反过来，在 GCC 上能运行的代码在 MSVC 下不能运行。这是因为不同的编译器支持的标准不同，每个编译器都进行了自己的扩展，假如你使用了 MSVC 自己的扩展函数，那么拿到 GCC 下肯定是不支持的。
IMPORTANT
在学习的时候，无所谓使用那个 C 语言编译器了；但是，如果要开发实际项目（开源或商业），最好使用 GCC 编译器，因为其功能最强大、开源、跨平台、免费，支持最新的 C 语言标准。
第四章：注释（⭐） ​
4.1 概述 ​
  • 编程语言中，注释是一种特殊的文本，它不会被编译器执行，而仅用于代码的解释和文档说明。
NOTE
  • ① 注释是一个程序员必须有具有的良好编程习惯。
  • ② 在实际开发中，程序员可以将自己的思路通过注释整理出来，然后再用代码去实现。
4.2 单行注释 ​
  • C 语言中的单行注释的格式，如下所示：
c
// 单行注释
NOTE
在 CLion 中的快捷键是 Ctrl + / 。
  • 示例：
c
#include <stdio.h> // 这是编译预处理指令
 
 int main() { // 定义主函数
 
     printf("你好，世界！！！"); // 输出所指定的一行信息
 
     return 0;  // 函数执行完毕时返回函数值0
-}
3.3 多行注释 ​
  • C 语言中的多行注释的格式，如下所示：
c
/*
+}
4.3 多行注释 ​
  • C 语言中的多行注释的格式，如下所示：
c
/*
   这是第一行注释
   这是第二行注释
   这是第三行注释
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ import{_ as s,c as a,o as i,a6 as n}from"./chunks/framework.CZRoMP2i.js";const l
     printf("你好，世界！！！"); 
 
     return 0;  
-}
第四章：HelloWorld 的规范（⭐） ​
4.1 规范的代码风格 ​
4.1.1 正确的缩进和空白 ​
  • ① 使用一次 tab 操作，实现缩进，默认整体向右边移动；如果使用 shift + tab 则整体向左移动。
  • ② 运算符两边习惯各加一个空格，如：2 + 4 = 6。
NOTE
各种 IDE 都有格式化的快捷键，如：CLion 的格式化快捷键是 Ctrl + Alt + L 。
  • 示例：
c
#include <stdio.h>
+}
第五章：HelloWorld 的规范（⭐） ​
5.1 规范的代码风格 ​
5.1.1 正确的缩进和空白 ​
  • ① 使用一次 tab 操作，实现缩进，默认整体向右边移动；如果使用 shift + tab 则整体向左移动。
  • ② 运算符两边习惯各加一个空格，如：2 + 4 = 6。
NOTE
各种 IDE 都有格式化的快捷键，如：CLion 的格式化快捷键是 Ctrl + Alt + L 。
  • 示例：
c
#include <stdio.h>
 
 int main() {
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ import{_ as s,c as a,o as i,a6 as n}from"./chunks/framework.CZRoMP2i.js";const l
     printf("c = %d", c);
 
     return 0;
-}
4.1.2 代码风格 ​
  • 在 C 语言中，有两种代码风格：行尾风格和次行风格。
NOTE
看个人爱好，任选一种即可，本人喜欢行尾分格！！！
  • 示例：行尾风格
c
int main(){                                      
+}
5.1.2 代码风格 ​
  • 在 C 语言中，有两种代码风格：行尾风格和次行风格。
NOTE
看个人爱好，任选一种即可，本人喜欢行尾分格！！！
  • 示例：行尾风格
c
int main(){                                      
     if(a > b) {
 		return a;
 	} else {
@@ -70,22 +70,22 @@ import{_ as s,c as a,o as i,a6 as n}from"./chunks/framework.CZRoMP2i.js";const l
 		return b;
 	}  
   	return 0;                   
-}
4.2 代码细节剖析 ​
4.2.1 main() 函数 ​
  • 在 C 语言中，一个程序或工程可以定义很多函数，但是有且只有一个 main() 函数，作为程序执行的入口，并且在 main() 函数结尾结束整个程序的运行，即：
c
int main(){
+}
5.2 代码细节剖析 ​
5.2.1 main() 函数 ​
  • 在 C 语言中，一个程序或工程可以定义很多函数，但是有且只有一个 main() 函数，作为程序执行的入口，并且在 main() 函数结尾结束整个程序的运行，即：
c
int main(){
     return 0;
-}
  • 如果 main() 函数是空括号，即表示 main() 函数不接收任何参数。
  • 在 main() 函数之前的 int 称为关键字，代表数据类型是整型，它是 main() 函数的返回值的类型，即在执行 main() 函数之后一定会得到一个整数类型的值，即函数值。
NOTE
  • ① 在 C 语言中，人们约定，如果 return 0，就表示 main() 函数终止运行，且运行成功；如果返回其它非零整数，则表示运行失败。
  • ② 默认情况下，如果 main() 函数中省略 return 0 ，则编译器会自动加上；但是，为了保持统一的代码风格，不建议省略。
4.2.2 函数体 ​
  • ① 一对花括号 {} 定义了函数的主体，所有函数都必须以大括号开头和结尾，成对出现。
  • ② C 程序中的函数体指的是作为该函数一部分的语句。它可以是任何操作，比如：搜索、排序、打印等。
  • ③ 每一个执行语句后面都会有一个英文分号;作为语句结束的标志。
  • ④ 一行内可写几条语句，一条语句也可写在几行上。
4.2.3 printf() 函数 ​
  • printf() 函数的格式，如下所示：
c
printf (const char *__format, ...)
  • printf() 函数是产生格式化输出的函数，作用是将参数文本输出到屏幕，f 表示 format（格式化），表示可以指定输出文本的格式，即：
c
printf ("Hello World"); // 将字符串输出到控制台，行尾不换行
  • 如果想让光标移动到下一行的开头，可以在输出文本的结尾，可以添加一个换行符 \\n，即：
c
printf("Hello World\\n");
4.2.4 标准库和头文件 ​
4.2.4.1 概述 ​
  • printf() 函数是在标准库的头文件 stdio.h 中定义的，要想在程序中使用这个函数，必须在源文件的头部引入该头文件，即：
c
#include <stdio.h>
4.2.4.2 标准库（Standard Library） ​
  • C 语言的标准库是由一组函数组成，这些函数提供了许多常用的操作和功能，如：输入输出、字符串处理、内存管理、数学计算等。标准库中的函数由编译器提供，遵循 ANSI C 标准（如：C89/C90、C99、C11等）。
  • 换言之，C 语言的标准库就是包含函数的实际代码，这些代码在编译的时候被链接到我们的程序中，无需手动包含。C 语言的标准库提供了可重用的函数实现，使得程序员不必编写常用的功能。
NOTE
实际的 printf() 函数的实现代码通常位于标准库的实现文件中，如：在 Linux 中的标准库libc.so.6 就包含了 printf() 函数的实现。
4.2.4.3 头文件（Header Files） ​
  • 头文件是包含函数声明、宏定义、数据类型定义等内容的文件。头文件的作用是为源代码提供必要的声明和定义，以便编译器能够正确解析和链接函数调用。头文件通常以.h作为文件扩展名。
  • 换言之，头文件包含函数声明、宏定义和数据类型定义，但不包含函数的实现。头文件告知编译器如何使用标准库中的函数和定义，确保编译时的正确性。头文件需要在源代码文件中使用#include指令显式包含，如：#include <stdio.h>。
  • 常见的 C 语言头文件及其功能和常用函数、宏等，如下所示：
头文件功能说明常用函数和宏
stdio.h标准输入输出库printf， scanf， fprintf，fscanf，fopen， fclose，fgets， fputs
stdlib.h标准库，提供内存分配、程序控制、类型转换、随机数生成等功能malloc， free， exit， atoi， atof，rand，srand
string.h字符串处理库strlen， strcpy， strncpy， strcat， strcmp，strstr， memset， memcpy
math.h数学库sin， cos， tan， exp， log， sqrt， pow
time.h时间和日期库time， clock， difftime， mktime， strftime， localtime，gmtime
ctype.h字符处理库isalnum， isalpha， isdigit， islower， isupper， tolower， toupper
stdbool.h布尔类型库bool， true， false
assert.h断言库assert
4.2.4.4 预处理命令 ​
  • #include 命令的作用是将指定文件的内容插入到包含该命令的源文件中。这通常用于包含头文件，以便使用头文件中声明的函数、宏和数据类型。
  • 语法：
c
// 用于包含标准库头文件或系统头文件。
+}
  • 如果 main() 函数是空括号，即表示 main() 函数不接收任何参数。
  • 在 main() 函数之前的 int 称为关键字，代表数据类型是整型，它是 main() 函数的返回值的类型，即在执行 main() 函数之后一定会得到一个整数类型的值，即函数值。
NOTE
  • ① 在 C 语言中，人们约定，如果 return 0，就表示 main() 函数终止运行，且运行成功；如果返回其它非零整数，则表示运行失败。
  • ② 默认情况下，如果 main() 函数中省略 return 0 ，则编译器会自动加上；但是，为了保持统一的代码风格，不建议省略。
5.2.2 函数体 ​
  • ① 一对花括号 {} 定义了函数的主体，所有函数都必须以大括号开头和结尾，成对出现。
  • ② C 程序中的函数体指的是作为该函数一部分的语句。它可以是任何操作，比如：搜索、排序、打印等。
  • ③ 每一个执行语句后面都会有一个英文分号;作为语句结束的标志。
  • ④ 一行内可写几条语句，一条语句也可写在几行上。
5.2.3 printf() 函数 ​
  • printf() 函数的格式，如下所示：
c
printf (const char *__format, ...)
  • printf() 函数是产生格式化输出的函数，作用是将参数文本输出到屏幕，f 表示 format（格式化），表示可以指定输出文本的格式，即：
c
printf ("Hello World"); // 将字符串输出到控制台，行尾不换行
  • 如果想让光标移动到下一行的开头，可以在输出文本的结尾，可以添加一个换行符 \\n，即：
c
printf("Hello World\\n");
5.2.4 标准库和头文件 ​
5.2.4.1 概述 ​
  • printf() 函数是在标准库的头文件 stdio.h 中定义的，要想在程序中使用这个函数，必须在源文件的头部引入该头文件，即：
c
#include <stdio.h>
5.2.4.2 标准库（Standard Library） ​
  • C 语言的标准库是由一组函数组成，这些函数提供了许多常用的操作和功能，如：输入输出、字符串处理、内存管理、数学计算等。标准库中的函数由编译器提供，遵循 ANSI C 标准（如：C89/C90、C99、C11等）。
  • 换言之，C 语言的标准库就是包含函数的实际代码，这些代码在编译的时候被链接到我们的程序中，无需手动包含。C 语言的标准库提供了可重用的函数实现，使得程序员不必编写常用的功能。
NOTE
实际的 printf() 函数的实现代码通常位于标准库的实现文件中，如：在 Linux 中的标准库libc.so.6 就包含了 printf() 函数的实现。
5.2.4.3 头文件（Header Files） ​
  • 头文件是包含函数声明、宏定义、数据类型定义等内容的文件。头文件的作用是为源代码提供必要的声明和定义，以便编译器能够正确解析和链接函数调用。头文件通常以.h作为文件扩展名。
  • 换言之，头文件包含函数声明、宏定义和数据类型定义，但不包含函数的实现。头文件告知编译器如何使用标准库中的函数和定义，确保编译时的正确性。头文件需要在源代码文件中使用#include指令显式包含，如：#include <stdio.h>。
  • 常见的 C 语言头文件及其功能和常用函数、宏等，如下所示：
头文件功能说明常用函数和宏
stdio.h标准输入输出库printf， scanf， fprintf，fscanf，fopen， fclose，fgets， fputs
stdlib.h标准库，提供内存分配、程序控制、类型转换、随机数生成等功能malloc， free， exit， atoi， atof，rand，srand
string.h字符串处理库strlen， strcpy， strncpy， strcat， strcmp，strstr， memset， memcpy
math.h数学库sin， cos， tan， exp， log， sqrt， pow
time.h时间和日期库time， clock， difftime， mktime， strftime， localtime，gmtime
ctype.h字符处理库isalnum， isalpha， isdigit， islower， isupper， tolower， toupper
stdbool.h布尔类型库bool， true， false
assert.h断言库assert
5.2.4.4 预处理命令 ​
  • #include 命令的作用是将指定文件的内容插入到包含该命令的源文件中。这通常用于包含头文件，以便使用头文件中声明的函数、宏和数据类型。
  • 语法：
c
// 用于包含标准库头文件或系统头文件。
 // 编译器将在系统的标准头文件目录中查找文件。
 #include <filename>
c
// 用于包含用户自定义的头文件。
 // 编译器首先在当前目录中查找文件，如果未找到，再在标准头文件目录中查找。
-#include "filename"
第五章：CLion 高级配置（⭐） ​
5.1 安装和配置 WSL2 ​
5.1.1 概述 ​
  • WSL 2，全称为 Windows Subsystem for Linux 2，是微软提供的一种技术，允许用户在 Windows 操作系统上运行 Linux 内核。WSL 2 是 WSL 的升级版，它引入了一个真正的 Linux 内核来代替 WSL 1 中使用的兼容层，从而提供更高的性能和更广泛的系统调用支持。
  • 其架构图，如下所示：
  • WSL2 的功能，如下所示：
    • ① 真实的Linux内核：WSL 2 使用了微软开发的轻量级虚拟机，它包含了一个完整的 Linux 内核。这意味着 WSL 2 能够运行更多的 Linux 应用程序，并且支持更多的系统调用。
    • ② 文件系统性能提升：WSL 2 的文件系统性能比 WSL 1 有显著提升。对于 I/O 密集型的操作，如：编译代码或数据库操作，WSL 2 能够提供更快的速度。
    • ③ 兼容性增强：由于使用了真实的 Linux 内核，WSL 2 对 Linux 应用程序的兼容性大幅提高。许多在 WSL 1上不能运行或需要调整的应用程序，可以在 WSL 2上直接运行。
    • ④ 网络功能改进：WSL 2 提供了更好的网络集成，能够更容易地与 Windows 上的其他网络资源进行交互。
    • ⑤ 资源使用优化：WSL 2 使用轻量级虚拟机，比传统的虚拟机占用更少的资源，同时提供了类似的隔离和安全性。
  • WSL 的用途，如下所示：
    • ① 开发环境：WSL 2 为开发者提供了一个原生的Linux开发环境，而无需离开 Windows 。这对于需要在 Linux 上开发、测试或运行应用程序的开发者非常有帮助。
    • ② 学习和实验：用户可以使用 WSL 2 在Windows上学习和实验 Linux 命令行工具和应用程序，而无需设置双重引导系统或安装虚拟机。
    • ③ 多平台开发：对于跨平台开发者来说，WSL 2 允许他们在一个操作系统上同时进行 Windows 和 Linux 平台的开发和测试，提高工作效率。
    • ④ 运行 Linux 工具和应用程序：WSL 2 支持在 Windows 上直接运行各种 Linux 工具和应用程序，如：Docker、数据库、编程语言环境等。
5.1.2 WSL2 的安装 ​
  • ① BIOS 或 UEFI 中，开启虚拟化：步骤略。
  • ② 查看是否开启了虚拟化：
  • ③ 启用适用于 Linux 的 Windows 子系统：
powershell
dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux /all /norestart
IMPORTANT
以管理员身份打开 PowerShell 并运行，执行完上述命令之后，如果提示需要重启计算机，那就重启计算机。
  • ④ 启用虚拟机功能：
powershell
dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:VirtualMachinePlatform /all /norestart
IMPORTANT
以管理员身份打开 PowerShell 并运行，执行完上述命令之后，如果提示需要重启计算机，那就重启计算机。
  • ⑤ 更新 Linux 内核包：
powershell
wsl --update
NOTE
wsl2 的最新 Linux 内核包托管在 GitHub 上，某些国家可能会污染 Github 相关的域名，那么就需要手动下载，然后安装即可，下载地址在这里。
  • ⑥ 将 wsl2 设置为默认版本：
powershell
wsl --set-default-version 2
  • ⑦ 查看官方在线支持的 Linux 版本：
powershell
wsl --list --online
  • ⑧ 安装指定版本的 Linux ：
powershell
wsl --install Ubuntu-24.04
NOTE
官方支持的 Linux 版本，托管在 Github 上，某些国家可能会污染 Github 的域名；此时，要么走科学上网，要么在 Microsoft Store 中搜索并安装。
  • ⑨ 在 Microsoft Store 中搜索并安装（可选）：
  • ⑩ 查询本地安装的 Linux 版本：
powershell
wsl --list
5.1.3 配置 WSL2 ​
  • 本人的安装的是 AlmaLinux9 ，所以需要执行如下命令，以便安装 cmake 相关工具链：
shell
sudo dnf update -y # 更新包管理器 
+#include "filename"
第六章：CLion 高级配置（⭐） ​
6.1 安装和配置 WSL2 ​
6.1.1 概述 ​
  • WSL 2，全称为 Windows Subsystem for Linux 2，是微软提供的一种技术，允许用户在 Windows 操作系统上运行 Linux 内核。WSL 2 是 WSL 的升级版，它引入了一个真正的 Linux 内核来代替 WSL 1 中使用的兼容层，从而提供更高的性能和更广泛的系统调用支持。
  • 其架构图，如下所示：
  • WSL2 的功能，如下所示：
    • ① 真实的Linux内核：WSL 2 使用了微软开发的轻量级虚拟机，它包含了一个完整的 Linux 内核。这意味着 WSL 2 能够运行更多的 Linux 应用程序，并且支持更多的系统调用。
    • ② 文件系统性能提升：WSL 2 的文件系统性能比 WSL 1 有显著提升。对于 I/O 密集型的操作，如：编译代码或数据库操作，WSL 2 能够提供更快的速度。
    • ③ 兼容性增强：由于使用了真实的 Linux 内核，WSL 2 对 Linux 应用程序的兼容性大幅提高。许多在 WSL 1上不能运行或需要调整的应用程序，可以在 WSL 2上直接运行。
    • ④ 网络功能改进：WSL 2 提供了更好的网络集成，能够更容易地与 Windows 上的其他网络资源进行交互。
    • ⑤ 资源使用优化：WSL 2 使用轻量级虚拟机，比传统的虚拟机占用更少的资源，同时提供了类似的隔离和安全性。
  • WSL 的用途，如下所示：
    • ① 开发环境：WSL 2 为开发者提供了一个原生的Linux开发环境，而无需离开 Windows 。这对于需要在 Linux 上开发、测试或运行应用程序的开发者非常有帮助。
    • ② 学习和实验：用户可以使用 WSL 2 在Windows上学习和实验 Linux 命令行工具和应用程序，而无需设置双重引导系统或安装虚拟机。
    • ③ 多平台开发：对于跨平台开发者来说，WSL 2 允许他们在一个操作系统上同时进行 Windows 和 Linux 平台的开发和测试，提高工作效率。
    • ④ 运行 Linux 工具和应用程序：WSL 2 支持在 Windows 上直接运行各种 Linux 工具和应用程序，如：Docker、数据库、编程语言环境等。
6.1.2 WSL2 的安装 ​
  • ① BIOS 或 UEFI 中，开启虚拟化：步骤略。
  • ② 查看是否开启了虚拟化：
  • ③ 启用适用于 Linux 的 Windows 子系统：
powershell
dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux /all /norestart
IMPORTANT
以管理员身份打开 PowerShell 并运行，执行完上述命令之后，如果提示需要重启计算机，那就重启计算机。
  • ④ 启用虚拟机功能：
powershell
dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:VirtualMachinePlatform /all /norestart
IMPORTANT
以管理员身份打开 PowerShell 并运行，执行完上述命令之后，如果提示需要重启计算机，那就重启计算机。
  • ⑤ 更新 Linux 内核包：
powershell
wsl --update
NOTE
wsl2 的最新 Linux 内核包托管在 GitHub 上，某些国家可能会污染 Github 相关的域名，那么就需要手动下载，然后安装即可，下载地址在这里。
  • ⑥ 将 wsl2 设置为默认版本：
powershell
wsl --set-default-version 2
  • ⑦ 查看官方在线支持的 Linux 版本：
powershell
wsl --list --online
  • ⑧ 安装指定版本的 Linux ：
powershell
wsl --install Ubuntu-24.04
NOTE
官方支持的 Linux 版本，托管在 Github 上，某些国家可能会污染 Github 的域名；此时，要么走科学上网，要么在 Microsoft Store 中搜索并安装。
  • ⑨ 在 Microsoft Store 中搜索并安装（可选）：
  • ⑩ 查询本地安装的 Linux 版本：
powershell
wsl --list
6.1.3 配置 WSL2 ​
  • 本人的安装的是 AlmaLinux9 ，所以需要执行如下命令，以便安装 cmake 相关工具链：
shell
sudo dnf update -y # 更新包管理器 
 sudo dnf groupinstall "Development Tools" -y # 安装开发工具包
 sudo dnf install gcc gcc-c++ -y # 安装GCC相关工具链
 sudo dnf install cmake -y # 安装 cmake
 sudo dnf install make -y # 安装 make
-sudo dnf install gdb -y # 安装 gdb
  • 可以通过 CLion 测试是否安装成功：
5.1.4 配置 WSL2 ​
  • 本人的安装的是 Ubuntu 24.04，所以需要执行如下命令，以便安装 cmake 相关工具链：
shell
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y # 更新包管理器
+sudo dnf install gdb -y # 安装 gdb
  • 可以通过 CLion 测试是否安装成功：
6.1.4 配置 WSL2 ​
  • 本人的安装的是 Ubuntu 24.04，所以需要执行如下命令，以便安装 cmake 相关工具链：
shell
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y # 更新包管理器
 sudo apt install build-essential -y # 安装开发工具包
 sudo apt install gcc g++ -y # 安装 GCC 相关工具链
 sudo apt install cmake -y # 安装 cmake
-sudo apt install gdb -y # 安装 gdb
  • 可以通过 CLion 测试是否安装成功：
NOTE
默认仓库中的 GDB 的版本会很高，CLion 会不支持，那么就需要手动下载源码，自行编译，本次不再演示！！！
5.2 切换 CLion 中的 cmake 的工具链 ​
  • 可以在 CLoin 中切换 cmake 的工具链，以便支持不同平台的 cmake ，即：
5.3 修改 CMakeLists.txt 文件 ​
  • 前文也提到了，在一个 C 语言项目中，只能有一个 main() 函数；但是，我们可以修改 CMakeLists.txt 文件的内容，以便其支持在一个 C 语言项目中，可以有多个包含 main() 函数的文件，如下所示：
  • CMakeLists.txt 的内容，如下所示：
txt
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
+sudo apt install gdb -y # 安装 gdb
  • 可以通过 CLion 测试是否安装成功：
NOTE
默认仓库中的 GDB 的版本会很高，CLion 会不支持，那么就需要手动下载源码，自行编译，本次不再演示！！！
6.2 切换 CLion 中的 cmake 的工具链 ​
  • 可以在 CLoin 中切换 cmake 的工具链，以便支持不同平台的 cmake ，即：
6.3 修改 CMakeLists.txt 文件 ​
  • 前文也提到了，在一个 C 语言项目中，只能有一个 main() 函数；但是，我们可以修改 CMakeLists.txt 文件的内容，以便其支持在一个 C 语言项目中，可以有多个包含 main() 函数的文件，如下所示：
  • CMakeLists.txt 的内容，如下所示：
txt
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
 
 # 项目名称和版本号
 project(c-study VERSION 1.0 LANGUAGES C)
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ import{_ as s,c as a,o as i,a6 as n}from"./chunks/framework.CZRoMP2i.js";const l
             target_sources(\${EXECUTABLE_NAME} PRIVATE \${MODULE_SOURCES})
         endif ()
     endif ()
-endforeach ()
5.4 配置 .clang-format 文件 ​
  • 配置 .clang-format 格式化文件，以便写代码的时候，可以自动保存并格式化 C 程序代码，如下所示：
  • .clang-format 的内容，如下所示：
txt
BasedOnStyle: Google
+endforeach ()
6.4 配置 .clang-format 文件 ​
  • 配置 .clang-format 格式化文件，以便写代码的时候，可以自动保存并格式化 C 程序代码，如下所示：
  • .clang-format 的内容，如下所示：
txt
BasedOnStyle: Google
 IndentWidth: 4
 UseTab: Never
 ColumnLimit: 0
@@ -180,10 +180,10 @@ import{_ as s,c as a,o as i,a6 as n}from"./chunks/framework.CZRoMP2i.js";const l
 SpacesInParentheses: false
 SpacesInAngles: false
 SpacesInContainerLiterals: false
-SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses: false
  • CLion 中配置保存的时候自动格式化，即：
5.5 配置 .gitignore 文件 ​
  • 需要在项目中，配置 .gitignore 文件，以便在提交代码到 Git 仓库的时候，忽略某些文件或目录，如下所示：
  • .gitignore 文件的内容，如下所示：
txt
.vscode
+SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses: false
  • CLion 中配置保存的时候自动格式化，即：
6.5 配置 .gitignore 文件 ​
  • 需要在项目中，配置 .gitignore 文件，以便在提交代码到 Git 仓库的时候，忽略某些文件或目录，如下所示：
  • .gitignore 文件的内容，如下所示：
txt
.vscode
 .idea
 cmake-build-*
-build
5.6 演示 ​
  • 我们可以在项目中，临时创建或复制一个文件，看上述配置是否生效，即：
NOTE
如果是复制并粘贴一个文件到项目中，请点击重新加载 CMake 项目！！！
第六章：C 语言的编译过程（⭐） ​
6.1 概述 ​
  • C 程序的编译过程，如下所示：
  • 过程 ① ：编写（编辑）源代码，即：编写 C 语言源程序代码，并以文件的形式存储在磁盘中。
IMPORTANT
源程序需要以 .c 作为扩展名。
  • 过程 ② ：编译，即：将 C 语言源程序转换为目标程序（或目标文件）。如果程序没有错误，没有任何提示，就会生成一个扩展名为 .obj或 .o 的二进制文件。C 语言中的每条可执行语句经过编译之后，最终都会转换为二进制的机器指令。
IMPORTANT
  • ① 其实，编译阶段包含了预处理、编译和汇编。
  • ② 预处理是编译过程的第一个阶段。在这个阶段，预处理器处理源代码中的指令（例如：#include、#define等），主要任务包括：
    • 头文件包含：将头文件的内容插入到源文件中。例如：#include <stdio.h>会被替换为stdio.h文件的内容。
    • 宏展开：替换宏定义。例如：#define PI 3.14会将代码中的PI替换为3.14。
    • 条件编译：根据条件指令（如：#ifdef、#ifndef）有选择地编译代码。
    • 删除代码中的注释，但是不会进行语法检查。
    • 预处理完成后，生成一个扩展名为.i的中间文件。
  • ③ 编译是将预处理后的源代码转换为汇编代码的过程。在这个阶段，编译器会检查代码的语法和语义，将其转换为目标机器的汇编语言，生成一个扩展名为.s的汇编文件。
  • ④ 汇编是将汇编代码转换为机器代码（也称为目标代码或目标文件）的过程。在这个阶段，汇编器将汇编指令转换为二进制机器指令，生成一个扩展名为.o或 .obj的目标文件。
  • 过程 ③ ：链接（连接），即：将编译形成的目标文件 *.obj 或 *.o和库函数以及其他目录文件链接，形成一个统一的二进制文件 *.exe。
IMPORTANT
  • 为什么需要链接库文件？
  • 因为我们的 C 程序会使用 C 程序库中的内容，如：<stdio.h> 中的 printf() 函数，这些函数不是程序员自己写的，而是 C 程序库中提供的，因此需要链接。其实，在链接过程中，还会加入启动代码，这个启动代码（和系统相关，Linux 下主要有 crt0.c、crti.c 等，它们设置堆栈后，再调用 main() 函数）负责初始化程序运行时的环境。
  • 过程 ④ ：执行，即：有了可执行的 *.exe文件，我们就可以在控制台上执行运行此 *.exe 文件。
IMPORTANT
如果修改了源代码，还需要重新编译、链接，并生成新的 *.exe文件，再执行，方能生效。
6.2 GCC 编译器的介绍 ​
  • 编辑器，如：vim 、vscode 等，是指我们用它来编写源程序的（编辑代码），而我们写的代码语句，电脑是不懂的，我们需要把它转成电脑能懂的语句，编译器就是这样的转化工具。换言之，我们用编辑器编写程序，由编译器编译后才可以运行！
  • 编译器是将易于编写、阅读和维护的高级计算机语言翻译为计算机能解读、运行的低级机器语言的程序。
  • gcc（GNU Compiler Collection，GNU 编译器套件），是由 GNU 开发的编程语言编译器。gcc 原本作为 GNU 操作系统的官方编译器，现已被大多数类 Unix 操作系统（如：Linux、BSD、Mac OS X 等）采纳为标准的编译器，gcc 同样适用于微软的 Windows 。
  • gcc 最初用于编译 C 语言，随着项目的发展， gcc 已经成为了能够编译 C、C++、Java、Ada、fortran、Object C、Object C++、Go 语言的编译器大家族。
6.3 通过 gcc 直接生成可执行文件 ​
  • 示例：进行预处理、编译、汇编和链接
shell
gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.exe
6.4 通过 gcc 分步编译 ​
6.3.1 概述 ​
  • 预处理命令：
shell
gcc -E 源文件.c -o 源文件.i # 通常以 .i 结尾表示这个文件是一个中间状态
  • 编译（预处理和编译）命令：
shell
gcc -S 源文件.i -o 源文件.s # 在 Linux 中，通常以 .s 结尾；在 Windows 中，通常以 .asm 结尾
  • 汇编（预处理、编译和汇编）命令：
shell
gcc -c 源文件.s -o 源文件.o # 在 Linux 中，通常以 .o 结尾；在 Windows 中，通常以 .obj 结尾
  • 链接（预处理、编译、汇编和链接）命令：
shell
gcc 源文件.o -o 源文件.exe # 在 Linux 中，通常以 .out 结尾；在 Windows 中，通常以 .exe 结尾
6.4.2 应用示例 ​
  • 示例：只进行预处理
shell
gcc -E HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.i
  • 示例：只进行预处理和编译
shell
gcc -S HelloWorld.i -o HelloWorld.s
  • 示例：只进行预处理、编译和汇编
shell
gcc -c HelloWorld.s -o HelloWorld.o
  • 示例：进行预处理、编译、汇编和链接
shell
gcc HelloWorld.o -o HelloWorld.exe
第七章：附录 ​
7.1 WSL2 代理问题 ​
  • 在安装和配置 WSL2 之后，可能会出现如下的提示，即：
  • 那么，只需要修改 %USERPROFILE%\\.wslconfig文件，内容如下：
txt
[wsl2]
+build
6.6 演示 ​
  • 我们可以在项目中，临时创建或复制一个文件，看上述配置是否生效，即：
NOTE
如果是复制并粘贴一个文件到项目中，请点击重新加载 CMake 项目！！！
第七章：C 语言的编译过程（⭐） ​
7.1 概述 ​
  • C 程序的编译过程，如下所示：
  • 过程 ① ：编写（编辑）源代码，即：编写 C 语言源程序代码，并以文件的形式存储在磁盘中。
IMPORTANT
源程序需要以 .c 作为扩展名。
  • 过程 ② ：编译，即：将 C 语言源程序转换为目标程序（或目标文件）。如果程序没有错误，没有任何提示，就会生成一个扩展名为 .obj或 .o 的二进制文件。C 语言中的每条可执行语句经过编译之后，最终都会转换为二进制的机器指令。
IMPORTANT
  • ① 其实，编译阶段包含了预处理、编译和汇编。
  • ② 预处理是编译过程的第一个阶段。在这个阶段，预处理器处理源代码中的指令（例如：#include、#define等），主要任务包括：
    • 头文件包含：将头文件的内容插入到源文件中。例如：#include <stdio.h>会被替换为stdio.h文件的内容。
    • 宏展开：替换宏定义。例如：#define PI 3.14会将代码中的PI替换为3.14。
    • 条件编译：根据条件指令（如：#ifdef、#ifndef）有选择地编译代码。
    • 删除代码中的注释，但是不会进行语法检查。
    • 预处理完成后，生成一个扩展名为.i的中间文件。
  • ③ 编译是将预处理后的源代码转换为汇编代码的过程。在这个阶段，编译器会检查代码的语法和语义，将其转换为目标机器的汇编语言，生成一个扩展名为.s的汇编文件。
  • ④ 汇编是将汇编代码转换为机器代码（也称为目标代码或目标文件）的过程。在这个阶段，汇编器将汇编指令转换为二进制机器指令，生成一个扩展名为.o或 .obj的目标文件。
  • 过程 ③ ：链接（连接），即：将编译形成的目标文件 *.obj 或 *.o和库函数以及其他目录文件链接，形成一个统一的二进制文件 *.exe。
IMPORTANT
  • 为什么需要链接库文件？
  • 因为我们的 C 程序会使用 C 程序库中的内容，如：<stdio.h> 中的 printf() 函数，这些函数不是程序员自己写的，而是 C 程序库中提供的，因此需要链接。其实，在链接过程中，还会加入启动代码，这个启动代码（和系统相关，Linux 下主要有 crt0.c、crti.c 等，它们设置堆栈后，再调用 main() 函数）负责初始化程序运行时的环境。
  • 过程 ④ ：执行，即：有了可执行的 *.exe文件，我们就可以在控制台上执行运行此 *.exe 文件。
IMPORTANT
如果修改了源代码，还需要重新编译、链接，并生成新的 *.exe文件，再执行，方能生效。
7.2 GCC 编译器的介绍 ​
  • 编辑器，如：vim 、vscode 等，是指我们用它来编写源程序的（编辑代码），而我们写的代码语句，电脑是不懂的，我们需要把它转成电脑能懂的语句，编译器就是这样的转化工具。换言之，我们用编辑器编写程序，由编译器编译后才可以运行！
  • 编译器是将易于编写、阅读和维护的高级计算机语言翻译为计算机能解读、运行的低级机器语言的程序。
  • gcc（GNU Compiler Collection，GNU 编译器套件），是由 GNU 开发的编程语言编译器。gcc 原本作为 GNU 操作系统的官方编译器，现已被大多数类 Unix 操作系统（如：Linux、BSD、Mac OS X 等）采纳为标准的编译器，gcc 同样适用于微软的 Windows 。
  • gcc 最初用于编译 C 语言，随着项目的发展， gcc 已经成为了能够编译 C、C++、Java、Ada、fortran、Object C、Object C++、Go 语言的编译器大家族。
7.3 通过 gcc 直接生成可执行文件 ​
  • 示例：进行预处理、编译、汇编和链接
shell
gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.exe
7.4 通过 gcc 分步编译 ​
7.3.1 概述 ​
  • 预处理命令：
shell
gcc -E 源文件.c -o 源文件.i # 通常以 .i 结尾表示这个文件是一个中间状态
  • 编译（预处理和编译）命令：
shell
gcc -S 源文件.i -o 源文件.s # 在 Linux 中，通常以 .s 结尾；在 Windows 中，通常以 .asm 结尾
  • 汇编（预处理、编译和汇编）命令：
shell
gcc -c 源文件.s -o 源文件.o # 在 Linux 中，通常以 .o 结尾；在 Windows 中，通常以 .obj 结尾
  • 链接（预处理、编译、汇编和链接）命令：
shell
gcc 源文件.o -o 源文件.exe # 在 Linux 中，通常以 .out 结尾；在 Windows 中，通常以 .exe 结尾
7.4.2 应用示例 ​
  • 示例：只进行预处理
shell
gcc -E HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.i
  • 示例：只进行预处理和编译
shell
gcc -S HelloWorld.i -o HelloWorld.s
  • 示例：只进行预处理、编译和汇编
shell
gcc -c HelloWorld.s -o HelloWorld.o
  • 示例：进行预处理、编译、汇编和链接
shell
gcc HelloWorld.o -o HelloWorld.exe
第八章：附录 ​
8.1 WSL2 代理问题 ​
  • 在安装和配置 WSL2 之后，可能会出现如下的提示，即：
  • 那么，只需要修改 %USERPROFILE%\\.wslconfig文件，内容如下：
txt
[wsl2]
 networkingMode=mirrored
 dnsTunneling=true
 firewall=true
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ import{_ as s,c as a,o as i,a6 as n}from"./chunks/framework.CZRoMP2i.js";const l
 [experimental]
 # requires dnsTunneling but are also OPTIONAL
 bestEffortDnsParsing=true
-useWindowsDnsCache=true
  • 在命令行中，执行如下的命令：
shell
wsl --shutdown
  • 此时，再打开终端，就没有这种提示了：
7.2 CLion 调试问题 ​
  • 在 CLion 中进行 run（运行）程序的时候，对于 printf 函数或 scanf 函数很正常，如下所示：
  • 但是，当我们 debug（调试） 的时候，对于 printf 函数或 scanf 函数会一直没有输出，如下所示：
  • 原因是 scanf 函数并不是直接让用户从键盘输入数据，而是先检查缓冲区，处理缓冲区中的数据；当遇到 scanf 函数时，程序会先检查输入缓冲区中是否有数据，所以解决方案就是禁用缓冲区，如下所示：
c
#include <stdio.h>
+useWindowsDnsCache=true
  • 在命令行中，执行如下的命令：
shell
wsl --shutdown
  • 此时，再打开终端，就没有这种提示了：
8.2 CLion 调试问题 ​
  • 在 CLion 中进行 run（运行）程序的时候，对于 printf 函数或 scanf 函数很正常，如下所示：
  • 但是，当我们 debug（调试） 的时候，对于 printf 函数或 scanf 函数会一直没有输出，如下所示：
  • 原因是 scanf 函数并不是直接让用户从键盘输入数据，而是先检查缓冲区，处理缓冲区中的数据；当遇到 scanf 函数时，程序会先检查输入缓冲区中是否有数据，所以解决方案就是禁用缓冲区，如下所示：
c
#include <stdio.h>
 
 int main() {
     // 禁用 stdout 缓冲区
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ import{_ as s,c as a,o as i,a6 as n}from"./chunks/framework.CZRoMP2i.js";const l
     printf("%d × %d × %d = %d", a, b, c, result);
 
     return 0;
-}
  • 那么，就会达到我们想要的效果了，如下所示：
7.3 内存泄露检测 ​
7.3.1 概述 ​
  • C 语言中的指针是否使用是个颇具争议的话题，现代化的高级编程语言通过各种策略和机制，在编译期就能解决指针危险的问题。但是，遗憾的是，C 语言的指针很大程度上，在运行期才会暴露问题。
  • 幸运的是，我们可以使用 Valgrind 项目来进行内存泄露检测和性能分析，而 Valgrind 只支持 Linux 。
NOTE
win 11 中的 WSL2 就是个 Linux 环境，我们可以在上面跑各种 Linux 工具，这样我们就不需要再安装虚拟机软件了，如：VMware Workstation（它会完整的模拟一个硬件系统，并在上面跑各种 Linux ，实在是太笨重了）。
7.3.2 安装 ​
  • 在 WSL2 上安装 Valgrind ：
shell
dnf -y upgrade && dnf -y install valgrind # AlmaLinux
shell
apt -y update && apt -y upgrade && apt -y install valgrind # Ubuntu
  • 查看 valgrind 可执行文件的安装位置：
shell
which valgrind
7.3.3 整合 ​
  • CLion 中将工具链设置为 WSL2 ：
  • CLion 中配置 valgrind 的路径：
  • 查看 WSL2 中 cmake 的版本：
shell
cmake --version
  • 修改项目中 CMakeLists.txt 中 cmake 的版本：
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.26.5) # 3.26.5
+}
  • 那么，就会达到我们想要的效果了，如下所示：
8.3 内存泄露检测 ​
8.3.1 概述 ​
  • C 语言中的指针是否使用是个颇具争议的话题，现代化的高级编程语言通过各种策略和机制，在编译期就能解决指针危险的问题。但是，遗憾的是，C 语言的指针很大程度上，在运行期才会暴露问题。
  • 幸运的是，我们可以使用 Valgrind 项目来进行内存泄露检测和性能分析，而 Valgrind 只支持 Linux 。
NOTE
win 11 中的 WSL2 就是个 Linux 环境，我们可以在上面跑各种 Linux 工具，这样我们就不需要再安装虚拟机软件了，如：VMware Workstation（它会完整的模拟一个硬件系统，并在上面跑各种 Linux ，实在是太笨重了）。
8.3.2 安装 ​
  • 在 WSL2 上安装 Valgrind ：
shell
dnf -y upgrade && dnf -y install valgrind # AlmaLinux
shell
apt -y update && apt -y upgrade && apt -y install valgrind # Ubuntu
  • 查看 valgrind 可执行文件的安装位置：
shell
which valgrind
8.3.3 整合 ​
  • CLion 中将工具链设置为 WSL2 ：
  • CLion 中配置 valgrind 的路径：
  • 查看 WSL2 中 cmake 的版本：
shell
cmake --version
  • 修改项目中 CMakeLists.txt 中 cmake 的版本：
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.26.5) # 3.26.5
 
 # 项目名称和版本号
 project(c-study VERSION 1.0 LANGUAGES C)
@@ -270,8 +270,8 @@ import{_ as s,c as a,o as i,a6 as n}from"./chunks/framework.CZRoMP2i.js";const l
             target_sources(\${EXECUTABLE_NAME} PRIVATE \${MODULE_SOURCES})
         endif ()
     endif ()
-endforeach ()
  • 在 CLion 中正常运行代码：
  • 在 CLion 中通过 valgrind 运行代码：
7.4 性能分析 ​
7.4.1 概述 ​
  • perf 是一个 Linux 下的性能分析工具，主要用于监控和分析系统性能。它可以帮助开发者和系统管理员了解系统中哪些部分在消耗资源、识别性能瓶颈以及分析程序的运行效率。
7.4.2 安装 ​
7.4.2.1 AlmaLinux9 ​
  • 在 WSL2 中的 AlmaLinux 安装 perf ：
shell
dnf -y install perf
7.4.2.2 Ubuntu 22.04 ​
  • 在 WSL2 中的 Ubuntu 安装 perf ：
shell
apt -y update \\
-	&& apt -y install linux-tools-common linux-tools-generic linux-tools-$(uname -r)
NOTE
之所以报错的原因，在于 WSL2 中的 Ubuntu 的内核是定制化的，并非 Ubuntu 的母公司 Canonical 发布的标准内核，所以需要我们手动编译安装。
  • 查看内核版本：
shell
uname -sr
  • 设置环境变量，方便后续引用：
shell
export KERNEL_VERSION=$(uname -r | cut -d'-' -f1)
  • 安装依赖库：
shell
apt -y update && \\
+endforeach ()
  • 在 CLion 中正常运行代码：
  • 在 CLion 中通过 valgrind 运行代码：
8.4 性能分析 ​
8.4.1 概述 ​
  • perf 是一个 Linux 下的性能分析工具，主要用于监控和分析系统性能。它可以帮助开发者和系统管理员了解系统中哪些部分在消耗资源、识别性能瓶颈以及分析程序的运行效率。
8.4.2 安装 ​
8.4.2.1 AlmaLinux9 ​
  • 在 WSL2 中的 AlmaLinux 安装 perf ：
shell
dnf -y install perf
8.4.2.2 Ubuntu 22.04 ​
  • 在 WSL2 中的 Ubuntu 安装 perf ：
shell
apt -y update \\
+	&& apt -y install linux-tools-common linux-tools-generic linux-tools-$(uname -r)
NOTE
之所以报错的原因，在于 WSL2 中的 Ubuntu 的内核是定制化的，并非 Ubuntu 的母公司 Canonical 发布的标准内核，所以需要我们手动编译安装。
  • 查看内核版本：
shell
uname -sr
  • 设置环境变量，方便后续引用：
shell
export KERNEL_VERSION=$(uname -r | cut -d'-' -f1)
  • 安装依赖库：
shell
apt -y update && \\
 	apt -y install binutils-dev debuginfod default-jdk default-jre libaio-dev \\
     libbabeltrace-dev libcap-dev libdw-dev libdwarf-dev libelf-dev libiberty-dev \\
     liblzma-dev libnuma-dev libperl-dev libpfm4-dev libslang2-dev libssl-dev \\
@@ -280,4 +280,4 @@ import{_ as s,c as a,o as i,a6 as n}from"./chunks/framework.CZRoMP2i.js";const l
     libelf++0 libbfb0-dev python-dev-is-python3
  • 下载源码：
shell
git clone \\
     --depth 1 \\
     --single-branch --branch=linux-msft-wsl-\${KERNEL_VERSION} \\
-    https://github.com/microsoft/WSL2-Linux-Kernel.git
  • 编译内核代码：
shell
cd WSL2-Linux-Kernel
shell
make -j $(nproc) KCONFIG_CONFIG=Microsoft/config-wsl
  • 编译 perf 工具：
shell
cd tools/perf
shell
make clean && make
  • 复制到 PATH 变量所指向的路径中：
shell
cp perf /usr/bin/
7.4.3 整合 ​
  • CLion 中配置 perf 的路径：
  • 在 CLion 中通过 perf 运行代码：
7.5 Win 中文乱码问题 ​
  • 前文，我们提及到，在 Win 中，如果出现中文乱码问题，就需要去语言和区别设置系统区域的编码为 UTF-8 ；但是，这样可能会造成其它的软件出现中文乱码问题，如：Xshell 等。
NOTE
  • ① 之所以，修改系统的编码为 UTF-8 会出现问题，是因为早期的 Win 系统的中文默认编码是 GBK（目前也是，Win 并没有强制第三方软件使用 UTF-8 编码） ，而 Xshell 等也使用的这些编码，一旦我们修改为 UTF-8 之后，可能会造成这些第三方软件出现中文乱码问题（第三方软件适配问题，相信将来应该都会切换为 UTF-8 编码），体验较差！！！
  • ② 在 Linux 或 MacOS 之所以不会出现中文乱码的问题，是因为这些系统默认的编码就是 UTF-8 。
  • 其实，还有一种解决方案，如下所示：
  • 测试一下，是否配置成功：
7.6 CLion 中自动导入头文件 ​
  • 在 CLion 中，最为强大的功能就是直接输入函数，然后让 IDE 帮我们自动导入头文件，包括自定义的头文件，相当实用。
NOTE
  • ① CLion 中的自动导入头文件的快捷键是 Alt + Enter 。
  • ② CLion 中的自动提取变量的类型的快捷键是 Ctrl + Alt + V 。
  • 开启自动导入头文件的步骤，如下所示：
',529),mi=[bi];function Ei(Fi,Ci,yi,_i,vi,Bi){return i(),a("div",null,mi)}const xi=s(gi,[["render",Ei]]);export{Ai as __pageData,xi as default};
+    https://github.com/microsoft/WSL2-Linux-Kernel.git

  • 编译内核代码：
shell
cd WSL2-Linux-Kernel
shell
make -j $(nproc) KCONFIG_CONFIG=Microsoft/config-wsl

  • 编译 perf 工具：
shell
cd tools/perf
shell
make clean && make

  • 复制到 PATH 变量所指向的路径中：
shell
cp perf /usr/bin/

8.4.3 整合 ​

  • CLion 中配置 perf 的路径：

  • 在 CLion 中通过 perf 运行代码：

8.5 Win 中文乱码问题 ​

  • 前文，我们提及到，在 Win 中，如果出现中文乱码问题，就需要去语言和区别设置系统区域的编码为 UTF-8 ；但是，这样可能会造成其它的软件出现中文乱码问题，如：Xshell 等。

NOTE

  • ① 之所以，修改系统的编码为 UTF-8 会出现问题，是因为早期的 Win 系统的中文默认编码是 GBK（目前也是，Win 并没有强制第三方软件使用 UTF-8 编码） ，而 Xshell 等也使用的这些编码，一旦我们修改为 UTF-8 之后，可能会造成这些第三方软件出现中文乱码问题（第三方软件适配问题，相信将来应该都会切换为 UTF-8 编码），体验较差！！！
  • ② 在 Linux 或 MacOS 之所以不会出现中文乱码的问题，是因为这些系统默认的编码就是 UTF-8 。
  • 其实，还有一种解决方案，如下所示：

  • 测试一下，是否配置成功：

8.6 CLion 中自动导入头文件 ​

  • 在 CLion 中，最为强大的功能就是直接输入函数，然后让 IDE 帮我们自动导入头文件，包括自定义的头文件，相当实用。

NOTE

  • ① CLion 中的自动导入头文件的快捷键是 Alt + Enter 。
  • ② CLion 中的自动提取变量的类型的快捷键是 Ctrl + Alt + V 。

  • 开启自动导入头文件的步骤，如下所示：

',548),mi=[bi];function Ci(Ei,Fi,yi,_i,vi,Bi){return i(),a("div",null,mi)}const xi=s(gi,[["render",Ci]]);export{Ai as __pageData,xi as default}; diff --git a/assets/notes_01_c-basic_01_xdx_index.md.V1PuVliE.lean.js b/assets/notes_01_c-basic_01_xdx_index.md.V1PuVliE.lean.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4322481 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/notes_01_c-basic_01_xdx_index.md.V1PuVliE.lean.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +import{_ as s,c as a,o as i,a6 as n}from"./chunks/framework.CZRoMP2i.js";const 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- + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/index.html b/notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/index.html index 7e76afe..e6f10bd 100644 --- a/notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/index.html +++ b/notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/index.html @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ - + - + - + @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ 那么，网络访问就需要 4 年以上。
  • 所以，对于 CPU 来说，这个世界真的是太慢了！！！
  • 其实，中国古代中的文人，通常以蜉蝣来表示时间的短暂（和其他生物的寿命比），也是类似的道理，即：
txt
鹤寿千岁，以极其游，蜉蝣朝生而暮死，尽其乐，盖其旦暮为期，远不过三日尔。
 	                                        --- 出自 西汉淮南王刘安《淮南子》
txt
寄蜉蝣于天地，渺沧海之一粟。 哀吾生之须臾，羡长江之无穷。 
 挟飞仙以遨游，抱明月而长终。 知不可乎骤得，托遗响于悲风。
-	                                        --- 出自 苏轼《赤壁赋》

NOTE

对于蜉蝣来说，从早到晚就是一生；而对于我们人类而言，却仅仅只是一天。

  • 存储器的层次结构（CPU 中也有存储器，即：寄存器、高速缓存 L1、L2 和 L3），如下所示：

img

NOTE

上图以层次化的方式，展示了价格信息，揭示了一个真理，即：鱼和熊掌不可兼得。

  • ① 存储器越往上速度越快，但是价格越来越贵， 越往下速度越慢，但是价格越来越便宜。
  • ② 正是由于计算机各个部件的速度不同，容量不同，价格不同，导致了计算机系统/编程中的各种问题以及相应的解决方案。

总结：CPU 都是直接和内存打交道的，即：CPU 会直接从内存中读取数据，待数据处理完毕之后，会将结果再次写入到内存中；如果需要将数据持久化（永久）保存（内存是易失性存储器，内存中的数据是以电荷形式存储在存储单元中的。当计算机关闭或断电时，这些电荷很快消散，导致存储在内存中的数据丢失），那么就会内存中的数据再刷新到磁盘或硬盘上，即：落盘。

1.4 计算机软件 ​

1.4.1 操作系统的来源 ​

  • 在上古时期，硬件资源不够丰富，计算机设计的也非常简陋。那个时候，很多应用程序都是直接跑在硬件上的，即：一个计算机只能跑一个应用程序。

  • 随着技术的发展，硬件越来越丰富，功能也越来越强大，性能也越来越好。这种情况下，如果一台计算机只能跑一个程序，实在是太浪费了。而且，底层硬件不断丰富，应用程序需要对接的硬件也将越来越多，如果每个应用程序都这么干，不显示工作很重复吗？于是，操作系统应运而生了。

  • 操作系统的功能：
    • 硬件驱动。
    • 进程管理。
    • 内存管理。
    • 网络管理。
    • 安全管理。
    • 文件管理。
  • 那么，操作系统的作用，就是这样的，即：
    • 对下，管理计算机的硬件资源。
    • 对上，提供使用计算机资源的操作方式，有：
      • 系统调用：是一套已经写好的代码接口，应用程序通过调用这些接口来请求操作系统执行特定的硬件操作。它们直接与硬件交互，提供底层功能支持，如：文件操作、进程管理、内存管理等。开发者通过系统调用可以实现对底层资源的直接控制，确保程序能够高效、安全地运行。
      • 终端命令：是一种文本命令接口，通过命令行输入各种指令来控制操作系统和软件的行为。终端命令可以执行文件操作、系统配置、网络管理等各种任务。主要针对开发人员和高级用户，他们通过命令行可以快速、精确地完成各种操作，提高工作效率。
      • 图形用户界面（GUI）是通过图形元素（如：窗口、图标、按钮等）与用户进行交互的界面。供直观、易用的操作方式，使用户能够通过鼠标点击、拖拽等简单操作完成复杂任务。主要面向普通用户，降低了计算机操作的门槛，提高了用户体验和工作效率。

1.4.2 用户态和内核态 ​

  • 在现代操作系统中，用户态（User Mode）和内核态（Kernel Mode）是两种不同的执行模式，它们对系统资源的访问权限有着本质的区别。这种区分是为了提供一个稳定和安全的运行环境，防止用户程序直接操作硬件设备和关键的系统资源，从而可能引起系统的不稳定或安全问题。

  • 核态（Kernel Mode） VS 用户态（User Mode）：
类型内核态（Kernel Mode）用户态（User Mode）
权限内核态是操作系统代码运行的模式，拥有访问系统全部资源和执行硬件操作的最高权限。在这种模式下，操作系统的核心部分可以直接访问内存、硬件设备控制、管理文件系统和网络通信等。用户态是普通应用程序运行的模式，具有较低的系统资源访问权限。在用户态，程序不能直接执行硬件操作，必须通过操作系统提供的接口（即系统调用）来请求服务。
安全性由于内核态具有如此高的权限，因此只有可信的、经过严格审查的操作系统核心组件才被允许在此模式下运行。这样可以保护系统不被恶意软件破坏。用户态为系统提供了一层保护，确保用户程序不能直接访问关键的系统资源，防止系统崩溃和数据泄露。
功能内核态提供了系统调用的接口，允许用户态程序安全地请求使用操作系统提供的服务，比如：文件操作、网络通信、内存管理等。用户态保证了操作系统的稳定性和安全性，同时也使得多个程序可以在相互隔离的环境中同时运行，避免相互干扰。

NOTE

  • ① 操作系统通过用户态和内核态的分离，实现了对系统资源的保护和控制。
  • ② 当用户程序需要进行文件读写、网络通信或其他需要操作系统介入的操作时，会发生从用户态到内核态的切换。这通过系统调用（System Call）实现，系统调用是用户程序与操作系统内核通信的桥梁。
  • ③ 执行完毕后，系统从内核态返回用户态，继续执行用户程序。
  • ④ 用户态和内核态的这种分离设计是现代操作系统中实现安全、稳定运行的关键机制之一。
  • 示例：
java
import java.io.IOException;
+	                                        --- 出自 苏轼《赤壁赋》

NOTE

对于蜉蝣来说，从早到晚就是一生；而对于我们人类而言，却仅仅只是一天。

  • 存储器的层次结构（CPU 中也有存储器，即：寄存器、高速缓存 L1、L2 和 L3），如下所示：

img

NOTE

上图以层次化的方式，展示了价格信息，揭示了一个真理，即：鱼和熊掌不可兼得。

  • ① 存储器越往上速度越快，但是价格越来越贵， 越往下速度越慢，但是价格越来越便宜。
  • ② 正是由于计算机各个部件的速度不同，容量不同，价格不同，导致了计算机系统/编程中的各种问题以及相应的解决方案。

总结：CPU 都是直接和内存打交道的，即：CPU 会直接从内存中读取数据，待数据处理完毕之后，会将结果再次写入到内存中；如果需要将数据持久化（永久）保存（内存是易失性存储器，内存中的数据是以电荷形式存储在存储单元中的。当计算机关闭或断电时，这些电荷很快消散，导致存储在内存中的数据丢失），那么就需要将内存中的数据再刷新到磁盘或硬盘上，即：落盘。

1.4 计算机软件 ​

1.4.1 操作系统的来源 ​

  • 在上古时期，硬件资源不够丰富，计算机设计的也非常简陋。那个时候，很多应用程序都是直接跑在硬件上的，即：一个计算机只能跑一个应用程序。

  • 随着技术的发展，硬件越来越丰富，功能也越来越强大，性能也越来越好。这种情况下，如果一台计算机只能跑一个程序，实在是太浪费了。而且，底层硬件不断丰富，应用程序需要对接的硬件也将越来越多，如果每个应用程序都这么干，不显示工作很重复吗？于是，操作系统应运而生了。

  • 操作系统的功能：
    • 硬件驱动。
    • 进程管理。
    • 内存管理。
    • 网络管理。
    • 安全管理。
    • 文件管理。
  • 那么，操作系统的作用，就是这样的，即：
    • 对下，管理计算机的硬件资源。
    • 对上，提供使用计算机资源的操作方式，有：
      • 系统调用：是一套已经写好的代码接口，应用程序通过调用这些接口来请求操作系统执行特定的硬件操作。它们直接与硬件交互，提供底层功能支持，如：文件操作、进程管理、内存管理等。开发者通过系统调用可以实现对底层资源的直接控制，确保程序能够高效、安全地运行。
      • 终端命令：是一种文本命令接口，通过命令行输入各种指令来控制操作系统和软件的行为。终端命令可以执行文件操作、系统配置、网络管理等各种任务。主要针对开发人员和高级用户，他们通过命令行可以快速、精确地完成各种操作，提高工作效率。
      • 图形用户界面（GUI）是通过图形元素（如：窗口、图标、按钮等）与用户进行交互的界面。供直观、易用的操作方式，使用户能够通过鼠标点击、拖拽等简单操作完成复杂任务。主要面向普通用户，降低了计算机操作的门槛，提高了用户体验和工作效率。

1.4.2 用户态和内核态 ​

  • 在现代操作系统中，用户态（User Mode）和内核态（Kernel Mode）是两种不同的执行模式，它们对系统资源的访问权限有着本质的区别。这种区分是为了提供一个稳定和安全的运行环境，防止用户程序直接操作硬件设备和关键的系统资源，从而可能引起系统的不稳定或安全问题。

  • 核态（Kernel Mode） VS 用户态（User Mode）：
类型内核态（Kernel Mode）用户态（User Mode）
权限内核态是操作系统代码运行的模式，拥有访问系统全部资源和执行硬件操作的最高权限。在这种模式下，操作系统的核心部分可以直接访问内存、硬件设备控制、管理文件系统和网络通信等。用户态是普通应用程序运行的模式，具有较低的系统资源访问权限。在用户态，程序不能直接执行硬件操作，必须通过操作系统提供的接口（即系统调用）来请求服务。
安全性由于内核态具有如此高的权限，因此只有可信的、经过严格审查的操作系统核心组件才被允许在此模式下运行。这样可以保护系统不被恶意软件破坏。用户态为系统提供了一层保护，确保用户程序不能直接访问关键的系统资源，防止系统崩溃和数据泄露。
功能内核态提供了系统调用的接口，允许用户态程序安全地请求使用操作系统提供的服务，比如：文件操作、网络通信、内存管理等。用户态保证了操作系统的稳定性和安全性，同时也使得多个程序可以在相互隔离的环境中同时运行，避免相互干扰。

NOTE

  • ① 操作系统通过用户态和内核态的分离，实现了对系统资源的保护和控制。
  • ② 当用户程序需要进行文件读写、网络通信或其他需要操作系统介入的操作时，会发生从用户态到内核态的切换。这通过系统调用（System Call）实现，系统调用是用户程序与操作系统内核通信的桥梁。
  • ③ 执行完毕后，系统从内核态返回用户态，继续执行用户程序。
  • ④ 用户态和内核态的这种分离设计是现代操作系统中实现安全、稳定运行的关键机制之一。
  • 示例：
java
import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
 import java.nio.file.Paths;
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@
     return 0;  // 函数执行完毕时返回函数值0
 }
  • 编程语言就是用于控制计算机，让其完成我们需要的功能。而我们学习编程语言，其实就是学习这些文字和符号编写的规则。
  • 因为 CPU 只能识别二进制的指令，而我们编写的程序叫做源代码，是人类能看懂；但是，计算机却不能识别。那么，我们就需要让计算机能识别我们编写的源程序，就需要将我们编写的源代码交给编译器程序，其会帮助我们将所编写的源代码转换为计算机能够识别的二进制指令。

NOTE

编译器就是运行在操作系统之上的程序，其作用就是用来将程序员编写的源代码转换为计算机能够识别的二进制指令。

  • 如果我们用 Java 语言编写了程序（源代码），那么编写的程序也是不能直接运行的，需要通过 Java 语言的编译器将 Java 程序编译为计算机能够识别的二进制指令。
  • 如果我们用 Python 语言编写了程序（源代码），那么编写的程序也是不能直接运行的，需要通过 Python 语言的编译器将 Python 程序编译为计算机能够识别的二进制指令。
  • ……
  • 总而言之，无论我们学习任何一门编程语言，想要将程序运行起来，都必须做如下的两件事情：
    • ① 学习该语言的文字和符号编写的规则，即：语法规则。
    • ② 需要在操作系统上安装对应编程语言的编译器程序，将源程序编译为计算机能够识别的二进制指令。

2.3 计算机语言简史 ​

2.3.1 机器语言（相当于人类的石器时代） ​

  • 1946 年 2 月 14 日，世界上第一台计算机 ENIAC 诞生，使用的是最原始的穿透卡片。

  • 这种卡片使用的是用二进制代码表示的语言，和人类语言差别极大，这种语言就称为机器语言，如：
txt
0000,0000,000000010000 代表 LOAD A, 16
 0000,0001,000000000001 代表 LOAD B, 1
-0001,0001,000000010000 代表 STORE B, 16
  • 这种语言本质上是计算机能识别的唯一语言，人类很难理解；换言之，当时的程序员 99.9% 都是异类！！！

IMPORTANT

不同类型（CPU 架构，如：x86_64、arm 等）的处理器有不同的机器语言指令集，指令集架构（ISA）决定了机器语言的具体形式；换言之，机器语言与特定硬件架构紧密相关，机器语言程序几乎没有可移植性。

2.3.2 汇编语言（相当于人类的青铜&铁器时代） ​

  • 汇编语言使用助记符（如：MOV、ADD、SUB）代替二进制操作码，使程序更易于人类编写和理解；因此，汇编语言也被称为符号语言。

  • 汇编语言的优点是能编写高效率的程序；但是，缺点和机器语言没什么不同，汇编语言同样依赖于具体的计算机架构（面向机器），程序不具备跨平台的可移植性。

NOTE

汇编语言，目前仍然应用于工业电子编程领域、软件的加密解密、计算机病毒分析等。

2.3.3 高级语言（相当于人类的信息时代） ​

  • 高级语言是一种接近于人们使用习惯的程序设计语言。它允许程序员使用接近日常英语的指令来编写程序，程序中的符号和算式也和日常使用的数学公式差不多，接近于自然语言和数学语言，容易被人们掌握。

  • 高级语言独立于计算机硬件，有一定的通用性；计算机不能直接识别和执行用高级语言编写的程序，需要使用编译器或解释器转换为机器语言，才能被计算机识别和执行。

NOTE

普遍使用的高级编程语言，有：C、C++、Java、Python、C#、JavaScript、Go、SQL 等。

2.3.4 总结 ​

  • 编写语言的对比，如下所示：
类别特征优点缺点示例
机器语言直接由计算机执行的二进制代码执行速度快编写困难，可读性差，与具体硬件强绑定二进制代码
汇编语言用助记符代替二进制代码的低级语言相对机器语言更易编写和理解，允许直接控制硬件资源依然需要了解硬件，不够抽象，与具体硬件或平台相关MOV，ADD 等助记符
高级语言接近人类语言，提供了更高层次的抽象易于编写和维护，可移植性好，支持多种编程范式需要通过编译器或解释器转换为机器语言，可能存在一定的性能损失C，Java， Python 等

NOTE

  • ① 这三种编程语言类型从低级到高级提供了不同层次的抽象，以满足不同的编程需求和场景。
  • ② 随着计算机科学的发展，高级语言因其强大的表达能力、良好的可移植性和易用性，成为了日常软件开发的主流选择。

第三章：初识 C 语言 ​

3.1 C 语言的由来 ​

  • 1969 年，美国贝尔实验室的肯·汤姆森（Ken Thompson）和丹尼斯·里奇（Dennis Ritchie）一起开发了 Unix 操作系统。Unix 最初是使用汇编语言编写的，依赖于计算机硬件。为了程序的可读性和可移植性，它们决定使用高级语言重写。但是。当时的高级语言无法满足他们的要求，肯·汤姆森就在 BCPL 语言的基础上发明了 B 语言。
  • 1972 年，丹尼斯·里奇（Dennis Ritchie）在 B 语言的基础上重新设计了一种新的语言，这种新语言取代了 B 语言，即 C 语言。

  • 1973 年，整个 Unix 系统都使用 C 语言重写。

NOTE

C 语言最初是作为 Unix 系统的开发工具而发明的。

  • 此后，这种语言快速流传，广泛用于各种操作系统和系统软件的开发，如：Unix、MS-DOS、Microsoft Windows 以及 Linux 等。

  • 1988 年，美国国家标准协会（ANSI）正式将 C 语言标准化，标志着 C 语言开始稳定和规范化。

3.2 为什么要学习 C 语言？ ​

  • ① C 语言具有可移植好、跨平台的特点：用 C 语言编写的代码可以在不同的操作系统和硬件平台上编译和运行。

NOTE

  • ① C 语言的最原始的设计目的，就是为了将 Unix 操作系统移植到其他的计算机架构上，这使得它从一开始就非常注重可移植性。
  • ② 这边所说的 C 语言的可移植性，是和汇编语言相比的；如果 C 语言和现代化的高级编程语言相比，可移植性还是很差的，如：Java 的口号是“一次编译，到处运行”，Go 的口号是“一次编译，到处执行”。
  • ② C 语言在许多领域应用广泛。
    • 操作系统：C 广泛用于开发操作系统，如：Unix、Linux 和 Windows。
    • 嵌入式系统：C 是一种用于开发嵌入式系统（如：微控制器、微处理器和其它电子设备）的流程语言。
    • 系统软件：C 用于开发设备驱动程序、编译器和汇编器等系统软件。
    • 网络：C 语言广泛用于开发网络应用程序，例如：Web 服务器、网络协议和网络驱动程序。
    • 数据库系统：C 用于开发数据库系统，例如：Oracle、MySQL 和 PostgreSQL 。
    • 游戏：由于 C 能够处理低级硬件交互，因此经常用于开发计算机游戏。
    • 人工智能：C 用于开发人工智能和机器学习的应用程序，例如：神经网络和深度学习算法。
    • 科学应用：C 用于开发科学应用程序，例如：仿真软件和数值分析工具。
    • 金融应用：C 用于开发股票市场分析和交易系统等金融应用。
  • ③ C 语言能够直接对硬件进行操作、管理内存以及和操作系统对话，这使得它是一种非常接近底层的语言，非常适合写需要和硬件交互、有极高性能要求的程序。
  • ④ 学习 C 语言有助于快速上手其他编程语言，如：C++（原先是 C 语言的一个扩展，在 C 语言的基础上嫁接了面向对象编程思想）、C#、Java 等，这些语言都继承或深受 C 语言的影响和启发。
  • ⑤ C 语言长盛不衰。C 语言至今，依然是最广泛使用、最流行的编程语言之一，包括很多大学将 C 语言作为计算机教学的入门语言，拥有庞大而活跃的用户社区，这意味着有许多资源和库可供开发人员使用。

3.3 计算机语言排行榜 ​

  • TIOBE 是一个流行编程语言排行，每月更新。排名权重基于世界范围内工程师数量，Google、Bing、Yahoo! 、Wikipedia、Amazon、Youtube 和百度这些主流的搜索引擎，也将作为排名权重的参考指标。

  • 计算机语言走势图：

3.4 C 语言的版本选择 ​

  • 随着微型计算机的日益普及，出现了许多 C 语言版本（标准）：

    • 版本 1（K＆R C）：K&R C 指的是 C 语言的原始版本。1978年，C 语言的发明者布莱恩·柯林（Brian Kernighan）和丹尼斯·里奇（Dennis Ritchie）合写了一本著名的教材《C 编程语言》（The C programming language）。

    NOTE

    由于 C 语言还没有成文的语法标准，这本书就成了公认标准，以两位作者的姓氏首字母作为版本简称 “K&R C”。

    • 版本 2（ANSI C，又称 C89 或 C90）：C 语言的原始版本非常简单，对很多情况的描述非常模糊，加上 C 语法依然在快速发展，要求将 C 语言标准化的呼声越来越高。1989 年，美国国家标准协会（ANSI）制定了一套 C 语言标准，并于次年被国际标准化组织（ISO）通过。它被称为 “ANSI C”，也可以按照发布年份，称为 “C89 或 C90”。

    • 版本 3（C99）：C 语言标准的第一次大型修订，发生在 1999 年，增加了许多语言特性，比如：双斜杠（ // ）的注释语法，可变长度数组、灵活的数组成员、复数、内联函数和指定的初始值设定项，这个版本称为 C99，是目前最流行的 C 版本。

    • 版本 4（C11）：2011 年，标准化组织再一次对 C 语言进行修订，增加了_Generic、static_assert 和原子类型限定符。这个版本称为 C11。

    NOTE

    需要强调的是，修订标准的原因并不是因为原标准不能用，而是需要跟进新的技术。

    • 版本 5（C17）：C11 标准在 2017 年进行了修补，但发布是在 2018 年。新版本只是解决了 C11 的一些缺陷，没有引入任何新功能。这个版本称为 C17。
    • 版本 6（C23）：2023 年发布，计划进一步增强安全性，消除实现定义的行为，引入模块化语言概念等新特性，使 C 语言在安全和可靠性方面有重大提高。
    • ……

3.5 C 语言的优缺点 ​

  • C 语言的优点：

    • ① 高效：C 语言生成的代码非常高效，执行速度快，这使得其非常适合用于操作系统、嵌入式系统等需要高性能的场景。
    • ② 灵活性和低级控制：C 语言允许直接操作内存和硬件，可以进行位操作、指针运算等底层编程，非常适合开发需要直接硬件控制的应用。
    • ③ 广泛的硬件和平台支持：C 语言几乎可以在所有的计算机平台上运行，从微处理器到超级计算机，几乎所有的硬件平台都支持 C 语言。
    • ④ 标准库丰富：C 语言有一个标准库（C Standard Library），提供了大量常用的函数，涵盖了文件操作、字符串处理、内存管理等多种功能。
    • ⑤ 语言简洁：语法规则相对简单，没有过多的复杂特性，使得语言本身比较容易学习和掌握。

  • C 语言的缺点：

    • ① 缺乏高级特性：和现代编程语言相对，C 语言缺乏一些高级特性，如：面向对象编程、垃圾回收机制等，这使得某些类型的应用程序开发可能会更加复杂。
    • ② 安全性问题：C 语言允许直接操作内存，可能会导致缓冲区溢出、空指针引用等安全漏洞。如果不小心处理，容易产生难以调试的错误和安全隐患。
    • ③ 手动管理内存：C 语言需要程序员手动管理内存，即：分配内存和释放内存，这增加了内存泄露和悬空指针等问题的风险。
    • ④ 错误调试困难：由于 C 语言的底层操作特点，调试和排查错误可能比较困难，尤其是在处理复杂指针和内存操作的时候。
    • ⑤ 标准库有限：虽然 C 语言的标准库涵盖了很多基本功能，但相比现代编程语言的标准库，功能相对有限，尤其是在网络编程、多线程编程等方面。

  • 总而言之，C 语言的高效性和灵活性使其在系统级编程和嵌入式系统中占据重要地位，但其缺乏高级特性和内存管理上的挑战也使得开发过程可能更加复杂和容易出错。对于需要高性能和底层控制的应用，C 语言依然是不可替代的选择。

第四章：C 语言的学习技巧 ​

4.1 概述 ​

  • 对于大部分的初学者， 学习 C 语言的目的可能是为了成为一名合格的程序员，开发出优秀的软件。但是，在学习了 C 语言的基本语法后，却发现只能在控制台（黑底白字）上玩玩，没有漂亮的用户界面以及人性化的交互。于是，开始学习数据结构、算法、数据库、操作系统，越陷越深，越来越迷茫，不知道学习 C 语言能做什么，认为学习编程很难，开始怀疑自己，直到放弃！！！
  • 其实，C 语言本身就是一门非常简单的语言，提供的实用功能不多，大部分的时候需要借助操作系统、第三方库以及以及一些硬件才能发挥它的威力！！！

IMPORTANT

  • ① 学习 C 语言仅仅是让你踏上程序员之路的第一步而已，只学习 C 语言也做不了什么。
  • ② 系统、扎实的学习 C 语言可以让你了解底层硬件、一些简单的数据结构和算法，并培养计算机思维。
  • C 语言是一门通用性的语言，并没有针对某个领域进行优化，在实际项目中，C 语言主要用于比较底层的开发，例如：
    • Windows、Linux、Unix 等操作系统的内核 90% 以上都使用 C 语言开发（Rust 语言有望未来，在更多的操作系统开发中占据一席之地，特别是在对安全性和性能要求极高的领域）。
    • 开发硬件驱动，让硬件和操作系统连接起来，这样用户才能更有效的使用硬件。
    • 单片机和嵌入式属于软硬件的结合，是使用 C 语言最多的地方。
    • 开发系统组件或服务，用于支撑上层应用。
    • ……
  • 既然 C 语言的应用很多，为什么感觉学习它还是做不了什么？答案就是生态。

IMPORTANT

现代化的高级编程语言的流行程度，除了和编程语言的设计是否优秀有关，最主要的原因就是生态。

  • ① 很多编程语言都自带标准库（语言本身提供的，开箱即用），如：Java、Go 等。
  • ② 很多编程语言都有自己的包管理器（用于管理第三方库）解决方案，如：Java 中的 Maven、Gradle、Go 中的 go modules ，JavaScript 的 npm 等。

遗憾的是，C 语言的标准库非常简单，只有输入输出、文件操作、日期时间、字符串处理、内存管理，对于网络编程、GUI、数据库、并发等需要大量的第三方库来扩展 C 语言的功能（Java 语言、Go 语言等其他的现代化高级编程语言，都是直接将这些常见的开发场景内置到标准库中，极大的降低了软件开发的难度）。C 语言的第三方库也非常稀少，更别提缺少自己的包管理器。

不过，现在 C 语言社区也开始诞生了一些包管理器，如：Conan 和 vcpkg ；也有自己的项目构建工具，如：cmake 、xmake 等。

NOTE

JavaScript 的作者 Brendan Eich（布兰登·艾奇） 曾经这么说：“与其说我爱 JavaScript，不如说我恨它。它是 C 语言和 Self 语言一夜情的产物。十八世纪英国文学家约翰逊博士说得好："它的优秀之处并非原创，它的原创之处并不优秀。"”

汇编生 C ，C 生万物！！！

4.2 项目构建工具和包管理器 ​

4.2.1 概述 ​

  • 项目构建工具和包管理器在软件开发中扮演着不同的角色，它们虽然有时会有重叠的功能，但主要关注的点是不同的。

4.2.2 项目构建工具 ​

  • 项目构建工具是用于自动化编译、测试、打包、部署等一系列任务的软件工具。它们帮助开发者简化和管理整个软件开发生命周期中的各个步骤，尤其是在构建过程中的复杂性管理上。
  • 其功能有：
    • 编译代码：自动编译源代码（如 ：.java、.c 等）为可执行文件或中间文件（如：.class 文件）。
    • 运行测试：集成单元测试、集成测试，自动运行测试用例并生成报告。
    • 打包：将编译后的代码、依赖库、资源文件等打包成可分发的格式（如：JAR、WAR、可执行文件等）。
    • 依赖管理：自动下载、更新和管理项目所需的第三方库（这部分功能有时与包管理器重叠）。
    • 部署：将打包后的应用程序自动部署到测试环境、生产环境等。
    • 任务自动化：除了基本的构建流程外，还可以自动化执行一些常见任务，如：代码检查、文档生成等。
  • 常用的项目构建工具：
    • Maven（Java）：一个流行的构建工具和依赖管理工具，广泛用于 Java 项目。
    • Gradle（Java、Kotlin、Groovy）：一个灵活的构建工具，支持声明式的构建脚本和多种语言。
    • Make（C/C++）：一个经典的构建工具，使用 Makefile 来定义构建规则和依赖关系。
    • Ant（Java）：早期流行的 Java 构建工具，通过 XML 配置文件定义构建过程。
    • CMake（C/C++）：一个跨平台的构建系统，帮助生成标准的构建文件，如：Makefile 或 Visual Studio 项目文件。

4.2.3 包管理器 ​

  • 包管理器是用于自动化安装、更新、配置和管理软件包及其依赖关系的工具。它主要关注于获取和管理项目所需的第三方库或工具包，并确保它们正确地集成到项目中。
  • 其功能有：
    • 依赖管理：根据项目配置文件（如：package.json、requirements.txt）自动下载和安装项目所需的依赖包。
    • 版本控制：管理包的版本，允许开发者指定某个特定版本或版本范围，确保项目中的库版本一致性。
    • 包的发布和共享：开发者可以通过包管理器发布自己的库，并且共享给社区或组织内部的其他项目使用。
    • 环境隔离：有些包管理器提供虚拟环境功能，可以将不同项目的依赖隔离开，避免版本冲突。
    • 更新和卸载：包管理器可以自动更新依赖包到最新的兼容版本或卸载不再需要的包。
  • 常见的包管理器：
    • npm（Node.js）：用于管理 JavaScript 和 Node.js 项目的包和模块。
    • pip（Python）：用于安装和管理 Python 的软件包。
    • Composer（PHP）：用于管理 PHP 项目的依赖库。
    • NuGet（.NET）：用于管理 .NET 平台上的包和库。
    • RubyGems（Ruby）：用于管理 Ruby 的库和工具包。
    • Cargo（Rust）：Rust 编程语言的包管理器和构建工具。
    • Yarn（JavaScript）：是 npm 的替代品，提供更快和更可靠的包管理体验。
    • Homebrew（macOS）：用于 macOS 系统下的命令行工具和库的管理。

4.2.3 注意事项 ​

  • 对于 Java 项目中的 Maven 或 Gradle 而言，其不仅是项目构建工具也是包管理工具。

Released under the MIT License.

Copyright © 2024 许大仙

- +0001,0001,000000010000 代表 STORE B, 16
  • 这种语言本质上是计算机能识别的唯一语言，人类很难理解；换言之，当时的程序员 99.9% 都是异类！！！

IMPORTANT

不同类型（CPU 架构，如：x86_64、arm 等）的处理器有不同的机器语言指令集，指令集架构（ISA）决定了机器语言的具体形式；换言之，机器语言与特定硬件架构紧密相关，机器语言程序几乎没有可移植性。

2.3.2 汇编语言（相当于人类的青铜&铁器时代） ​

  • 汇编语言使用助记符（如：MOV、ADD、SUB）代替二进制操作码，使程序更易于人类编写和理解；因此，汇编语言也被称为符号语言。

  • 汇编语言的优点是能编写高效率的程序；但是，缺点和机器语言没什么不同，汇编语言同样依赖于具体的计算机架构（面向机器），程序不具备跨平台的可移植性。

NOTE

汇编语言，目前仍然应用于工业电子编程领域、软件的加密解密、计算机病毒分析等。

2.3.3 高级语言（相当于人类的信息时代） ​

  • 高级语言是一种接近于人们使用习惯的程序设计语言。它允许程序员使用接近日常英语的指令来编写程序，程序中的符号和算式也和日常使用的数学公式差不多，接近于自然语言和数学语言，容易被人们掌握。

  • 高级语言独立于计算机硬件，有一定的通用性；计算机不能直接识别和执行用高级语言编写的程序，需要使用编译器或解释器转换为机器语言，才能被计算机识别和执行。

NOTE

普遍使用的高级编程语言，有：C、C++、Java、Python、C#、JavaScript、Go、SQL 等。

2.3.4 总结 ​

  • 编写语言的对比，如下所示：
类别特征优点缺点示例
机器语言直接由计算机执行的二进制代码执行速度快编写困难，可读性差，与具体硬件强绑定二进制代码
汇编语言用助记符代替二进制代码的低级语言相对机器语言更易编写和理解，允许直接控制硬件资源依然需要了解硬件，不够抽象，与具体硬件或平台相关MOV，ADD 等助记符
高级语言接近人类语言，提供了更高层次的抽象易于编写和维护，可移植性好，支持多种编程范式需要通过编译器或解释器转换为机器语言，可能存在一定的性能损失C，Java， Python 等

NOTE

  • ① 这三种编程语言类型从低级到高级提供了不同层次的抽象，以满足不同的编程需求和场景。
  • ② 随着计算机科学的发展，高级语言因其强大的表达能力、良好的可移植性和易用性，成为了日常软件开发的主流选择。

第三章：初识 C 语言 ​

3.1 C 语言的由来 ​

  • 1969 年，美国贝尔实验室的肯·汤姆森（Ken Thompson）和丹尼斯·里奇（Dennis Ritchie）一起开发了 Unix 操作系统。Unix 最初是使用汇编语言编写的，依赖于计算机硬件。为了程序的可读性和可移植性，它们决定使用高级语言重写。但是。当时的高级语言无法满足他们的要求，肯·汤姆森就在 BCPL 语言的基础上发明了 B 语言。
  • 1972 年，丹尼斯·里奇（Dennis Ritchie）在 B 语言的基础上重新设计了一种新的语言，这种新语言取代了 B 语言，即 C 语言。

  • 1973 年，整个 Unix 系统都使用 C 语言重写。

NOTE

C 语言最初是作为 Unix 系统的开发工具而发明的。

  • 此后，这种语言快速流传，广泛用于各种操作系统和系统软件的开发，如：Unix、MS-DOS、Microsoft Windows 以及 Linux 等。

  • 1988 年，美国国家标准协会（ANSI）正式将 C 语言标准化，标志着 C 语言开始稳定和规范化。

3.2 为什么要学习 C 语言？ ​

  • ① C 语言具有可移植好、跨平台的特点：用 C 语言编写的代码可以在不同的操作系统和硬件平台上编译和运行。

NOTE

  • ① C 语言的最原始的设计目的，就是为了将 Unix 操作系统移植到其他的计算机架构上，这使得它从一开始就非常注重可移植性。
  • ② 这边所说的 C 语言的可移植性，是和汇编语言相比的；如果 C 语言和现代化的高级编程语言相比，可移植性还是很差的，如：Java 的口号是“一次编译，到处运行”，Go 的口号是“一次编译，到处执行”。
  • ② C 语言在许多领域应用广泛。
    • 操作系统：C 广泛用于开发操作系统，如：Unix、Linux 和 Windows。
    • 嵌入式系统：C 是一种用于开发嵌入式系统（如：微控制器、微处理器和其它电子设备）的流程语言。
    • 系统软件：C 用于开发设备驱动程序、编译器和汇编器等系统软件。
    • 网络：C 语言广泛用于开发网络应用程序，例如：Web 服务器、网络协议和网络驱动程序。
    • 数据库系统：C 用于开发数据库系统，例如：Oracle、MySQL 和 PostgreSQL 。
    • 游戏：由于 C 能够处理低级硬件交互，因此经常用于开发计算机游戏。
    • 人工智能：C 用于开发人工智能和机器学习的应用程序，例如：神经网络和深度学习算法。
    • 科学应用：C 用于开发科学应用程序，例如：仿真软件和数值分析工具。
    • 金融应用：C 用于开发股票市场分析和交易系统等金融应用。
  • ③ C 语言能够直接对硬件进行操作、管理内存以及和操作系统对话，这使得它是一种非常接近底层的语言，非常适合写需要和硬件交互、有极高性能要求的程序。
  • ④ 学习 C 语言有助于快速上手其他编程语言，如：C++（原先是 C 语言的一个扩展，在 C 语言的基础上嫁接了面向对象编程思想）、C#、Java 等，这些语言都继承或深受 C 语言的影响和启发。
  • ⑤ C 语言长盛不衰。C 语言至今，依然是最广泛使用、最流行的编程语言之一，包括很多大学将 C 语言作为计算机教学的入门语言，拥有庞大而活跃的用户社区，这意味着有许多资源和库可供开发人员使用。

3.3 计算机语言排行榜 ​

  • TIOBE 是一个流行编程语言排行，每月更新。排名权重基于世界范围内工程师数量，Google、Bing、Yahoo! 、Wikipedia、Amazon、Youtube 和百度这些主流的搜索引擎，也将作为排名权重的参考指标。

  • 计算机语言走势图：

3.4 C 语言的版本选择 ​

  • 随着微型计算机的日益普及，出现了许多 C 语言版本（标准）：

    • 版本 1（K＆R C）：K&R C 指的是 C 语言的原始版本。1978年，C 语言的发明者布莱恩·柯林（Brian Kernighan）和丹尼斯·里奇（Dennis Ritchie）合写了一本著名的教材《C 编程语言》（The C programming language）。

    NOTE

    由于 C 语言还没有成文的语法标准，这本书就成了公认标准，以两位作者的姓氏首字母作为版本简称 “K&R C”。

    • 版本 2（ANSI C，又称 C89 或 C90）：C 语言的原始版本非常简单，对很多情况的描述非常模糊，加上 C 语法依然在快速发展，要求将 C 语言标准化的呼声越来越高。1989 年，美国国家标准协会（ANSI）制定了一套 C 语言标准，并于次年被国际标准化组织（ISO）通过。它被称为 “ANSI C”，也可以按照发布年份，称为 “C89 或 C90”。

    • 版本 3（C99）：C 语言标准的第一次大型修订，发生在 1999 年，增加了许多语言特性，比如：双斜杠（ // ）的注释语法，可变长度数组、灵活的数组成员、复数、内联函数和指定的初始值设定项，这个版本称为 C99，是目前最流行的 C 版本。

    • 版本 4（C11）：2011 年，标准化组织再一次对 C 语言进行修订，增加了_Generic、static_assert 和原子类型限定符。这个版本称为 C11。

    NOTE

    需要强调的是，修订标准的原因并不是因为原标准不能用，而是需要跟进新的技术。

    • 版本 5（C17）：C11 标准在 2017 年进行了修补，但发布是在 2018 年。新版本只是解决了 C11 的一些缺陷，没有引入任何新功能。这个版本称为 C17。
    • 版本 6（C23）：2023 年发布，计划进一步增强安全性，消除实现定义的行为，引入模块化语言概念等新特性，使 C 语言在安全和可靠性方面有重大提高。
    • ……

3.5 C 语言的优缺点 ​

  • C 语言的优点：

    • ① 高效：C 语言生成的代码非常高效，执行速度快，这使得其非常适合用于操作系统、嵌入式系统等需要高性能的场景。
    • ② 灵活性和低级控制：C 语言允许直接操作内存和硬件，可以进行位操作、指针运算等底层编程，非常适合开发需要直接硬件控制的应用。
    • ③ 广泛的硬件和平台支持：C 语言几乎可以在所有的计算机平台上运行，从微处理器到超级计算机，几乎所有的硬件平台都支持 C 语言。
    • ④ 标准库丰富：C 语言有一个标准库（C Standard Library），提供了大量常用的函数，涵盖了文件操作、字符串处理、内存管理等多种功能。
    • ⑤ 语言简洁：语法规则相对简单，没有过多的复杂特性，使得语言本身比较容易学习和掌握。

  • C 语言的缺点：

    • ① 缺乏高级特性：和现代编程语言相对，C 语言缺乏一些高级特性，如：面向对象编程、垃圾回收机制等，这使得某些类型的应用程序开发可能会更加复杂。
    • ② 安全性问题：C 语言允许直接操作内存，可能会导致缓冲区溢出、空指针引用等安全漏洞。如果不小心处理，容易产生难以调试的错误和安全隐患。
    • ③ 手动管理内存：C 语言需要程序员手动管理内存，即：分配内存和释放内存，这增加了内存泄露和悬空指针等问题的风险。
    • ④ 错误调试困难：由于 C 语言的底层操作特点，调试和排查错误可能比较困难，尤其是在处理复杂指针和内存操作的时候。
    • ⑤ 标准库有限：虽然 C 语言的标准库涵盖了很多基本功能，但相比现代编程语言的标准库，功能相对有限，尤其是在网络编程、多线程编程等方面。

  • 总而言之，C 语言的高效性和灵活性使其在系统级编程和嵌入式系统中占据重要地位，但其缺乏高级特性和内存管理上的挑战也使得开发过程可能更加复杂和容易出错。对于需要高性能和底层控制的应用，C 语言依然是不可替代的选择。

第四章：C 语言的学习技巧 ​

4.1 概述 ​

  • 对于大部分的初学者， 学习 C 语言的目的可能是为了成为一名合格的程序员，开发出优秀的软件。但是，在学习了 C 语言的基本语法后，却发现只能在控制台（黑底白字）上玩玩，没有漂亮的用户界面以及人性化的交互。于是，开始学习数据结构、算法、数据库、操作系统，越陷越深，越来越迷茫，不知道学习 C 语言能做什么，认为学习编程很难，开始怀疑自己，直到放弃！！！
  • 其实，C 语言本身就是一门非常简单的语言，提供的实用功能不多，大部分的时候需要借助操作系统、第三方库以及以及一些硬件才能发挥它的威力！！！

IMPORTANT

  • ① 学习 C 语言仅仅是让你踏上程序员之路的第一步而已，只学习 C 语言也做不了什么。
  • ② 系统、扎实的学习 C 语言可以让你了解底层硬件、一些简单的数据结构和算法，并培养计算机思维。
  • C 语言是一门通用性的语言，并没有针对某个领域进行优化，在实际项目中，C 语言主要用于比较底层的开发，例如：
    • Windows、Linux、Unix 等操作系统的内核 90% 以上都使用 C 语言开发（Rust 语言有望未来，在操作系统开发中占据一席之地，特别是在对安全性和性能要求极高的领域）。
    • 开发硬件驱动，让硬件和操作系统连接起来，这样用户才能更有效的使用硬件。
    • 单片机和嵌入式属于软硬件的结合，是使用 C 语言最多的地方。
    • 开发系统组件或服务，用于支撑上层应用。
    • ……
  • 既然 C 语言的应用很多，为什么感觉学习它还是做不了什么？答案就是生态。

IMPORTANT

现代化的高级编程语言的流行程度，除了和编程语言的设计是否优秀有关，最主要的原因就是生态。

  • ① 很多编程语言都自带标准库（语言本身提供的，开箱即用），如：Java、Go 等。
  • ② 很多编程语言都有自己的包管理器（用于管理第三方库）解决方案，如：Java 中的 Maven、Gradle、Go 中的 go modules ，JavaScript 的 npm 等。

遗憾的是，C 语言的标准库非常简单，只有输入输出、文件操作、日期时间、字符串处理、内存管理，对于网络编程、GUI、数据库、并发等需要大量的第三方库来扩展 C 语言的功能（Java 语言、Go 语言等其他的现代化高级编程语言，都是直接将这些常见的开发场景内置到标准库中，极大的降低了软件开发的难度）。C 语言的第三方库也非常稀少，更别提缺少自己的包管理器。

不过，现在 C 语言社区也开始诞生了一些包管理器，如：Conan 和 vcpkg ；也有自己的项目构建工具，如：cmake 、xmake 等。

NOTE

JavaScript 的作者 Brendan Eich（布兰登·艾奇） 曾经这么说：“与其说我爱 JavaScript，不如说我恨它。它是 C 语言和 Self 语言一夜情的产物。十八世纪英国文学家约翰逊博士说得好："它的优秀之处并非原创，它的原创之处并不优秀。"”

汇编生 C ，C 生万物！！！

4.2 项目构建工具和包管理器 ​

4.2.1 概述 ​

  • 项目构建工具和包管理器在软件开发中扮演着不同的角色，它们虽然有时会有重叠的功能，但主要关注的点是不同的。

4.2.2 项目构建工具 ​

  • 项目构建工具是用于自动化编译、测试、打包、部署等一系列任务的软件工具。它们帮助开发者简化和管理整个软件开发生命周期中的各个步骤，尤其是在构建过程中的复杂性管理上。
  • 其功能有：
    • 编译代码：自动编译源代码（如 ：.java、.c 等）为可执行文件或中间文件（如：.class 文件）。
    • 运行测试：集成单元测试、集成测试，自动运行测试用例并生成报告。
    • 打包：将编译后的代码、依赖库、资源文件等打包成可分发的格式（如：JAR、WAR、可执行文件等）。
    • 依赖管理：自动下载、更新和管理项目所需的第三方库（这部分功能有时与包管理器重叠）。
    • 部署：将打包后的应用程序自动部署到测试环境、生产环境等。
    • 任务自动化：除了基本的构建流程外，还可以自动化执行一些常见任务，如：代码检查、文档生成等。
  • 常用的项目构建工具：
    • Maven（Java）：一个流行的构建工具和依赖管理工具，广泛用于 Java 项目。
    • Gradle（Java、Kotlin、Groovy）：一个灵活的构建工具，支持声明式的构建脚本和多种语言。
    • Make（C/C++）：一个经典的构建工具，使用 Makefile 来定义构建规则和依赖关系。
    • Ant（Java）：早期流行的 Java 构建工具，通过 XML 配置文件定义构建过程。
    • CMake（C/C++）：一个跨平台的构建系统，帮助生成标准的构建文件，如：Makefile 或 Visual Studio 项目文件。

4.2.3 包管理器 ​

  • 包管理器是用于自动化安装、更新、配置和管理软件包及其依赖关系的工具。它主要关注于获取和管理项目所需的第三方库或工具包，并确保它们正确地集成到项目中。
  • 其功能有：
    • 依赖管理：根据项目配置文件（如：package.json、requirements.txt）自动下载和安装项目所需的依赖包。
    • 版本控制：管理包的版本，允许开发者指定某个特定版本或版本范围，确保项目中的库版本一致性。
    • 包的发布和共享：开发者可以通过包管理器发布自己的库，并且共享给社区或组织内部的其他项目使用。
    • 环境隔离：有些包管理器提供虚拟环境功能，可以将不同项目的依赖隔离开，避免版本冲突。
    • 更新和卸载：包管理器可以自动更新依赖包到最新的兼容版本或卸载不再需要的包。
  • 常见的包管理器：
    • npm（Node.js）：用于管理 JavaScript 和 Node.js 项目的包和模块。
    • pip（Python）：用于安装和管理 Python 的软件包。
    • Composer（PHP）：用于管理 PHP 项目的依赖库。
    • NuGet（.NET）：用于管理 .NET 平台上的包和库。
    • RubyGems（Ruby）：用于管理 Ruby 的库和工具包。
    • Cargo（Rust）：Rust 编程语言的包管理器和构建工具。
    • Yarn（JavaScript）：是 npm 的替代品，提供更快和更可靠的包管理体验。
    • Homebrew（macOS）：用于 macOS 系统下的命令行工具和库的管理。

4.2.3 注意事项 ​

  • 对于 Java 项目中的 Maven 或 Gradle 而言，其不仅是项目构建工具也是包管理工具。

Released under the MIT License.

Copyright © 2024 许大仙

+ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/index.html b/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/index.html index 9b03c03..4062efd 100644 --- a/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/index.html +++ b/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/index.html @@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ - + - + - + @@ -20,35 +20,35 @@ -
许大仙

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第一章：开发环境的安装和配置（⭐） ​

1.1 环境的安装和配置 ​

1.1.1 概述 ​

  • 要开发 C/C++ 程序，需要安装 C/C++ 编译器，目前有两种主流实现，即：

    • GCC（GNU Compiler Collection）：全平台实现，即支持 Windows、MacOS、Linux 等。
    • MSVC（Microsoft Visual C++）：只支持 Windows 系统。

  • GCC 在 Windows 上的版本有很多，如：MinGW-w64、Gygwin、MSYS2。它们之间的区别，如下所示：

特性MinGW-w64CygwinMSYS2
简介Minimalist GNU for WindowsPOSIX 兼容环境和工具集结合了 MinGW 和 Cygwin 的工具集
编译器提供 GCC 编译器提供 POSIX 兼容环境，包含大量工具提供 MinGW-w64 工具链和 Cygwin 环境
生成文件Windows 原生可执行文件POSIX 兼容的可执行文件可以生成 Windows 原生可执行文件或 POSIX 文件
依赖无需额外依赖依赖 Cygwin DLL根据使用工具链决定（MinGW-w64 无依赖，Cygwin 有依赖）
工具和库基本的编译工具丰富的 Unix 工具和库丰富的工具和库，强大的包管理系统
性能性能较好可能较低，因为通过兼容层调用系统取决于使用的工具链（MinGW-w64 性能较好）
复杂度简单易用设置和使用相对复杂较为灵活，复杂度介于 MinGW-w64 和 Cygwin 之间
适用场景开发 Windows 原生应用运行和开发 Unix 程序混合使用 Unix 工具和开发 Windows 原生应用
优点轻量级，直接生成 Windows 应用完整的 POSIX 兼容环境，丰富的工具灵活的环境，强大的包管理系统
缺点工具和库较少生成文件依赖 Cygwin DLL，性能可能较低环境较大，占用更多空间，复杂性比 MinGW-w64 高

NOTE

  • ① MinGW-w64 、Cygwin 以及 MSYS2 任选其一安装即可。
  • ② 目前的 Win10 和 Win11 版本支持 WSL2 （Windows Sub Linux 2 ，即 Windows 的子系统 Linux），可以实现在 Windows 系统上安装一个 Linux ，然后再运行 Linux 中的 GCC 工具链。

1.1.2 MinGW-w64 的安装和配置 ​

1.1.2.1 安装 ​

  • 下载到本地：略。

NOTE

下载地址在这里。

  • 解压到指定的目录，即：

NOTE

本人的解压目录是：D:\develop\mingw64 。

1.1.2.2 配置 path 环境变量 ​

  • 配置环境变量，以便任意目录都可以执行 gcc 命令，即：

NOTE

因为，本人安装 MinGW-w64 的目录是 D:\develop\mingw64，所以配置 path 环境变量就需要 D:\develop\mingw64\bin。

  • 测试是否安装成功：
shell
gcc --version

1.1.3 Cygwin 的安装和配置 ​

1.1.3.1 安装 ​

  • 下载到本地：略。

NOTE

下载地址在这里。

  • 点击安装：

NOTE

默认是最小化安装，没有 GCC，需要选择 gcc-core、gcc-g++、make、gdb、binutils 。

1.1.3.2 配置 path 环境变量 ​

  • 和 3.1.2.2 配置 path 环境变量 步骤相同：略。

1.1.4 MSYS2（推荐） ​

1.1.4.1 安装 ​

  • 下载到本地：略。

NOTE

下载地址在这里。

  • 点击安装：

  • 出现命令终端：

  • 替换清华镜像源（可选）：
shell
sed -i "s#https\?://mirror.msys2.org/#https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/msys2/#g" /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist*

  • 安装 gcc 等相关开发包：
shell
pacman -Syu --noconfirm # 更新包管理器
shell
pacman -Sy base-devel --noconfirm # 安装开发工具包
shell
pacman -Sy mingw-w64-x86_64-toolchain --noconfirm # 安装开发 gcc 相关工具链

1.1.4.2 配置 path 环境变量 ​

  • 和 3.1.2.2 配置 path 环境变量 步骤相同：略。

1.2 IDE 的安装和配置 ​

1.2.1 CLion ​

1.2.1.1 概述 ​

  • CLion 是一款由 JetBrains 推出的跨平台 C/C++ 集成开发环境（IDE），它具有智能编辑器、CMake 构建支持、调试器、单元测试、代码分析等功能，可以极大提高 C/C++ 开发效率。

1.2.1.2 安装 ​

  • 鼠标双击，进入安装：

  • 下一步：

  • 下一步：

  • 下一步：

  • 安装：

  • 安装完成：

1.2.1.3 配置 ​

  • 打开 CLion ：

  • 安装中文插件（可选）：

  • 配置新 UI ：

  • 新 UI 配置自定义字体（可选）：

  • 配置自动保存功能：

  • 配置文件编码 为 UTF-8：

  • 配置控制台编码为 UTF-8：

  • 配置显示方法分隔符功能：

  • 配置编辑器的字体（可选）：

  • 检测 GCC 工具链是否安装成功：

1.2.2 VS Code ​

1.2.2.1 概述 ​

  • Visual Studio Code (VS Code) 是一个免费的开源代码编辑器，适用于 Windows、MacOS 和 Linux 平台。它支持语法高亮、智能代码补全（IntelliSense）、内置调试工具和Git集成。用户可以通过扩展来添加更多功能，如：支持新的编程语言、主题和调试工具。VS Code 还支持在微软 Azure 上进行部署和托管，适用于各种编程语言和框架。

NOTE

Visual Studio Code 需要安装对应的插件，才能运行 C/C++ 代码。

1.2.2.2 安装 ​

  • 鼠标双击，进入安装：

  • 同意协议：

  • 下一步：

  • 下一步：

  • 下一步：

  • 安装：

  • 安装过程：

  • 安装完成：

1.2.2.3 配置 ​

  • 安装中文插件：

  • 安装 C/C++ 插件：

1.2.3 Microsoft Visual Studio ​

1.2.3.1 概述 ​

  • Visual Studio（简称 VS）是由微软公司发布的集成开发环境。它包括了整个软件生命周期中所需要的大部分工具，如：UML工具、代码管控工具、集成开发环境（IDE）等。

  • Visual Studio 支持 C/C++、C#、F#、VB 等多种程序语言的开发和测试，可以用于生成Web应用程序，也可以生成桌面应用程序，功能十分强大，但下载和安装很可能耗时数小时，还可能会塞满磁盘。

  • Visual Studio 2022 有三种版本：社区版(免费，不支持企业使用)，专业版(第一年 1199 美元/ 799 美元续订)和企业版(第一年 5999 美元/ 2569 美元续订)。企业版拥有面向架构师的功能、高级调试和测试，这些功能是另两种 SKU 所没有的。

  • Visual Studio 旨在成为世界上最好的 IDE（集成开发环境），目前最新版本为 Visual Studio 2022。

1.2.3.2 安装 ​

  • 鼠标双击，进入安装：

  • 继续：

  • 等待：

  • 工作负荷（使用 C++ 的桌面开发）：

  • 单个组件：

  • 语言包：

  • 安装位置（修改默认的安装位置）：

  • 如果不是第一次安装，可能会出现共享组件、工具和 SDK不可以修改，即：

  • 此时，就需要打开注册表编辑器，将如下图中的除了第一个选项，全部删除，然后关闭再重新安装，即：

  • 开始安装：

  • 安装中：

  • 安装完成，然后关闭：

1.2.3.3 配置 ​

  • 在开始菜单处，启动 VS ：

  • 登录或跳过该选项（有微软账号就注册，没有就暂时跳过）：

  • 继续：

  • 注册 VS ：

  • 填写注册码：

NOTE

  • ① Pro 版本：TD244-P4NB7-YQ6XK-Y8MMM-YWV2J
  • ② Enterprise 版本：VHF9H-NXBBB-638P6-6JHCY-88JWH

第二章：HelloWorld（⭐） ​

2.3.1 手动版 ​

  • ① 新建一个 HelloWorld.c 的文件：

  • ② 通过记事本等软件打开该文件，输入如下的代码，并保存：
c
#include <stdio.h>
+    
许大仙
Appearance
第一章：开发环境的安装和配置（⭐） ​
1.1 环境的安装和配置 ​
1.1.1 概述 ​
  • 要开发 C/C++ 程序，需要安装 C/C++ 编译器，目前有两种主流实现，即： 
    • GCC（GNU Compiler Collection）：全平台实现，即支持 Windows、MacOS、Linux 等。
    • MSVC（Microsoft Visual C++）：只支持 Windows 系统。
  • GCC 在 Windows 上的版本有很多，如：MinGW-w64、Gygwin、MSYS2。它们之间的区别，如下所示：
特性MinGW-w64CygwinMSYS2
简介Minimalist GNU for WindowsPOSIX 兼容环境和工具集结合了 MinGW 和 Cygwin 的工具集
编译器提供 GCC 编译器提供 POSIX 兼容环境，包含大量工具提供 MinGW-w64 工具链和 Cygwin 环境
生成文件Windows 原生可执行文件POSIX 兼容的可执行文件可以生成 Windows 原生可执行文件或 POSIX 文件
依赖无需额外依赖依赖 Cygwin DLL根据使用工具链决定（MinGW-w64 无依赖，Cygwin 有依赖）
工具和库基本的编译工具丰富的 Unix 工具和库丰富的工具和库，强大的包管理系统
性能性能较好可能较低，因为通过兼容层调用系统取决于使用的工具链（MinGW-w64 性能较好）
复杂度简单易用设置和使用相对复杂较为灵活，复杂度介于 MinGW-w64 和 Cygwin 之间
适用场景开发 Windows 原生应用运行和开发 Unix 程序混合使用 Unix 工具和开发 Windows 原生应用
优点轻量级，直接生成 Windows 应用完整的 POSIX 兼容环境，丰富的工具灵活的环境，强大的包管理系统
缺点工具和库较少生成文件依赖 Cygwin DLL，性能可能较低环境较大，占用更多空间，复杂性比 MinGW-w64 高
NOTE
  • ① MinGW-w64 、Cygwin 以及 MSYS2 任选其一安装即可。
  • ② 目前的 Win10 和 Win11 版本支持 WSL2 （Windows Sub Linux 2 ，即 Windows 的子系统 Linux），可以实现在 Windows 系统上安装一个 Linux ，然后再运行 Linux 中的 GCC 工具链。
1.1.2 MinGW-w64 的安装和配置 ​
1.1.2.1 安装 ​
  • 下载到本地：略。
NOTE
下载地址在这里。
  • 解压到指定的目录，即：
NOTE
本人的解压目录是：D:\develop\mingw64 。
1.1.2.2 配置 path 环境变量 ​
  • 配置环境变量，以便任意目录都可以执行 gcc 命令，即：
NOTE
因为，本人安装 MinGW-w64 的目录是 D:\develop\mingw64，所以配置 path 环境变量就需要 D:\develop\mingw64\bin。
  • 测试是否安装成功：
shell
gcc --version
1.1.3 Cygwin 的安装和配置 ​
1.1.3.1 安装 ​
  • 下载到本地：略。
NOTE
下载地址在这里。
  • 点击安装：
NOTE
默认是最小化安装，没有 GCC，需要选择 gcc-core、gcc-g++、make、gdb、binutils 。
1.1.3.2 配置 path 环境变量 ​
  • 和 3.1.2.2 配置 path 环境变量 步骤相同：略。
1.1.4 MSYS2（推荐） ​
1.1.4.1 安装 ​
  • 下载到本地：略。
NOTE
下载地址在这里。
  • 点击安装：
  • 出现命令终端：
  • 替换清华镜像源（可选）：
shell
sed -i "s#https\?://mirror.msys2.org/#https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/msys2/#g" /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist*
  • 安装 gcc 等相关开发包：
shell
pacman -Syu --noconfirm # 更新包管理器
shell
pacman -Sy base-devel --noconfirm # 安装开发工具包
shell
pacman -Sy mingw-w64-x86_64-toolchain --noconfirm # 安装开发 gcc 相关工具链
1.1.4.2 配置 path 环境变量 ​
  • 和 3.1.2.2 配置 path 环境变量 步骤相同：略。
1.2 IDE 的安装和配置 ​
1.2.1 CLion ​
1.2.1.1 概述 ​
  • CLion 是一款由 JetBrains 推出的跨平台 C/C++ 集成开发环境（IDE），它具有智能编辑器、CMake 构建支持、调试器、单元测试、代码分析等功能，可以极大提高 C/C++ 开发效率。
1.2.1.2 安装 ​
  • 鼠标双击，进入安装：
  • 下一步：
  • 下一步：
  • 下一步：
  • 安装：
  • 安装完成：
1.2.1.3 配置 ​
  • 打开 CLion ：
  • 安装中文插件（可选）：
  • 配置新 UI ：
  • 新 UI 配置自定义字体（可选）：
  • 配置自动保存功能：
  • 配置文件编码 为 UTF-8：
  • 配置控制台编码为 UTF-8：
  • 配置显示方法分隔符功能：
  • 配置编辑器的字体（可选）：
  • 检测 GCC 工具链是否安装成功：
1.2.2 VS Code ​
1.2.2.1 概述 ​
  • Visual Studio Code (VS Code) 是一个免费的开源代码编辑器，适用于 Windows、MacOS 和 Linux 平台。它支持语法高亮、智能代码补全（IntelliSense）、内置调试工具和Git集成。用户可以通过扩展来添加更多功能，如：支持新的编程语言、主题和调试工具。VS Code 还支持在微软 Azure 上进行部署和托管，适用于各种编程语言和框架。
NOTE
Visual Studio Code 需要安装对应的插件，才能运行 C/C++ 代码。
1.2.2.2 安装 ​
  • 鼠标双击，进入安装：
  • 同意协议：
  • 下一步：
  • 下一步：
  • 下一步：
  • 安装：
  • 安装过程：
  • 安装完成：
1.2.2.3 配置 ​
  • 安装中文插件：
  • 安装 C/C++ 插件：
1.2.3 Microsoft Visual Studio ​
1.2.3.1 概述 ​
  • Visual Studio（简称 VS）是由微软公司发布的集成开发环境。它包括了整个软件生命周期中所需要的大部分工具，如：UML工具、代码管控工具、集成开发环境（IDE）等。
  • Visual Studio 支持 C/C++、C#、F#、VB 等多种程序语言的开发和测试，可以用于生成Web应用程序，也可以生成桌面应用程序，功能十分强大，但下载和安装很可能耗时数小时，还可能会塞满磁盘。
  • Visual Studio 2022 有三种版本：社区版(免费，不支持企业使用)，专业版(第一年 1199 美元/ 799 美元续订)和企业版(第一年 5999 美元/ 2569 美元续订)。企业版拥有面向架构师的功能、高级调试和测试，这些功能是另两种 SKU 所没有的。
  • Visual Studio 旨在成为世界上最好的 IDE（集成开发环境），目前最新版本为 Visual Studio 2022。
1.2.3.2 安装 ​
  • 鼠标双击，进入安装：
  • 继续：
  • 等待：
  • 工作负荷（使用 C++ 的桌面开发）：
  • 单个组件：
  • 语言包：
  • 安装位置（修改默认的安装位置）：
  • 如果不是第一次安装，可能会出现共享组件、工具和 SDK不可以修改，即：
  • 此时，就需要打开注册表编辑器，将如下图中的除了第一个选项，全部删除，然后关闭再重新安装，即：
  • 开始安装：
  • 安装中：
  • 安装完成，然后关闭：
1.2.3.3 配置 ​
  • 在开始菜单处，启动 VS ：
  • 登录或跳过该选项（有微软账号就注册，没有就暂时跳过）：
  • 继续：
  • 注册 VS ：
  • 填写注册码：
NOTE
  • ① Pro 版本：TD244-P4NB7-YQ6XK-Y8MMM-YWV2J
  • ② Enterprise 版本：VHF9H-NXBBB-638P6-6JHCY-88JWH
第二章：C 语言入门（HelloWorld，⭐） ​
2.1 手动版 ​
  • ① 新建一个 HelloWorld.c 的文件：
  • ② 通过记事本等软件打开该文件，输入如下的代码，并保存：
c
#include <stdio.h>
 
 int main(){
     printf("Hello World");
     return 0;
-}
  • ③ 通过 gcc 命令编译该文件：
shell
gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.exe
  • ④ 执行：
shell
./HelloWorld.exe
2.3.2 VS Code 版 ​
  • ① 新建一个空文件夹（目录），用于存放代码：
  • ② 通过 vscode 打开该目录：
  • ③ 在 vscode 中新建 HelloWorld.c 文件：
  • ④ 设置 VSCode 中 C/C++ 的代码格式为行尾风格（可选）：
  • ⑤ 编写如下的代码，并保存：
c
#include <stdio.h>
+}
  • ③ 通过 gcc 命令编译该文件：
shell
gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.exe
  • ④ 执行：
shell
./HelloWorld.exe
2.2 VS Code 版 ​
  • ① 新建一个空文件夹（目录），用于存放代码：
  • ② 通过 vscode 打开该目录：
  • ③ 在 vscode 中新建 HelloWorld.c 文件：
  • ④ 设置 VSCode 中 C/C++ 的代码格式为行尾风格（可选）：
  • ⑤ 编写如下的代码，并保存：
c
#include <stdio.h>
 
 int main(){
     printf("Hello World");
     return 0;
-}
  • ⑥ 通过 gcc 命令编译该文件：
shell
gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.exe
  • ⑦ 执行：
shell
./HelloWorld.exe
  • ⑧ 安装 Code Runner 插件（步骤略），实现右键直接编译执行（可选）：
2.3.3 VS 版 ​
  • ① 新建空项目：
  • ② 打开解决方案资源管理器：
  • ③ 新建 HelloWorld.c 文件：
  • ④ 编写如下代码，并保存：
c
#include <stdio.h>
+}
  • ⑥ 通过 gcc 命令编译该文件：
shell
gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.exe
  • ⑦ 执行：
shell
./HelloWorld.exe
  • ⑧ 安装 Code Runner 插件（步骤略），实现右键直接编译执行（可选）：
2.3 VS 版 ​
  • ① 新建空项目：
  • ② 打开解决方案资源管理器：
  • ③ 新建 HelloWorld.c 文件：
  • ④ 编写如下代码，并保存：
c
#include <stdio.h>
 
 int main(){
     printf("Hello World");
     return 0;
-}
  • ⑤ 编译和执行：
2.3.4 CLion ​
  • ① 新建空项目：
  • ② 编写如下代码，并保存：
c
#include <stdio.h>
+}
  • ⑤ 编译和执行：
2.4 CLion 版 ​
  • ① 新建空项目：
  • ② 编写如下代码，并保存：
c
#include <stdio.h>
 
 int main(){
     printf("Hello World");
     return 0;
-}
  • ③ 编译和运行：
  • ④ 默认情况下，一个项目只能有一个 c 源文件包含 main 函数，但是 CLion 可以有多个，如下：
  • ⑤ 如果之后，有中文乱码问题，那么请做如下步骤：
NOTE
内容如下所示：
txt
-Dfile.encoding=UTF-8
--Dconsole.encoding=UTF-8
第三章：注释（⭐） ​
3.1 概述 ​
  • 编程语言中，注释是一种特殊的文本，它不会被编译器执行，而仅用于代码的解释和文档说明。
NOTE
  • ① 注释是一个程序员必须有具有的良好编程习惯。
  • ② 在实际开发中，程序员可以将自己的思路通过注释整理出来，然后再用代码去实现。
3.2 单行注释 ​
  • C 语言中的单行注释的格式，如下所示：
c
// 单行注释
NOTE
在 CLion 中的快捷键是 Ctrl + / 。
  • 示例：
c
#include <stdio.h> // 这是编译预处理指令
+}
  • ③ 编译和运行：
  • ④ 默认情况下，一个项目只能有一个 c 源文件包含 main 函数，但是 CLion 可以有多个，如下：
  • ⑤ 如果之后，有中文乱码问题，那么请做如下步骤：
NOTE
内容如下所示：
txt
-Dfile.encoding=UTF-8
+-Dconsole.encoding=UTF-8
第三章：五花八门的 C 语言编译器（⭐） ​
3.1 概述 ​
  • 由于 C 语言的历史比较久，而且早期没有规范，整个计算机产业也都处于拓荒的年代，所以就涌现了很多款 C 语言编译器，它们各有特点，适用于不同的平台。
3.2 桌面操作系统 ​
  • 目前而言，主流的桌面操作系统就是 Windows、Linux 和 MacOS 。
  • 对于 Windows 而言，使用的最多的 C/C++ 编译器是 MSVC （Microsoft Visual C++），被集成在 Visual Studio 开发环境中，其特点如下： 
    • ① 兼容性: 与 Windows 操作系统和 Windows API 深度集成，生成的二进制文件为 PE 格式。
    • ② 调试工具: 提供强大的调试工具，如：Visual Studio Debugger。
    • ③ 优化: 支持各种编译器优化，特别是针对 Windows 平台的优化。
    • ④ 库支持: 提供丰富的 Windows 专用库，如：MFC（Microsoft Foundation Class Library）。
NOTE
MSVC 不开源，我们可以使用 Visual Studio Community 社区版，但是如果想使用 Visual Studio Community 社区版生成出来的应用进行商用，就需要好好阅读微软的许可证和说明书了。
  • 对于 Linux 而言，使用的最多的 C/C++ 编译器是 GCC（支持多种架构和语言），并且很多 Linux 发行版本都将 GCC 作为默认的编译器，其特点如下所示： 
    • ① 广泛支持: 支持各种 Linux 发行版，是大多数开源项目的默认编译器。
    • ② 强大的优化: 提供各种编译优化选项，适合多种性能需求的开发。
    • ③ 丰富的工具链: 和 GDB（GNU 调试器）、Make、Autoconf 等工具无缝集成。
NOTE
目前而言，GCC 已经属于跨平台的项目了，支持 Windows、Linux 和 MacOS ，在 Windows 上 GCC 的移植项目，如：MinGW、Cygwin 以及 MSYS2，其差别如下所示：
  • ① MinGW 提供了 GCC 编译器的 Windows 版本，可以生成 Windows 兼容的本地代码。
  • ② Cygwin 是一个在 Windows 上运行的类 Unix 环境，它提供了一套完整的 POSIX 兼容工具，包括 GCC 编译器。
  • ③ MSYS2 是一个在 Windows 上运行的轻量级、开源的 Unix-like 环境，它为 Windows 用户提供了类似于 Linux 的开发环境。MSYS2 是 MinGW 和 Cygwin 的后继者，旨在提供更现代化和更强大的开发工具集。
  • 对于 MacOS 而言，使用的最多的 C/C++ 编译器是 Clang/LLVM，其特点如下： 
    • ① Xcode 集成: 深度集成到 Xcode 中，支持 Apple 的所有平台（macOS、iOS、tvOS、watchOS）的开发。
    • ② 优化和兼容: 生成的代码针对 Apple 的硬件进行优化，并兼容 GCC 的大部分功能。
    • ③ 现代化: Clang 提供了对 C 语言标准的全面支持，并且以其快速的编译速度和易读的错误报告而著称。
NOTE
在 MacOS 中，尽管 Clang 是默认编译器；但是，也可以 Homebrew 等包管理器来安装 GCC ，以便开发 C/C++ 项目。
3.3 嵌入式系统 ​
  • 在嵌入式系统开发中，可用的 C 语言编译器以及工具链非常丰富， 有很多是免费或开源的，如下所示：
    • GCC (GNU Compiler Collection)： 
      • 简介：GCC 是最广泛使用的开源编译器集合之一，支持多种处理器架构，包括 ARM、AVR、MIPS、RISC-V 等。
      • 开源或免费：完全开源且免费，受到广泛的社区支持。
    • Clang/LLVM： 
      • 简介：Clang 是基于 LLVM 架构的开源编译器，支持多种架构，并且与 GCC 兼容。
      • 开源或免费：开源且免费，具有快速的编译速度和现代化的代码分析工具。
    • SDCC (Small Device C Compiler)： 
      • 简介: SDCC 是一个开源的跨平台 C 编译器，主要用于 8 位和 16 位微控制器，如：8051、Z80、PIC 等。
      • 开源或免费：完全开源且免费，适合教育和小型项目开发。
    • MPLAB XC Compilers： 
      • 简介：MPLAB XC 是由 Microchip 提供的编译器系列，专门用于其 PIC 和 dsPIC 微控制器。
      • 开源或免费：提供免费版本（使用标准优化级别），但也有付费版本提供更高级的优化。
    • ARM GCC： 
      • 简介：ARM GCC 是 GCC 的一个专门版本，针对 ARM Cortex-M 系列微控制器进行了优化。
      • 开源或免费：完全开源且免费，广泛用于工业、教育和开源项目中。
    • PlatformIO ： 
      • 简介：PlatformIO 是一个开源的嵌入式开发生态系统，支持多种开发板、框架和编译器。
      • 开源或免费：基本功能免费，部分高级功能和插件需要订阅服务。
    • Eclipse ： 
      • 简介：Eclipse 是一个开源的集成开发环境（IDE），可以通过插件支持嵌入式开发。
      • 开源或免费：Eclipse 和 GCC 都是开源免费的，适合跨平台开发。
    • Arduino IDE： 
      • 简介：Arduino IDE 是一个简单易用的开源开发环境，广泛用于 Arduino 开发板和其他兼容开发板。
      • 开源或免费：完全开源且免费，非常适合教育和入门级开发。
    • ...
  • 这些编译器以及工具链各有优势，开发者应根据目标硬件平台、项目需求和开发环境选择最适合的编译器。
3.4 C 语言为什么有那么多的编译器？ ​
  • C 语言并没有一个官方机构，也不属于哪个公司，它只有一个制定标准的委员会，任何其他组织或者个人都可以开发 C 语言的编译器，而这个编译器要遵守哪个 C 语言标准，是 100% 遵守还是部分遵守，并没有强制性的措施，也没有任何约束。
NOTE
各个厂商可以为了自己的利益、根据自己的喜好来开发编译器。
  • 这就导致了一个棘手的问题，有的编译器遵守较新的 C 语言标准，有的编译器只能遵守较老的 C 语言标准，有的编译器还进行了很多扩展。比如： 
    • GCC、LLVM/Clang 更新非常及时，能够支持最新的 C 语言标准。
    • MSVC 更新比较缓慢，迟迟不能支持新标准，例如：VC 6.0、VS2010 都在使用 C89 标准，VS2015 部分支持 C99 标准。
NOTE
微软官方给出的答复：最新的标准已经在 C++ 中支持了，C 语言就没必要再重复了。
  • 初学者经常会遇到这种情况，有些代码在 MSVC 下能够正常运行，拿到 GCC 下就不行了，一堆报错信息； 或者反过来，在 GCC 上能运行的代码在 MSVC 下不能运行。这是因为不同的编译器支持的标准不同，每个编译器都进行了自己的扩展，假如你使用了 MSVC 自己的扩展函数，那么拿到 GCC 下肯定是不支持的。
IMPORTANT
在学习的时候，无所谓使用那个 C 语言编译器了；但是，如果要开发实际项目（开源或商业），最好使用 GCC 编译器，因为其功能最强大、开源、跨平台、免费，支持最新的 C 语言标准。
第四章：注释（⭐） ​
4.1 概述 ​
  • 编程语言中，注释是一种特殊的文本，它不会被编译器执行，而仅用于代码的解释和文档说明。
NOTE
  • ① 注释是一个程序员必须有具有的良好编程习惯。
  • ② 在实际开发中，程序员可以将自己的思路通过注释整理出来，然后再用代码去实现。
4.2 单行注释 ​
  • C 语言中的单行注释的格式，如下所示：
c
// 单行注释
NOTE
在 CLion 中的快捷键是 Ctrl + / 。
  • 示例：
c
#include <stdio.h> // 这是编译预处理指令
 
 int main() { // 定义主函数
 
     printf("你好，世界！！！"); // 输出所指定的一行信息
 
     return 0;  // 函数执行完毕时返回函数值0
-}
3.3 多行注释 ​
  • C 语言中的多行注释的格式，如下所示：
c
/*
+}
4.3 多行注释 ​
  • C 语言中的多行注释的格式，如下所示：
c
/*
   这是第一行注释
   这是第二行注释
   这是第三行注释
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
     printf("你好，世界！！！"); 
 
     return 0;  
-}
第四章：HelloWorld 的规范（⭐） ​
4.1 规范的代码风格 ​
4.1.1 正确的缩进和空白 ​
  • ① 使用一次 tab 操作，实现缩进，默认整体向右边移动；如果使用 shift + tab 则整体向左移动。
  • ② 运算符两边习惯各加一个空格，如：2 + 4 = 6。
NOTE
各种 IDE 都有格式化的快捷键，如：CLion 的格式化快捷键是 Ctrl + Alt + L 。
  • 示例：
c
#include <stdio.h>
+}
第五章：HelloWorld 的规范（⭐） ​
5.1 规范的代码风格 ​
5.1.1 正确的缩进和空白 ​
  • ① 使用一次 tab 操作，实现缩进，默认整体向右边移动；如果使用 shift + tab 则整体向左移动。
  • ② 运算符两边习惯各加一个空格，如：2 + 4 = 6。
NOTE
各种 IDE 都有格式化的快捷键，如：CLion 的格式化快捷键是 Ctrl + Alt + L 。
  • 示例：
c
#include <stdio.h>
 
 int main() {
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
     printf("c = %d", c);
 
     return 0;
-}
4.1.2 代码风格 ​
  • 在 C 语言中，有两种代码风格：行尾风格和次行风格。
NOTE
看个人爱好，任选一种即可，本人喜欢行尾分格！！！
  • 示例：行尾风格
c
int main(){                                      
+}
5.1.2 代码风格 ​
  • 在 C 语言中，有两种代码风格：行尾风格和次行风格。
NOTE
看个人爱好，任选一种即可，本人喜欢行尾分格！！！
  • 示例：行尾风格
c
int main(){                                      
     if(a > b) {
 		return a;
 	} else {
@@ -92,22 +92,22 @@
 		return b;
 	}  
   	return 0;                   
-}
4.2 代码细节剖析 ​
4.2.1 main() 函数 ​
  • 在 C 语言中，一个程序或工程可以定义很多函数，但是有且只有一个 main() 函数，作为程序执行的入口，并且在 main() 函数结尾结束整个程序的运行，即：
c
int main(){
+}
5.2 代码细节剖析 ​
5.2.1 main() 函数 ​
  • 在 C 语言中，一个程序或工程可以定义很多函数，但是有且只有一个 main() 函数，作为程序执行的入口，并且在 main() 函数结尾结束整个程序的运行，即：
c
int main(){
     return 0;
-}
  • 如果 main() 函数是空括号，即表示 main() 函数不接收任何参数。
  • 在 main() 函数之前的 int 称为关键字，代表数据类型是整型，它是 main() 函数的返回值的类型，即在执行 main() 函数之后一定会得到一个整数类型的值，即函数值。
NOTE
  • ① 在 C 语言中，人们约定，如果 return 0，就表示 main() 函数终止运行，且运行成功；如果返回其它非零整数，则表示运行失败。
  • ② 默认情况下，如果 main() 函数中省略 return 0 ，则编译器会自动加上；但是，为了保持统一的代码风格，不建议省略。
4.2.2 函数体 ​
  • ① 一对花括号 {} 定义了函数的主体，所有函数都必须以大括号开头和结尾，成对出现。
  • ② C 程序中的函数体指的是作为该函数一部分的语句。它可以是任何操作，比如：搜索、排序、打印等。
  • ③ 每一个执行语句后面都会有一个英文分号;作为语句结束的标志。
  • ④ 一行内可写几条语句，一条语句也可写在几行上。
4.2.3 printf() 函数 ​
  • printf() 函数的格式，如下所示：
c
printf (const char *__format, ...)
  • printf() 函数是产生格式化输出的函数，作用是将参数文本输出到屏幕，f 表示 format（格式化），表示可以指定输出文本的格式，即：
c
printf ("Hello World"); // 将字符串输出到控制台，行尾不换行
  • 如果想让光标移动到下一行的开头，可以在输出文本的结尾，可以添加一个换行符 \n，即：
c
printf("Hello World\n");
4.2.4 标准库和头文件 ​
4.2.4.1 概述 ​
  • printf() 函数是在标准库的头文件 stdio.h 中定义的，要想在程序中使用这个函数，必须在源文件的头部引入该头文件，即：
c
#include <stdio.h>
4.2.4.2 标准库（Standard Library） ​
  • C 语言的标准库是由一组函数组成，这些函数提供了许多常用的操作和功能，如：输入输出、字符串处理、内存管理、数学计算等。标准库中的函数由编译器提供，遵循 ANSI C 标准（如：C89/C90、C99、C11等）。
  • 换言之，C 语言的标准库就是包含函数的实际代码，这些代码在编译的时候被链接到我们的程序中，无需手动包含。C 语言的标准库提供了可重用的函数实现，使得程序员不必编写常用的功能。
NOTE
实际的 printf() 函数的实现代码通常位于标准库的实现文件中，如：在 Linux 中的标准库libc.so.6 就包含了 printf() 函数的实现。
4.2.4.3 头文件（Header Files） ​
  • 头文件是包含函数声明、宏定义、数据类型定义等内容的文件。头文件的作用是为源代码提供必要的声明和定义，以便编译器能够正确解析和链接函数调用。头文件通常以.h作为文件扩展名。
  • 换言之，头文件包含函数声明、宏定义和数据类型定义，但不包含函数的实现。头文件告知编译器如何使用标准库中的函数和定义，确保编译时的正确性。头文件需要在源代码文件中使用#include指令显式包含，如：#include <stdio.h>。
  • 常见的 C 语言头文件及其功能和常用函数、宏等，如下所示：
头文件功能说明常用函数和宏
stdio.h标准输入输出库printf， scanf， fprintf，fscanf，fopen， fclose，fgets， fputs
stdlib.h标准库，提供内存分配、程序控制、类型转换、随机数生成等功能malloc， free， exit， atoi， atof，rand，srand
string.h字符串处理库strlen， strcpy， strncpy， strcat， strcmp，strstr， memset， memcpy
math.h数学库sin， cos， tan， exp， log， sqrt， pow
time.h时间和日期库time， clock， difftime， mktime， strftime， localtime，gmtime
ctype.h字符处理库isalnum， isalpha， isdigit， islower， isupper， tolower， toupper
stdbool.h布尔类型库bool， true， false
assert.h断言库assert
4.2.4.4 预处理命令 ​
  • #include 命令的作用是将指定文件的内容插入到包含该命令的源文件中。这通常用于包含头文件，以便使用头文件中声明的函数、宏和数据类型。
  • 语法：
c
// 用于包含标准库头文件或系统头文件。
+}
  • 如果 main() 函数是空括号，即表示 main() 函数不接收任何参数。
  • 在 main() 函数之前的 int 称为关键字，代表数据类型是整型，它是 main() 函数的返回值的类型，即在执行 main() 函数之后一定会得到一个整数类型的值，即函数值。
NOTE
  • ① 在 C 语言中，人们约定，如果 return 0，就表示 main() 函数终止运行，且运行成功；如果返回其它非零整数，则表示运行失败。
  • ② 默认情况下，如果 main() 函数中省略 return 0 ，则编译器会自动加上；但是，为了保持统一的代码风格，不建议省略。
5.2.2 函数体 ​
  • ① 一对花括号 {} 定义了函数的主体，所有函数都必须以大括号开头和结尾，成对出现。
  • ② C 程序中的函数体指的是作为该函数一部分的语句。它可以是任何操作，比如：搜索、排序、打印等。
  • ③ 每一个执行语句后面都会有一个英文分号;作为语句结束的标志。
  • ④ 一行内可写几条语句，一条语句也可写在几行上。
5.2.3 printf() 函数 ​
  • printf() 函数的格式，如下所示：
c
printf (const char *__format, ...)
  • printf() 函数是产生格式化输出的函数，作用是将参数文本输出到屏幕，f 表示 format（格式化），表示可以指定输出文本的格式，即：
c
printf ("Hello World"); // 将字符串输出到控制台，行尾不换行
  • 如果想让光标移动到下一行的开头，可以在输出文本的结尾，可以添加一个换行符 \n，即：
c
printf("Hello World\n");
5.2.4 标准库和头文件 ​
5.2.4.1 概述 ​
  • printf() 函数是在标准库的头文件 stdio.h 中定义的，要想在程序中使用这个函数，必须在源文件的头部引入该头文件，即：
c
#include <stdio.h>
5.2.4.2 标准库（Standard Library） ​
  • C 语言的标准库是由一组函数组成，这些函数提供了许多常用的操作和功能，如：输入输出、字符串处理、内存管理、数学计算等。标准库中的函数由编译器提供，遵循 ANSI C 标准（如：C89/C90、C99、C11等）。
  • 换言之，C 语言的标准库就是包含函数的实际代码，这些代码在编译的时候被链接到我们的程序中，无需手动包含。C 语言的标准库提供了可重用的函数实现，使得程序员不必编写常用的功能。
NOTE
实际的 printf() 函数的实现代码通常位于标准库的实现文件中，如：在 Linux 中的标准库libc.so.6 就包含了 printf() 函数的实现。
5.2.4.3 头文件（Header Files） ​
  • 头文件是包含函数声明、宏定义、数据类型定义等内容的文件。头文件的作用是为源代码提供必要的声明和定义，以便编译器能够正确解析和链接函数调用。头文件通常以.h作为文件扩展名。
  • 换言之，头文件包含函数声明、宏定义和数据类型定义，但不包含函数的实现。头文件告知编译器如何使用标准库中的函数和定义，确保编译时的正确性。头文件需要在源代码文件中使用#include指令显式包含，如：#include <stdio.h>。
  • 常见的 C 语言头文件及其功能和常用函数、宏等，如下所示：
头文件功能说明常用函数和宏
stdio.h标准输入输出库printf， scanf， fprintf，fscanf，fopen， fclose，fgets， fputs
stdlib.h标准库，提供内存分配、程序控制、类型转换、随机数生成等功能malloc， free， exit， atoi， atof，rand，srand
string.h字符串处理库strlen， strcpy， strncpy， strcat， strcmp，strstr， memset， memcpy
math.h数学库sin， cos， tan， exp， log， sqrt， pow
time.h时间和日期库time， clock， difftime， mktime， strftime， localtime，gmtime
ctype.h字符处理库isalnum， isalpha， isdigit， islower， isupper， tolower， toupper
stdbool.h布尔类型库bool， true， false
assert.h断言库assert
5.2.4.4 预处理命令 ​
  • #include 命令的作用是将指定文件的内容插入到包含该命令的源文件中。这通常用于包含头文件，以便使用头文件中声明的函数、宏和数据类型。
  • 语法：
c
// 用于包含标准库头文件或系统头文件。
 // 编译器将在系统的标准头文件目录中查找文件。
 #include <filename>
c
// 用于包含用户自定义的头文件。
 // 编译器首先在当前目录中查找文件，如果未找到，再在标准头文件目录中查找。
-#include "filename"
第五章：CLion 高级配置（⭐） ​
5.1 安装和配置 WSL2 ​
5.1.1 概述 ​
  • WSL 2，全称为 Windows Subsystem for Linux 2，是微软提供的一种技术，允许用户在 Windows 操作系统上运行 Linux 内核。WSL 2 是 WSL 的升级版，它引入了一个真正的 Linux 内核来代替 WSL 1 中使用的兼容层，从而提供更高的性能和更广泛的系统调用支持。
  • 其架构图，如下所示：
  • WSL2 的功能，如下所示：
    • ① 真实的Linux内核：WSL 2 使用了微软开发的轻量级虚拟机，它包含了一个完整的 Linux 内核。这意味着 WSL 2 能够运行更多的 Linux 应用程序，并且支持更多的系统调用。
    • ② 文件系统性能提升：WSL 2 的文件系统性能比 WSL 1 有显著提升。对于 I/O 密集型的操作，如：编译代码或数据库操作，WSL 2 能够提供更快的速度。
    • ③ 兼容性增强：由于使用了真实的 Linux 内核，WSL 2 对 Linux 应用程序的兼容性大幅提高。许多在 WSL 1上不能运行或需要调整的应用程序，可以在 WSL 2上直接运行。
    • ④ 网络功能改进：WSL 2 提供了更好的网络集成，能够更容易地与 Windows 上的其他网络资源进行交互。
    • ⑤ 资源使用优化：WSL 2 使用轻量级虚拟机，比传统的虚拟机占用更少的资源，同时提供了类似的隔离和安全性。
  • WSL 的用途，如下所示：
    • ① 开发环境：WSL 2 为开发者提供了一个原生的Linux开发环境，而无需离开 Windows 。这对于需要在 Linux 上开发、测试或运行应用程序的开发者非常有帮助。
    • ② 学习和实验：用户可以使用 WSL 2 在Windows上学习和实验 Linux 命令行工具和应用程序，而无需设置双重引导系统或安装虚拟机。
    • ③ 多平台开发：对于跨平台开发者来说，WSL 2 允许他们在一个操作系统上同时进行 Windows 和 Linux 平台的开发和测试，提高工作效率。
    • ④ 运行 Linux 工具和应用程序：WSL 2 支持在 Windows 上直接运行各种 Linux 工具和应用程序，如：Docker、数据库、编程语言环境等。
5.1.2 WSL2 的安装 ​
  • ① BIOS 或 UEFI 中，开启虚拟化：步骤略。
  • ② 查看是否开启了虚拟化：
  • ③ 启用适用于 Linux 的 Windows 子系统：
powershell
dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux /all /norestart
IMPORTANT
以管理员身份打开 PowerShell 并运行，执行完上述命令之后，如果提示需要重启计算机，那就重启计算机。
  • ④ 启用虚拟机功能：
powershell
dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:VirtualMachinePlatform /all /norestart
IMPORTANT
以管理员身份打开 PowerShell 并运行，执行完上述命令之后，如果提示需要重启计算机，那就重启计算机。
  • ⑤ 更新 Linux 内核包：
powershell
wsl --update
NOTE
wsl2 的最新 Linux 内核包托管在 GitHub 上，某些国家可能会污染 Github 相关的域名，那么就需要手动下载，然后安装即可，下载地址在这里。
  • ⑥ 将 wsl2 设置为默认版本：
powershell
wsl --set-default-version 2
  • ⑦ 查看官方在线支持的 Linux 版本：
powershell
wsl --list --online
  • ⑧ 安装指定版本的 Linux ：
powershell
wsl --install Ubuntu-24.04
NOTE
官方支持的 Linux 版本，托管在 Github 上，某些国家可能会污染 Github 的域名；此时，要么走科学上网，要么在 Microsoft Store 中搜索并安装。
  • ⑨ 在 Microsoft Store 中搜索并安装（可选）：
  • ⑩ 查询本地安装的 Linux 版本：
powershell
wsl --list
5.1.3 配置 WSL2 ​
  • 本人的安装的是 AlmaLinux9 ，所以需要执行如下命令，以便安装 cmake 相关工具链：
shell
sudo dnf update -y # 更新包管理器 
+#include "filename"
第六章：CLion 高级配置（⭐） ​
6.1 安装和配置 WSL2 ​
6.1.1 概述 ​
  • WSL 2，全称为 Windows Subsystem for Linux 2，是微软提供的一种技术，允许用户在 Windows 操作系统上运行 Linux 内核。WSL 2 是 WSL 的升级版，它引入了一个真正的 Linux 内核来代替 WSL 1 中使用的兼容层，从而提供更高的性能和更广泛的系统调用支持。
  • 其架构图，如下所示：
  • WSL2 的功能，如下所示：
    • ① 真实的Linux内核：WSL 2 使用了微软开发的轻量级虚拟机，它包含了一个完整的 Linux 内核。这意味着 WSL 2 能够运行更多的 Linux 应用程序，并且支持更多的系统调用。
    • ② 文件系统性能提升：WSL 2 的文件系统性能比 WSL 1 有显著提升。对于 I/O 密集型的操作，如：编译代码或数据库操作，WSL 2 能够提供更快的速度。
    • ③ 兼容性增强：由于使用了真实的 Linux 内核，WSL 2 对 Linux 应用程序的兼容性大幅提高。许多在 WSL 1上不能运行或需要调整的应用程序，可以在 WSL 2上直接运行。
    • ④ 网络功能改进：WSL 2 提供了更好的网络集成，能够更容易地与 Windows 上的其他网络资源进行交互。
    • ⑤ 资源使用优化：WSL 2 使用轻量级虚拟机，比传统的虚拟机占用更少的资源，同时提供了类似的隔离和安全性。
  • WSL 的用途，如下所示：
    • ① 开发环境：WSL 2 为开发者提供了一个原生的Linux开发环境，而无需离开 Windows 。这对于需要在 Linux 上开发、测试或运行应用程序的开发者非常有帮助。
    • ② 学习和实验：用户可以使用 WSL 2 在Windows上学习和实验 Linux 命令行工具和应用程序，而无需设置双重引导系统或安装虚拟机。
    • ③ 多平台开发：对于跨平台开发者来说，WSL 2 允许他们在一个操作系统上同时进行 Windows 和 Linux 平台的开发和测试，提高工作效率。
    • ④ 运行 Linux 工具和应用程序：WSL 2 支持在 Windows 上直接运行各种 Linux 工具和应用程序，如：Docker、数据库、编程语言环境等。
6.1.2 WSL2 的安装 ​
  • ① BIOS 或 UEFI 中，开启虚拟化：步骤略。
  • ② 查看是否开启了虚拟化：
  • ③ 启用适用于 Linux 的 Windows 子系统：
powershell
dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux /all /norestart
IMPORTANT
以管理员身份打开 PowerShell 并运行，执行完上述命令之后，如果提示需要重启计算机，那就重启计算机。
  • ④ 启用虚拟机功能：
powershell
dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:VirtualMachinePlatform /all /norestart
IMPORTANT
以管理员身份打开 PowerShell 并运行，执行完上述命令之后，如果提示需要重启计算机，那就重启计算机。
  • ⑤ 更新 Linux 内核包：
powershell
wsl --update
NOTE
wsl2 的最新 Linux 内核包托管在 GitHub 上，某些国家可能会污染 Github 相关的域名，那么就需要手动下载，然后安装即可，下载地址在这里。
  • ⑥ 将 wsl2 设置为默认版本：
powershell
wsl --set-default-version 2
  • ⑦ 查看官方在线支持的 Linux 版本：
powershell
wsl --list --online
  • ⑧ 安装指定版本的 Linux ：
powershell
wsl --install Ubuntu-24.04
NOTE
官方支持的 Linux 版本，托管在 Github 上，某些国家可能会污染 Github 的域名；此时，要么走科学上网，要么在 Microsoft Store 中搜索并安装。
  • ⑨ 在 Microsoft Store 中搜索并安装（可选）：
  • ⑩ 查询本地安装的 Linux 版本：
powershell
wsl --list
6.1.3 配置 WSL2 ​
  • 本人的安装的是 AlmaLinux9 ，所以需要执行如下命令，以便安装 cmake 相关工具链：
shell
sudo dnf update -y # 更新包管理器 
 sudo dnf groupinstall "Development Tools" -y # 安装开发工具包
 sudo dnf install gcc gcc-c++ -y # 安装GCC相关工具链
 sudo dnf install cmake -y # 安装 cmake
 sudo dnf install make -y # 安装 make
-sudo dnf install gdb -y # 安装 gdb
  • 可以通过 CLion 测试是否安装成功：
5.1.4 配置 WSL2 ​
  • 本人的安装的是 Ubuntu 24.04，所以需要执行如下命令，以便安装 cmake 相关工具链：
shell
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y # 更新包管理器
+sudo dnf install gdb -y # 安装 gdb
  • 可以通过 CLion 测试是否安装成功：
6.1.4 配置 WSL2 ​
  • 本人的安装的是 Ubuntu 24.04，所以需要执行如下命令，以便安装 cmake 相关工具链：
shell
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y # 更新包管理器
 sudo apt install build-essential -y # 安装开发工具包
 sudo apt install gcc g++ -y # 安装 GCC 相关工具链
 sudo apt install cmake -y # 安装 cmake
-sudo apt install gdb -y # 安装 gdb
  • 可以通过 CLion 测试是否安装成功：
NOTE
默认仓库中的 GDB 的版本会很高，CLion 会不支持，那么就需要手动下载源码，自行编译，本次不再演示！！！
5.2 切换 CLion 中的 cmake 的工具链 ​
  • 可以在 CLoin 中切换 cmake 的工具链，以便支持不同平台的 cmake ，即：
5.3 修改 CMakeLists.txt 文件 ​
  • 前文也提到了，在一个 C 语言项目中，只能有一个 main() 函数；但是，我们可以修改 CMakeLists.txt 文件的内容，以便其支持在一个 C 语言项目中，可以有多个包含 main() 函数的文件，如下所示：
  • CMakeLists.txt 的内容，如下所示：
txt
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
+sudo apt install gdb -y # 安装 gdb
  • 可以通过 CLion 测试是否安装成功：
NOTE
默认仓库中的 GDB 的版本会很高，CLion 会不支持，那么就需要手动下载源码，自行编译，本次不再演示！！！
6.2 切换 CLion 中的 cmake 的工具链 ​
  • 可以在 CLoin 中切换 cmake 的工具链，以便支持不同平台的 cmake ，即：
6.3 修改 CMakeLists.txt 文件 ​
  • 前文也提到了，在一个 C 语言项目中，只能有一个 main() 函数；但是，我们可以修改 CMakeLists.txt 文件的内容，以便其支持在一个 C 语言项目中，可以有多个包含 main() 函数的文件，如下所示：
  • CMakeLists.txt 的内容，如下所示：
txt
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
 
 # 项目名称和版本号
 project(c-study VERSION 1.0 LANGUAGES C)
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
             target_sources(${EXECUTABLE_NAME} PRIVATE ${MODULE_SOURCES})
         endif ()
     endif ()
-endforeach ()
5.4 配置 .clang-format 文件 ​
  • 配置 .clang-format 格式化文件，以便写代码的时候，可以自动保存并格式化 C 程序代码，如下所示：
  • .clang-format 的内容，如下所示：
txt
BasedOnStyle: Google
+endforeach ()
6.4 配置 .clang-format 文件 ​
  • 配置 .clang-format 格式化文件，以便写代码的时候，可以自动保存并格式化 C 程序代码，如下所示：
  • .clang-format 的内容，如下所示：
txt
BasedOnStyle: Google
 IndentWidth: 4
 UseTab: Never
 ColumnLimit: 0
@@ -202,10 +202,10 @@
 SpacesInParentheses: false
 SpacesInAngles: false
 SpacesInContainerLiterals: false
-SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses: false
  • CLion 中配置保存的时候自动格式化，即：
5.5 配置 .gitignore 文件 ​
  • 需要在项目中，配置 .gitignore 文件，以便在提交代码到 Git 仓库的时候，忽略某些文件或目录，如下所示：
  • .gitignore 文件的内容，如下所示：
txt
.vscode
+SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses: false
  • CLion 中配置保存的时候自动格式化，即：
6.5 配置 .gitignore 文件 ​
  • 需要在项目中，配置 .gitignore 文件，以便在提交代码到 Git 仓库的时候，忽略某些文件或目录，如下所示：
  • .gitignore 文件的内容，如下所示：
txt
.vscode
 .idea
 cmake-build-*
-build
5.6 演示 ​
  • 我们可以在项目中，临时创建或复制一个文件，看上述配置是否生效，即：
NOTE
如果是复制并粘贴一个文件到项目中，请点击重新加载 CMake 项目！！！
第六章：C 语言的编译过程（⭐） ​
6.1 概述 ​
  • C 程序的编译过程，如下所示：
  • 过程 ① ：编写（编辑）源代码，即：编写 C 语言源程序代码，并以文件的形式存储在磁盘中。
IMPORTANT
源程序需要以 .c 作为扩展名。
  • 过程 ② ：编译，即：将 C 语言源程序转换为目标程序（或目标文件）。如果程序没有错误，没有任何提示，就会生成一个扩展名为 .obj或 .o 的二进制文件。C 语言中的每条可执行语句经过编译之后，最终都会转换为二进制的机器指令。
IMPORTANT
  • ① 其实，编译阶段包含了预处理、编译和汇编。
  • ② 预处理是编译过程的第一个阶段。在这个阶段，预处理器处理源代码中的指令（例如：#include、#define等），主要任务包括：
    • 头文件包含：将头文件的内容插入到源文件中。例如：#include <stdio.h>会被替换为stdio.h文件的内容。
    • 宏展开：替换宏定义。例如：#define PI 3.14会将代码中的PI替换为3.14。
    • 条件编译：根据条件指令（如：#ifdef、#ifndef）有选择地编译代码。
    • 删除代码中的注释，但是不会进行语法检查。
    • 预处理完成后，生成一个扩展名为.i的中间文件。
  • ③ 编译是将预处理后的源代码转换为汇编代码的过程。在这个阶段，编译器会检查代码的语法和语义，将其转换为目标机器的汇编语言，生成一个扩展名为.s的汇编文件。
  • ④ 汇编是将汇编代码转换为机器代码（也称为目标代码或目标文件）的过程。在这个阶段，汇编器将汇编指令转换为二进制机器指令，生成一个扩展名为.o或 .obj的目标文件。
  • 过程 ③ ：链接（连接），即：将编译形成的目标文件 *.obj 或 *.o和库函数以及其他目录文件链接，形成一个统一的二进制文件 *.exe。
IMPORTANT
  • 为什么需要链接库文件？
  • 因为我们的 C 程序会使用 C 程序库中的内容，如：<stdio.h> 中的 printf() 函数，这些函数不是程序员自己写的，而是 C 程序库中提供的，因此需要链接。其实，在链接过程中，还会加入启动代码，这个启动代码（和系统相关，Linux 下主要有 crt0.c、crti.c 等，它们设置堆栈后，再调用 main() 函数）负责初始化程序运行时的环境。
  • 过程 ④ ：执行，即：有了可执行的 *.exe文件，我们就可以在控制台上执行运行此 *.exe 文件。
IMPORTANT
如果修改了源代码，还需要重新编译、链接，并生成新的 *.exe文件，再执行，方能生效。
6.2 GCC 编译器的介绍 ​
  • 编辑器，如：vim 、vscode 等，是指我们用它来编写源程序的（编辑代码），而我们写的代码语句，电脑是不懂的，我们需要把它转成电脑能懂的语句，编译器就是这样的转化工具。换言之，我们用编辑器编写程序，由编译器编译后才可以运行！
  • 编译器是将易于编写、阅读和维护的高级计算机语言翻译为计算机能解读、运行的低级机器语言的程序。
  • gcc（GNU Compiler Collection，GNU 编译器套件），是由 GNU 开发的编程语言编译器。gcc 原本作为 GNU 操作系统的官方编译器，现已被大多数类 Unix 操作系统（如：Linux、BSD、Mac OS X 等）采纳为标准的编译器，gcc 同样适用于微软的 Windows 。
  • gcc 最初用于编译 C 语言，随着项目的发展， gcc 已经成为了能够编译 C、C++、Java、Ada、fortran、Object C、Object C++、Go 语言的编译器大家族。
6.3 通过 gcc 直接生成可执行文件 ​
  • 示例：进行预处理、编译、汇编和链接
shell
gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.exe
6.4 通过 gcc 分步编译 ​
6.3.1 概述 ​
  • 预处理命令：
shell
gcc -E 源文件.c -o 源文件.i # 通常以 .i 结尾表示这个文件是一个中间状态
  • 编译（预处理和编译）命令：
shell
gcc -S 源文件.i -o 源文件.s # 在 Linux 中，通常以 .s 结尾；在 Windows 中，通常以 .asm 结尾
  • 汇编（预处理、编译和汇编）命令：
shell
gcc -c 源文件.s -o 源文件.o # 在 Linux 中，通常以 .o 结尾；在 Windows 中，通常以 .obj 结尾
  • 链接（预处理、编译、汇编和链接）命令：
shell
gcc 源文件.o -o 源文件.exe # 在 Linux 中，通常以 .out 结尾；在 Windows 中，通常以 .exe 结尾
6.4.2 应用示例 ​
  • 示例：只进行预处理
shell
gcc -E HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.i
  • 示例：只进行预处理和编译
shell
gcc -S HelloWorld.i -o HelloWorld.s
  • 示例：只进行预处理、编译和汇编
shell
gcc -c HelloWorld.s -o HelloWorld.o
  • 示例：进行预处理、编译、汇编和链接
shell
gcc HelloWorld.o -o HelloWorld.exe
第七章：附录 ​
7.1 WSL2 代理问题 ​
  • 在安装和配置 WSL2 之后，可能会出现如下的提示，即：
  • 那么，只需要修改 %USERPROFILE%\.wslconfig文件，内容如下：
txt
[wsl2]
+build
6.6 演示 ​
  • 我们可以在项目中，临时创建或复制一个文件，看上述配置是否生效，即：
NOTE
如果是复制并粘贴一个文件到项目中，请点击重新加载 CMake 项目！！！
第七章：C 语言的编译过程（⭐） ​
7.1 概述 ​
  • C 程序的编译过程，如下所示：
  • 过程 ① ：编写（编辑）源代码，即：编写 C 语言源程序代码，并以文件的形式存储在磁盘中。
IMPORTANT
源程序需要以 .c 作为扩展名。
  • 过程 ② ：编译，即：将 C 语言源程序转换为目标程序（或目标文件）。如果程序没有错误，没有任何提示，就会生成一个扩展名为 .obj或 .o 的二进制文件。C 语言中的每条可执行语句经过编译之后，最终都会转换为二进制的机器指令。
IMPORTANT
  • ① 其实，编译阶段包含了预处理、编译和汇编。
  • ② 预处理是编译过程的第一个阶段。在这个阶段，预处理器处理源代码中的指令（例如：#include、#define等），主要任务包括：
    • 头文件包含：将头文件的内容插入到源文件中。例如：#include <stdio.h>会被替换为stdio.h文件的内容。
    • 宏展开：替换宏定义。例如：#define PI 3.14会将代码中的PI替换为3.14。
    • 条件编译：根据条件指令（如：#ifdef、#ifndef）有选择地编译代码。
    • 删除代码中的注释，但是不会进行语法检查。
    • 预处理完成后，生成一个扩展名为.i的中间文件。
  • ③ 编译是将预处理后的源代码转换为汇编代码的过程。在这个阶段，编译器会检查代码的语法和语义，将其转换为目标机器的汇编语言，生成一个扩展名为.s的汇编文件。
  • ④ 汇编是将汇编代码转换为机器代码（也称为目标代码或目标文件）的过程。在这个阶段，汇编器将汇编指令转换为二进制机器指令，生成一个扩展名为.o或 .obj的目标文件。
  • 过程 ③ ：链接（连接），即：将编译形成的目标文件 *.obj 或 *.o和库函数以及其他目录文件链接，形成一个统一的二进制文件 *.exe。
IMPORTANT
  • 为什么需要链接库文件？
  • 因为我们的 C 程序会使用 C 程序库中的内容，如：<stdio.h> 中的 printf() 函数，这些函数不是程序员自己写的，而是 C 程序库中提供的，因此需要链接。其实，在链接过程中，还会加入启动代码，这个启动代码（和系统相关，Linux 下主要有 crt0.c、crti.c 等，它们设置堆栈后，再调用 main() 函数）负责初始化程序运行时的环境。
  • 过程 ④ ：执行，即：有了可执行的 *.exe文件，我们就可以在控制台上执行运行此 *.exe 文件。
IMPORTANT
如果修改了源代码，还需要重新编译、链接，并生成新的 *.exe文件，再执行，方能生效。
7.2 GCC 编译器的介绍 ​
  • 编辑器，如：vim 、vscode 等，是指我们用它来编写源程序的（编辑代码），而我们写的代码语句，电脑是不懂的，我们需要把它转成电脑能懂的语句，编译器就是这样的转化工具。换言之，我们用编辑器编写程序，由编译器编译后才可以运行！
  • 编译器是将易于编写、阅读和维护的高级计算机语言翻译为计算机能解读、运行的低级机器语言的程序。
  • gcc（GNU Compiler Collection，GNU 编译器套件），是由 GNU 开发的编程语言编译器。gcc 原本作为 GNU 操作系统的官方编译器，现已被大多数类 Unix 操作系统（如：Linux、BSD、Mac OS X 等）采纳为标准的编译器，gcc 同样适用于微软的 Windows 。
  • gcc 最初用于编译 C 语言，随着项目的发展， gcc 已经成为了能够编译 C、C++、Java、Ada、fortran、Object C、Object C++、Go 语言的编译器大家族。
7.3 通过 gcc 直接生成可执行文件 ​
  • 示例：进行预处理、编译、汇编和链接
shell
gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.exe
7.4 通过 gcc 分步编译 ​
7.3.1 概述 ​
  • 预处理命令：
shell
gcc -E 源文件.c -o 源文件.i # 通常以 .i 结尾表示这个文件是一个中间状态
  • 编译（预处理和编译）命令：
shell
gcc -S 源文件.i -o 源文件.s # 在 Linux 中，通常以 .s 结尾；在 Windows 中，通常以 .asm 结尾
  • 汇编（预处理、编译和汇编）命令：
shell
gcc -c 源文件.s -o 源文件.o # 在 Linux 中，通常以 .o 结尾；在 Windows 中，通常以 .obj 结尾
  • 链接（预处理、编译、汇编和链接）命令：
shell
gcc 源文件.o -o 源文件.exe # 在 Linux 中，通常以 .out 结尾；在 Windows 中，通常以 .exe 结尾
7.4.2 应用示例 ​
  • 示例：只进行预处理
shell
gcc -E HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.i
  • 示例：只进行预处理和编译
shell
gcc -S HelloWorld.i -o HelloWorld.s
  • 示例：只进行预处理、编译和汇编
shell
gcc -c HelloWorld.s -o HelloWorld.o
  • 示例：进行预处理、编译、汇编和链接
shell
gcc HelloWorld.o -o HelloWorld.exe
第八章：附录 ​
8.1 WSL2 代理问题 ​
  • 在安装和配置 WSL2 之后，可能会出现如下的提示，即：
  • 那么，只需要修改 %USERPROFILE%\.wslconfig文件，内容如下：
txt
[wsl2]
 networkingMode=mirrored
 dnsTunneling=true
 firewall=true
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@
 [experimental]
 # requires dnsTunneling but are also OPTIONAL
 bestEffortDnsParsing=true
-useWindowsDnsCache=true
  • 在命令行中，执行如下的命令：
shell
wsl --shutdown
  • 此时，再打开终端，就没有这种提示了：
7.2 CLion 调试问题 ​
  • 在 CLion 中进行 run（运行）程序的时候，对于 printf 函数或 scanf 函数很正常，如下所示：
  • 但是，当我们 debug（调试） 的时候，对于 printf 函数或 scanf 函数会一直没有输出，如下所示：
  • 原因是 scanf 函数并不是直接让用户从键盘输入数据，而是先检查缓冲区，处理缓冲区中的数据；当遇到 scanf 函数时，程序会先检查输入缓冲区中是否有数据，所以解决方案就是禁用缓冲区，如下所示：
c
#include <stdio.h>
+useWindowsDnsCache=true
  • 在命令行中，执行如下的命令：
shell
wsl --shutdown
  • 此时，再打开终端，就没有这种提示了：
8.2 CLion 调试问题 ​
  • 在 CLion 中进行 run（运行）程序的时候，对于 printf 函数或 scanf 函数很正常，如下所示：
  • 但是，当我们 debug（调试） 的时候，对于 printf 函数或 scanf 函数会一直没有输出，如下所示：
  • 原因是 scanf 函数并不是直接让用户从键盘输入数据，而是先检查缓冲区，处理缓冲区中的数据；当遇到 scanf 函数时，程序会先检查输入缓冲区中是否有数据，所以解决方案就是禁用缓冲区，如下所示：
c
#include <stdio.h>
 
 int main() {
     // 禁用 stdout 缓冲区
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@
     printf("%d × %d × %d = %d", a, b, c, result);
 
     return 0;
-}
  • 那么，就会达到我们想要的效果了，如下所示：
7.3 内存泄露检测 ​
7.3.1 概述 ​
  • C 语言中的指针是否使用是个颇具争议的话题，现代化的高级编程语言通过各种策略和机制，在编译期就能解决指针危险的问题。但是，遗憾的是，C 语言的指针很大程度上，在运行期才会暴露问题。
  • 幸运的是，我们可以使用 Valgrind 项目来进行内存泄露检测和性能分析，而 Valgrind 只支持 Linux 。
NOTE
win 11 中的 WSL2 就是个 Linux 环境，我们可以在上面跑各种 Linux 工具，这样我们就不需要再安装虚拟机软件了，如：VMware Workstation（它会完整的模拟一个硬件系统，并在上面跑各种 Linux ，实在是太笨重了）。
7.3.2 安装 ​
  • 在 WSL2 上安装 Valgrind ：
shell
dnf -y upgrade && dnf -y install valgrind # AlmaLinux
shell
apt -y update && apt -y upgrade && apt -y install valgrind # Ubuntu
  • 查看 valgrind 可执行文件的安装位置：
shell
which valgrind
7.3.3 整合 ​
  • CLion 中将工具链设置为 WSL2 ：
  • CLion 中配置 valgrind 的路径：
  • 查看 WSL2 中 cmake 的版本：
shell
cmake --version
  • 修改项目中 CMakeLists.txt 中 cmake 的版本：
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.26.5) # 3.26.5
+}
  • 那么，就会达到我们想要的效果了，如下所示：
8.3 内存泄露检测 ​
8.3.1 概述 ​
  • C 语言中的指针是否使用是个颇具争议的话题，现代化的高级编程语言通过各种策略和机制，在编译期就能解决指针危险的问题。但是，遗憾的是，C 语言的指针很大程度上，在运行期才会暴露问题。
  • 幸运的是，我们可以使用 Valgrind 项目来进行内存泄露检测和性能分析，而 Valgrind 只支持 Linux 。
NOTE
win 11 中的 WSL2 就是个 Linux 环境，我们可以在上面跑各种 Linux 工具，这样我们就不需要再安装虚拟机软件了，如：VMware Workstation（它会完整的模拟一个硬件系统，并在上面跑各种 Linux ，实在是太笨重了）。
8.3.2 安装 ​
  • 在 WSL2 上安装 Valgrind ：
shell
dnf -y upgrade && dnf -y install valgrind # AlmaLinux
shell
apt -y update && apt -y upgrade && apt -y install valgrind # Ubuntu
  • 查看 valgrind 可执行文件的安装位置：
shell
which valgrind
8.3.3 整合 ​
  • CLion 中将工具链设置为 WSL2 ：
  • CLion 中配置 valgrind 的路径：
  • 查看 WSL2 中 cmake 的版本：
shell
cmake --version
  • 修改项目中 CMakeLists.txt 中 cmake 的版本：
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.26.5) # 3.26.5
 
 # 项目名称和版本号
 project(c-study VERSION 1.0 LANGUAGES C)
@@ -292,18 +292,18 @@
             target_sources(${EXECUTABLE_NAME} PRIVATE ${MODULE_SOURCES})
         endif ()
     endif ()
-endforeach ()
  • 在 CLion 中正常运行代码：
  • 在 CLion 中通过 valgrind 运行代码：
7.4 性能分析 ​
7.4.1 概述 ​
  • perf 是一个 Linux 下的性能分析工具，主要用于监控和分析系统性能。它可以帮助开发者和系统管理员了解系统中哪些部分在消耗资源、识别性能瓶颈以及分析程序的运行效率。
7.4.2 安装 ​
7.4.2.1 AlmaLinux9 ​
  • 在 WSL2 中的 AlmaLinux 安装 perf ：
shell
dnf -y install perf
7.4.2.2 Ubuntu 22.04 ​
  • 在 WSL2 中的 Ubuntu 安装 perf ：
shell
apt -y update \
-	&& apt -y install linux-tools-common linux-tools-generic linux-tools-$(uname -r)
NOTE
之所以报错的原因，在于 WSL2 中的 Ubuntu 的内核是定制化的，并非 Ubuntu 的母公司 Canonical 发布的标准内核，所以需要我们手动编译安装。
  • 查看内核版本：
shell
uname -sr
  • 设置环境变量，方便后续引用：
shell
export KERNEL_VERSION=$(uname -r | cut -d'-' -f1)
  • 安装依赖库：
shell
apt -y update && \
+endforeach ()
  • 在 CLion 中正常运行代码：
  • 在 CLion 中通过 valgrind 运行代码：
8.4 性能分析 ​
8.4.1 概述 ​
  • perf 是一个 Linux 下的性能分析工具，主要用于监控和分析系统性能。它可以帮助开发者和系统管理员了解系统中哪些部分在消耗资源、识别性能瓶颈以及分析程序的运行效率。
8.4.2 安装 ​
8.4.2.1 AlmaLinux9 ​
  • 在 WSL2 中的 AlmaLinux 安装 perf ：
shell
dnf -y install perf
8.4.2.2 Ubuntu 22.04 ​
  • 在 WSL2 中的 Ubuntu 安装 perf ：
shell
apt -y update \
+	&& apt -y install linux-tools-common linux-tools-generic linux-tools-$(uname -r)
NOTE
之所以报错的原因，在于 WSL2 中的 Ubuntu 的内核是定制化的，并非 Ubuntu 的母公司 Canonical 发布的标准内核，所以需要我们手动编译安装。
  • 查看内核版本：
shell
uname -sr
  • 设置环境变量，方便后续引用：
shell
export KERNEL_VERSION=$(uname -r | cut -d'-' -f1)
  • 安装依赖库：
shell
apt -y update && \
 	apt -y install binutils-dev debuginfod default-jdk default-jre libaio-dev \
     libbabeltrace-dev libcap-dev libdw-dev libdwarf-dev libelf-dev libiberty-dev \
     liblzma-dev libnuma-dev libperl-dev libpfm4-dev libslang2-dev libssl-dev \
     libtraceevent-dev libunwind-dev libzstd-dev libzstd1 python3-setuptools python3 \
     python3-dev systemtap-sdt-dev zlib1g-dev bc dwarves bison flex libnewt-dev libdwarf++0 \
-    libelf++0 libbfb0-dev python-dev-is-python3
  • 下载源码：
shell
git clone \
+    libelf++0 libbfb0-dev python-dev-is-python3
  • 下载源码：
shell
git clone \
     --depth 1 \
     --single-branch --branch=linux-msft-wsl-${KERNEL_VERSION} \
-    https://github.com/microsoft/WSL2-Linux-Kernel.git
  • 编译内核代码：
shell
cd WSL2-Linux-Kernel
shell
make -j $(nproc) KCONFIG_CONFIG=Microsoft/config-wsl
  • 编译 perf 工具：
shell
cd tools/perf
shell
make clean && make
  • 复制到 PATH 变量所指向的路径中：
shell
cp perf /usr/bin/
7.4.3 整合 ​
  • CLion 中配置 perf 的路径：
  • 在 CLion 中通过 perf 运行代码：
7.5 Win 中文乱码问题 ​
  • 前文，我们提及到，在 Win 中，如果出现中文乱码问题，就需要去语言和区别设置系统区域的编码为 UTF-8 ；但是，这样可能会造成其它的软件出现中文乱码问题，如：Xshell 等。
NOTE
  • ① 之所以，修改系统的编码为 UTF-8 会出现问题，是因为早期的 Win 系统的中文默认编码是 GBK（目前也是，Win 并没有强制第三方软件使用 UTF-8 编码） ，而 Xshell 等也使用的这些编码，一旦我们修改为 UTF-8 之后，可能会造成这些第三方软件出现中文乱码问题（第三方软件适配问题，相信将来应该都会切换为 UTF-8 编码），体验较差！！！
  • ② 在 Linux 或 MacOS 之所以不会出现中文乱码的问题，是因为这些系统默认的编码就是 UTF-8 。
  • 其实，还有一种解决方案，如下所示：
  • 测试一下，是否配置成功：
7.6 CLion 中自动导入头文件 ​
  • 在 CLion 中，最为强大的功能就是直接输入函数，然后让 IDE 帮我们自动导入头文件，包括自定义的头文件，相当实用。
NOTE
  • ① CLion 中的自动导入头文件的快捷键是 Alt + Enter 。
  • ② CLion 中的自动提取变量的类型的快捷键是 Ctrl + Alt + V 。
  • 开启自动导入头文件的步骤，如下所示：
Released under the MIT License.
Copyright © 2024 许大仙

-    
+    https://github.com/microsoft/WSL2-Linux-Kernel.git

  • 编译内核代码：
shell
cd WSL2-Linux-Kernel
shell
make -j $(nproc) KCONFIG_CONFIG=Microsoft/config-wsl

  • 编译 perf 工具：
shell
cd tools/perf
shell
make clean && make

  • 复制到 PATH 变量所指向的路径中：
shell
cp perf /usr/bin/

8.4.3 整合 ​

  • CLion 中配置 perf 的路径：

  • 在 CLion 中通过 perf 运行代码：

8.5 Win 中文乱码问题 ​

  • 前文，我们提及到，在 Win 中，如果出现中文乱码问题，就需要去语言和区别设置系统区域的编码为 UTF-8 ；但是，这样可能会造成其它的软件出现中文乱码问题，如：Xshell 等。

NOTE

  • ① 之所以，修改系统的编码为 UTF-8 会出现问题，是因为早期的 Win 系统的中文默认编码是 GBK（目前也是，Win 并没有强制第三方软件使用 UTF-8 编码） ，而 Xshell 等也使用的这些编码，一旦我们修改为 UTF-8 之后，可能会造成这些第三方软件出现中文乱码问题（第三方软件适配问题，相信将来应该都会切换为 UTF-8 编码），体验较差！！！
  • ② 在 Linux 或 MacOS 之所以不会出现中文乱码的问题，是因为这些系统默认的编码就是 UTF-8 。
  • 其实，还有一种解决方案，如下所示：

  • 测试一下，是否配置成功：

8.6 CLion 中自动导入头文件 ​

  • 在 CLion 中，最为强大的功能就是直接输入函数，然后让 IDE 帮我们自动导入头文件，包括自定义的头文件，相当实用。

NOTE

  • ① CLion 中的自动导入头文件的快捷键是 Alt + Enter 。
  • ② CLion 中的自动提取变量的类型的快捷键是 Ctrl + Alt + V 。

  • 开启自动导入头文件的步骤，如下所示：

Released under the MIT License.

Copyright © 2024 许大仙

+ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/notes/01_c-basic/02_xdx/index.html b/notes/01_c-basic/02_xdx/index.html index 7792b76..93aa765 100644 --- a/notes/01_c-basic/02_xdx/index.html +++ b/notes/01_c-basic/02_xdx/index.html @@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ - + - + @@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ return 0; }

3.3 进制的运算规则 ​

  • 十进制的运算规则，如下所示：
    • 逢十进一（针对加法而言）。
    • 借一当十（针对减法而言）。
  • 二进制的运算规则，如下所示：
    • 逢二进一（针对加法而言）。
    • 借一当二（针对减法而言）。
  • 八进制的运算规则，如下所示：
    • 逢八进一（针对加法而言）。
    • 借一当八（针对减法而言）。
  • 十六进制的运算规则，如下所示：
    • 逢十六进一（针对加法而言）。
    • 借一当十六（针对减法而言）。

3.4 进制的转换 ​

3.4.1 概述 ​

  • 不同进制的转换，如下所示：

  • 在计算机中，数据是从右往左的方式排列的；其中，最右边的是低位，最左边的是高位，即：

3.4.2 二进制和十进制的转换 ​

3.4.2.1 二进制转换为十进制 ​

  • 规则：从最低位开始，将每个位上的数提取出来，乘以 2 的 （位数 - 1 ）次方，然后求和。

NOTE

  • ① 在学术界，将这种计算规则，称为位权相加法。
  • ② 八进制转换为十进制、十六进制转换为十进制和二进制转换为十进制的算法相同！！！
  • 示例：十进制转十进制

  • 示例：二进制转十进制

3.4.2.2 十进制转换二进制 ​

  • 规则：将该数不断除以 2 ，直到商为 0 为止，然后将每步得到的余数倒过来，就是对应的二进制。

NOTE

  • ① 在学术界，将这种计算规则，称为短除法或连续除2取余法。
  • ② 很好理解，只有不断地除以 2 ，就能保证最大的数字不超过 2 ，这不就是二进制（只能有 0 或 1）吗？
  • ③ 八进制转换为二进制、十六进制转换为二进制和十进制转换为二进制的算法相同！！！
  • 示例：十进制转十进制

  • 示例：十进制转二进制

3.4.3 二进制转八进制 ​

  • 规则：每 3 位二进制就是一个八进制。

  • 示例：011 101 001 -> 351

3.4.4 二进制转十六进制 ​

  • 规则：每 4 位二进制就是一个十六进制。

  • 示例：1110 1001 -> 0xE9

3.5 原码、反码和补码 ​

3.5.1 概述 ​

  • 机器数：一个数在计算机的存储形式是二进制，我们称这些二进制数为机器数。机器数可以是有符号的，用机器数的最高位来存放符号位，0 表示正数，1 表示负数。

  • 真值：因为机器数带有符号位，所以机器数的形式值不等于其真实表示的值（真值），以机器数 1000 0001 为例，其真正表示的值（首位是符号位）为 -1，而形式值却是 129 ，因此将带有符号位的机器数的真正表示的值称为机器数的真值。

3.5.2 原码 ​

  • 原码的表示与机器数真值表示的一样，即用第一位表示符号，其余位表示数值。
  • 规则：
    • 正数的原码是它本身对应的二进制数，符号位是 0 。
    • 负数的原码是它本身绝对值对应的二进制数，但是符号位是 1 。
  • +1 的原码，使用 8 位二进数来表示，就是：
十进制数原码（8位二进制数）
+10000 0001
  • -1 的原码，使用 8 位二进数来表示，就是：
十进制数原码（8位二进制数）
-11000 0001

IMPORTANT

按照原码的规则，会出现 +0 和 -0 的情况，即：0000 0000（+0）、1000 0000（-0），显然不符合实际情况；所以，计算机底层虽然存储和计算的都是二进数，但显然不是原码。

3.5.3 反码 ​

  • 规则：

    • 正数的反码和它的原码相同。
    • 负数的反码是在其原码的基础上，符号位不变，其余各位取反。

  • +1 的反码，使用 8 位二进数来表示，就是：

十进制数原码（8位二进制数）反码（8位二进制数）
+10000 00010000 0001
  • -1 的反码，使用 8 位二进数来表示，就是：
十进制数原码（8位二进制数）反码（8位二进制数）
-11000 00011111 1110

IMPORTANT

按照反码的规则，如果是 +0，对应的原码是 0000 0000；那么，其反码还是 0000 0000 ；如果是 -0，对应的原码是 1000 0000，其反码是 1111 1111，显然不符合实际情况；所以，计算机底层虽然存储和计算的都是二进数，但显然不是反码。

3.5.4 补码 ​

  • 规则：

    • 正数的补码和它的原码相同。
    • 负数的补码是在其反码的基础上 + 1 。

  • +1 的补码，使用 8 位二进数来表示，就是：

十进制数原码（8位二进制数）反码（8位二进制数）补码（8位二进制数）
+10000 00010000 00010000 0001
  • -1 的补码，使用 8 位二进数来表示，就是：
十进制数原码（8位二进制数）反码（8位二进制数）补码（8位二进制数）
-11000 00011111 11101111 1111
  • 如果 0 ，按照 +0 的情况进行处理，即：

  • 如果 0 ，按照 -0 的情况进行处理，即：

IMPORTANT

  • ① 补码表示法解决了原码和反码存在的两种零（+0 和 -0）的问题，即：在补码表示法中，只有一个零，即 0000 0000。
  • ②补码使得加法运算和减法运算可以统一处理，通过将减法运算转换为加法运算，可以简化硬件设计，提高了运算效率。
  • ③ 计算机底层存储和计算的都是二进数的补码。

3.5.5 总结 ​

  • ① 正数的原码、反码和补码都是一样的，三码合一。
  • ② 负数的反码是在其原码的基础上，按位取反（0 变 1 ，1 变 0 ），符号位不变；负数的补码是其反码 + 1 。
  • ③ 0 的补码是 0 。

3.6 计算机底层为什么使用补码？ ​

  • 如果计算是 2 - 2 ，那么可以转换为 2 + (-2)，这样计算机内部在处理减法计算的时候，就会将其转换为加法计算的形式，以简化硬件设计和提高计算效率。
  • 最高位表示符号位，由于符号位的存在，如果使用原码来计算，就会导致计算结果不正确，即：

  • 补码的设计可以巧妙的让符号位也参与计算，并且可以得到正确的计算结果，即：

Released under the MIT License.

Copyright © 2024 许大仙

- + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/notes/01_c-basic/03_xdx/index.html b/notes/01_c-basic/03_xdx/index.html index 7b8e1f7..0707df9 100644 --- a/notes/01_c-basic/03_xdx/index.html +++ b/notes/01_c-basic/03_xdx/index.html @@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ - + - + @@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ return 0; }

2.8 运算符优先级 ​

  • C 语言中运算符的优先级，如下所示：
优先级运算符名称或含义结合方向
1[]数组下标➡️（从左到右）
()圆括号
.成员选择（对象）
->成员选择（指针）
2-负号运算符⬅️（从右到左）
（类型）强制类型转换
++自增运算符
--自减运算符
*取值运算符
&取地址运算符
!逻辑非运算符
~按位取反运算符
sizeof长度运算符
3/除➡️（从左到右）
*乘
%余数（取模）
4+加➡️（从左到右）
-减
5<<左移➡️（从左到右）
>>右移
6>大于➡️（从左到右）
>=大于等于
<小于
<=小于等于
7==等于➡️（从左到右）
!=不等于
8&按位与➡️（从左到右）
9^按位异或➡️（从左到右）
10|按位或➡️（从左到右）
11&&逻辑与➡️（从左到右）
12||逻辑或➡️（从左到右）
13?:条件运算符⬅️（从右到左）
14=赋值运算符⬅️（从右到左）
/=除后赋值
*=乘后赋值
%=取模后赋值
+=加后赋值
-=减后赋值
<<=左移后赋值
>>=右移后赋值
&=按位与后赋值
^=按位异或后赋值
|=按位或后赋值
15,逗号运算符➡️（从左到右）

WARNING

  • ① 不要过多的依赖运算符的优先级来控制表达式的执行顺序，这样可读性太差，尽量使用小括号来控制表达式的执行顺序。
  • ② 不要把一个表达式写得过于复杂，如果一个表达式过于复杂，则把它分成几步来完成。
  • ③ 运算符优先级不用刻意地去记忆，总体上：一元运算符 > 算术运算符 > 关系运算符 > 逻辑运算符 > 三元运算符 > 赋值运算符。

第三章：附录 ​

3.1 字符集和字符集编码 ​

3.3.1 概述 ​

  • 字符集和字符集编码（简称编码）计算机系统中处理文本数据的两个基本概念，它们密切相关但又有区别。
  • 字符集（Character Set）是一组字符的集合，其中每个字符都被分配了一个唯一的编号（通常是数字）。字符可以是字母、数字、符号、控制代码（如换行符）等。字符集定义了可以表示的字符的范围，但它并不直接定义如何将这些字符存储在计算机中。

NOTE

ASCII（美国信息交换标准代码）是最早期和最简单的字符集之一，它只包括了英文字母、数字和一些特殊字符，共 128 个字符。每个字符都分配给了一个从 0 到 127 的数字。

  • 字符集编码（Character Encoding，简称编码）是一种方案或方法，它定义了如何将字符集中的字符转换为计算机存储和传输的数据（通常是一串二进制数字）。简而言之，编码是字符到二进制数据之间的映射规则。

NOTE

ASCII 编码方案定义了如何将 ASCII 字符集中的每个字符表示为 7 位的二进制数字。例如：大写字母'A'在 ASCII 编码中表示为二进制的1000001，十进制的 65 。

  • 字符集和字符集编码之间的关系如下：

  • Linux 中安装帮助手册：

3.3.2 ASCII 编码 ​

  • 从冯·诺依曼体系结构中，我们知道，计算机中所有的数据和指令都是以二进制的形式表示的；所以，计算机中对于文本数据的数据也是以二进制来存储的，那么对应的流程如下：

  • 我们知道，计算机是上个世纪 60 年代在美国研制成功的，为了实现字符和二进制的转换，美国就制定了一套字符编码，即英语字符和二进制位之间的关系，即 ASCII （American Standard Code for Information Interchange）编码：
    • ASCII 编码只包括了英文字符、数字和一些特殊字符，一共 128 个字符，并且每个字符都分配了唯一的数字，范围是 0 - 127。
    • ASCII 编码中的每个字符都使用 7 位的二进制数字表示；但是，计算机中的存储的最小单位是 1 B = 8 位，那么最高位统一规定为 0 。

NOTE

  • ① 其实，早期是没有字符集的概念的，只是后来为了解决乱码问题，而产生了字符集的概念。
  • ② 对于英文体系来说，a-zA-Z0-9以及一些特殊字符一共 128 就可以满足实际存储需求；所以，在也是为什么 ASCII 码使用 7 位二进制（2^7 = 128 ）来存储的。
  • 在操作系统中，就内置了对应的编码表，Linux 也不例外；可以使用如下的命令查看：
shell
man ascii

  • 其对应的 ASCII 编码表，如下所示：

  • 但是，随着计算机的发展，计算机开始了东征之路，由美国传播到东方：

  • 先是传播到了欧洲，欧洲在兼容 ASCII 编码的基础上，推出了 ISO8859-1 编码，即：
    • ISO8859-1 编码包括基本的拉丁字母表、数字、标点符号，以及西欧语言中特有的一些字符，如：法语中的 è、德语中的 ü 等。
    • ISO 8859-1 为每个字符分配一个单字节（8 位）编码，意味着它可以表示最多 256 （2^8）个不同的字符（编号从 0 到 255）。
    • ISO 8859-1 的前 128 个字符与 ASCII 编码完全一致，这使得 ASCII 编码的文本可以无缝转换为 ISO 8859-1 编码。

  • 计算机继续传播到了亚洲，亚洲（双字节）各个国家分别给出了自己国家对应的字符集编码，如：
    • 日本推出了 Shift-JIS 编码：
      • 单字节 ASCII 范围：0 - 127。
      • 双字节范围：
        • 第一个字节：129 - 159 和 224 - 239 。
        • 第二个字节：64 - 126 和 128 - 252 。
    • 韩国推出了 EUC-KR 编码：
      • 单字节 ASCII 范围：0 - 127。
      • 双字节范围：从 41281 - 65278。
    • 中国推出了 GBK 编码：
      • 单字节 ASCII 范围：0 - 127。
      • 双字节范围：33088 - 65278 。

NOTE

  • ① 通过上面日本、韩国、中国的编码十进制范围，我们可以看到，虽然这些编码系统在技术上的编码范围存在重叠（特别是在高位字节区域），但因为它们各自支持的字符集完全不同，所以实际上它们并不直接冲突。
  • ② 但是，如果一个中国人通过 GBK 编码写的文章，通过邮件发送给韩国人，因为韩国和中国在字符集编码上的高位字节有重叠部分，必然会造成歧义。

3.3.3 Unicode 编码 ​

  • 在 Unicode 之前，世界上存在着数百种不同的编码系统，每一种编码系统都是为了支持特定语言或一组语言的字符集。这些编码系统，包括：ASCII、ISO 8859 系列、GBK、Shift-JIS、EUC-KR 等，它们各自有不同的字符范围和编码方式。这种多样性虽然在局部范围内解决了字符表示的问题，但也带来了以下几个方面的挑战：

    • 编码冲突：由于不同的编码系统可以为相同的字节值分配不同的字符，因此在不同编码之间转换文本时，如果没有正确处理编码信息，就很容易产生乱码。这种编码冲突在尝试处理多种语言的文本时尤为突出。
    • 编码的复杂性：随着全球化的发展，软件和系统需要支持越来越多的语言，这就要求开发者和系统同时处理多种不同的编码系统。这不仅增加了开发和维护的复杂性，而且也增加了出错的风险。
    • 资源限制：在早期计算机技术中，内存和存储资源相对有限。不同的编码标准要求系统存储多套字符集数据，这无疑增加了对有限资源的消耗。
    • ……

  • 针对上述的种种问题，为了推行全球化，Unicode 应运而生，Unicode 的核心规则和设计原则是建立一个全球统一的字符集，使得世界上所有的文字和符号都能被唯一地识别和使用，无论使用者位于何地或使用何种语言。这套规则包括了字符的编码、表示、处理和转换机制，旨在确保不同系统和软件间能够无缝交换和处理文本数据。

    • 通用字符集 (UCS)：Unicode 为每一个字符分配一个唯一的编号（称为“码点”）。这些码点被组织在一个统一的字符集中，官方称之为 “通用字符集”（Universal Character Set，UCS）。码点通常表示为 U+ 后跟一个十六进制数，例如：U+0041 代表大写的英文字母 “A”。
    • 编码平面和区段：Unicode 码点被划分为多个 “平面（Planes）”，每个平面包含 65536（16^4）个码点。目前，Unicode定义了 17 个平面（从 0 到16），每个平面被分配了一个编号，从 “基本多文种平面（BMP）” 的 0 开始，到 16 号平面结束。这意味着 Unicode 理论上可以支持超过 110万（17*65536）个码点。

  • Unicode 仅仅只是字符集，给每个字符设置了唯一的数字编号而已，却没有给出这些数字编号实际如何存储，可以通过如下命令查看：

  • 为了在计算机系统中表示 Unicode 字符，定义了几种编码方案，这些方案包括 UTF-8、UTF-16 和 UTF-32 等。
    • UTF-8：使用 1 - 4 个字节表示每个 Unicode 字符，兼容 ASCII，是网络上最常用的编码。
    • UTF-16：使用 2 - 4 个字节表示每个 Unicode 字符，适合于需要经常处理基本多文种平面之外字符的应用。
    • UTF-32：使用固定的 4 个字节表示每个 Unicode 字符，简化了字符处理，但增加了存储空间的需求。
  • Unicode 字符集和对应的UTF-8 字符编码之间的关系，如下所示：

Released under the MIT License.

Copyright © 2024 许大仙

- + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/notes/01_c-basic/04_xdx/index.html b/notes/01_c-basic/04_xdx/index.html index cb95694..4d08aca 100644 --- a/notes/01_c-basic/04_xdx/index.html +++ b/notes/01_c-basic/04_xdx/index.html @@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ - + - + @@ -772,7 +772,7 @@ return 0; }

Released under the MIT License.

Copyright © 2024 许大仙

- + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/notes/01_c-basic/05_xdx/index.html b/notes/01_c-basic/05_xdx/index.html index 4d221b0..fbf8cef 100644 --- a/notes/01_c-basic/05_xdx/index.html +++ b/notes/01_c-basic/05_xdx/index.html @@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ - + - + @@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ return 0; }

WARNING

在上述示例中，arr 和 &arr 的值是一样的，但是对应的含义是不同的。

  • ① arr 是数组名，在大多数情况下会转换为数组第一个元素的地址，即：arr 等价于 &arr[0]，其数据类型是 int *。
  • ② &arr是数组名的地址，即整个数组的地址，它指向数组本身，并不是数组第一个元素的地址，&arr 的数据类型是 int(*)[3]。

Released under the MIT License.

Copyright © 2024 许大仙

- + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/index.html b/notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/index.html index c7ad1fd..6e3aac4 100644 --- a/notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/index.html +++ b/notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/index.html @@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ - + - + @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ printf("Address of array: %p\n", &arr); // 返回整个数组的地址 printf("Address of pointer: %p\n", &ptr); // 返回指针变量ptr的地址

综上所述，通过这些示例和解释，可以看出数组名虽然在某些场合下可以像指针一样使用，但它并不是一个真正的指针变量，而是一个常量，表示数组的首地址。

Released under the MIT License.

Copyright © 2024 许大仙

- + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/notes/04_linux/01_xdx/index.html b/notes/04_linux/01_xdx/index.html index 9d1d8c5..4ecaa3e 100644 --- a/notes/04_linux/01_xdx/index.html +++ b/notes/04_linux/01_xdx/index.html @@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ - + - + @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
许大仙

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第一章：Linux ​

1.1 Linux 概述 ​

  • Linux 是一种开源的操作系统，最初由芬兰的林纳斯·托瓦兹（Linus Torvalds）开发。它基于 UNIX 操作系统，并且具有高度的可定制性和灵活性。Linux 操作系统被广泛应用于服务器、嵌入式系统和个人计算机等领域。
  • 它具有稳定性、安全性和可靠性，并且支持多用户、多任务和多线程。Linux 拥有众多的发行版，如：Ubuntu、Red Hat、Debian 等，每个发行版都有自己的特点和优势。
  • 由于其开源性质，Linux 操作系统受到了全球开发者的广泛支持和贡献，成为了计算机行业中的重要组成部分。

1.2 Linux 的发展史 ​

  • Linux 的发展历史可以分为以下几个阶段：

    • ① 初始阶段（1991 - 1994 年）：林纳斯·托瓦兹在 1991 年发布了 Linux 内核的第一个版本，并将其开源。在接下来的几年里，Linux 逐渐吸引了一些开发者的关注和参与，开始逐步完善和扩展功能。
    • ② 发展阶段（1995 - 2000 年）：在这个阶段，Linux 开始受到更多人的关注和认可。许多开发者和公司开始为 Linux 开发应用程序和驱动程序，为其增加更多的功能和兼容性。同时，一些发行版如：Red Hat、Debian 等也开始出现，为用户提供了更方便的安装和使用方式。
    • ③ 商业化阶段（2001 - 至今）：随着 Linux 的成熟和广泛应用，越来越多的公司开始将 Linux 作为服务器和嵌入式设备的操作系统。一些大型科技公司，如：IBM、Oracle 等也开始投入大量资源支持 Linux 的发展。同时，一些商业化的 Linux 发行版，如：SUSE、Ubuntu 等也崭露头角，为企业和个人用户提供了更专业的支持和服务。
    • ④ 社区发展阶段：Linux 的发展一直依赖于全球开发者社区的贡献和支持。Linux 社区不断壮大，吸引了众多的开发者和爱好者参与其中。通过社区的力量，Linux 不断更新迭代，推出了许多新的版本和功能。

  • 总的来说，Linux 的发展历程是一个由个人项目逐渐发展为全球开源社区支持的过程。它的成功得益于开源模式的优势，以及全球开发者的共同努力和贡献。

1.3 Linux 的组成（⭐） ​

  • Linux 主要由以下几个组成部分构成：

    • ① Linux 内核：Linux 内核是整个操作系统的核心，负责管理硬件设备、内存管理、进程调度等核心功能。它是由林纳斯·托瓦兹及其他开发者编写和维护的。
    • ② Shell 解释器：Shell 解释器是用户与操作系统交互的接口，它接收用户输入的命令并将其解释执行。常见的 Shell 解释器有 Bash、Zsh 等，它们提供了命令行界面和脚本编程功能。
    • ③ 外围的应用程序：命令、应用程序、图形化界面……

  • 其图示如下：

image-20240115214505877

  • 上述的组成部分共同构成了一个完整的 Linux 操作系统，为用户提供了丰富的功能和灵活性。

1.4 Linux 发行版本（⭐） ​

  • Linux 发行版本就是：Linux 内核 + 命令解释器 + 应用程序（桌面）。
  • 主流的 Linux 发行版本如下：
Linux 系统类别Linux 系统备注
Debian 系列Debian更新频率较低，较为稳定和安全，可以用于企业生产环境。
Ubuntu桌面美观，使用方便，开发使用。有桌面版和企业版本（服务器版本）。
Redhat 系列RedHat Enterprise Linux（RHEL）红帽企业版本
CentOS基于 Red Hat Enterprise Linux（RHEL）源代码构建的免费开源操作系统。它提供了企业级的稳定性和安全性，广泛用于服务器环境。
FedoraFedora 是由 Red Hat 赞助的社区驱动的 Linux 发行版，注重最新的软件和技术。它提供了一个先进的桌面环境和开发者工具。
Rocky Linux用来替代 CentOS 系统的，也是基于 Red Hat Enterprise Linux（RHEL）源代码构建的免费开源操作系统。
Alma Linux用来替代 CentOS 系统的，也是基于 Red Hat Enterprise Linux（RHEL）源代码构建的免费开源操作系统。
其它系列SUSE、OpenSUSEOpenSUSE 是一个用户友好且功能强大的 Linux 发行版，具有稳定性和灵活性。它提供了多种桌面环境和服务器选项。
  • 当然，除了以上几个主流的 Linux 发行版，还有许多其他的发行版，如：Arch Linux、Gentoo、Mageia 等，它们各自有着不同的特点和适用场景。
  • 选择适合自己需求的发行版是根据个人或组织的需求和偏好来决定的。

1.5 Linux 版本选择（⭐） ​

  • 推荐选择 LTS 版或稳定版。

WARNING

  • LTS 是 "Long-Term Support" 的缩写，意为长期支持。在软件开发领域，LTS 通常用来描述某个版本或发行版的长期支持周期。
  • 对于 Linux 发行版或其他软件，LTS 版本通常会提供更长时间的支持和维护，以确保稳定性和安全性。这意味着在 LTS 版本的支持周期内，开发者会持续提供安全补丁、错误修复和其他重要更新，以保持系统的稳定性和可靠性。
  • LTS 版本通常适用于企业和组织等需要长期稳定性和可靠性的环境。相比于非 LTS 版本，LTS 版本的更新频率较低，更注重于提供长期支持和维护。
  • 本次选择：
系统版本说明
UbuntuLTS 18.04 、LTS 20.04 等
AlmaLinux9.1、9.2、9.3 等

第二章：工作和学习环境部署（⭐） ​

2.1 服务器 ​

  • 服务器是一种专门用于提供服务的计算机系统。它通常具有更高的性能、可靠性和稳定性，以满足处理大量请求和提供持续服务的需求。
  • 服务器的主要功能是接收来自客户端的请求，并提供相应的服务或资源。这些服务可以包括：网站托管、数据库管理、文件存储、电子邮件、应用程序运行等。服务器通过网络与客户端进行通信，处理请求并返回相应的数据或结果。
  • 服务器通常采用高性能的硬件配置，如:多核处理器、大容量内存、高速存储设备等，以确保能够处理大量的并发请求。它们还通常具有冗余的设计，包括冗余电源、冗余网络连接和冗余存储等，以提高可靠性和可用性。
  • 服务器可以是物理服务器，即实际的硬件设备，也可以是虚拟服务器，即在物理服务器上通过虚拟化技术创建的虚拟机。无论是物理服务器还是虚拟服务器，它们都扮演着提供服务和资源的角色。
  • 在企业和组织中，服务器通常由专门的 IT 团队进行管理和维护。他们负责服务器的配置、安全性、性能优化、备份和恢复等工作，以确保服务器的稳定运行和数据的安全性。

TIP

实际工作的时候，Linux 系统会运行在服务器上。

2.2 虚拟机概述 ​

  • 虚拟机（Virtual Machine，简称 VM）是一种软件实现的计算机系统，它在物理计算机上模拟出一个完整的计算环境。虚拟机可以在同一台物理计算机上同时运行多个独立的操作系统和应用程序。

2

  • 虚拟机的工作原理是通过虚拟化技术将物理计算机的硬件资源（如：处理器、内存、存储等）进行抽象和分配，为每个虚拟机提供一部分资源。每个虚拟机都被视为一个独立的计算机系统，可以运行自己的操作系统和应用程序。
  • 虚拟机的优势在于它可以提供隔离性和灵活性。通过虚拟机，可以在同一台物理计算机上同时运行多个操作系统，实现资源的共享和最大化利用。同时，虚拟机还可以提供快速部署、快速备份和恢复等功能，方便管理和维护。
  • 常见的虚拟机软件，包括：VMware、VirtualBox、KVM 等。它们提供了虚拟化平台和管理工具，使用户可以轻松创建、配置和管理虚拟机。虚拟机广泛应用于开发和测试环境、服务器虚拟化、云计算等领域。

WARNING

虚拟机软件和虚拟机的概念不同：

  • ① 虚拟机软件是用来模拟硬件一个软件，如：VMware 等。
  • ② 而虚拟机是通过虚拟机软件模拟出来的计算机硬件，其实是文件的集合，相当于一台没有安装 Windows 操作系统的裸机。
  • ③ 在现实交谈的时候，我们有时候会模糊虚拟机软件和虚拟机的概念，甚至会使用虚拟机来代替虚拟机软件；此时，就需要根据上下文环境（语境）来判断到底说的是虚拟机软件还是虚拟机了。

2.3 安装虚拟机软件 ​

2.3.1 前提条件 ​

  • 需要在 BIOS 中开启虚拟化功能。

image-20240117085245337

2.3.2 安装步骤 ​

  • ① 双击打开 VMware 安装程序 。

双击打开VMware安装程序.png

  • ② 进行下一步安装：

VMware进行下一步安装.png

  • ③ 同意许可协议，单击下一步：

VMware同意许可协议，单击下一步.png

  • ④ 根据需要决定是否需要更改软件的安装位置（建议放置于除 C 盘以外任意盘符下）：

VMware更改安装位置.png

VMware更改安装位置成功.png

  • ⑤ 更改成功后，单击确定，下一步继续安装：

VMware更改成功后，单击确定，下一步继续安装.png

  • ⑥ 用户体验设置，如下图所示，单击下一步继续安装：

VMware用户体验设置，如下图所示，单击下一步继续安装.png

  • ⑦ 快捷方式设置，单击下一步继续安装：

VMware快捷方式设置，单击下一步继续安装.png

  • ⑧ 单击安装按钮：

VMware单击安装按钮.png

  • ⑨ VMware 输入许可证：

VMware单击许可证.png

VMware输入许可证.png

  • ⑩ 安装结束后，单击完成按钮：

VMware安装结束后，单击完成按钮.png

  • ⑪ 检查虚拟机软件是否安装了虚拟网卡：

查看VMware安装的虚拟网卡.png

查看VMware安装的虚拟网卡1.png

查看VMware安装的虚拟网卡2.png

2.3.2 配置网络 ​

  • ① 打开 VMware 虚拟机软件：

image-20240116202917529

  • ② 编辑 → 虚拟网络编辑器：

image-20240116202955131

  • ③ Vmnet8 → 更改设置：

image-20240116203207282

  • ④ 更改子网 IP 地址为 ：192.168.10.0 ，其目的是为了将 IP 固定。

image-20240116203357894

  • ⑤ DHCP 设置：

image-20240116203529749

image-20240116203627959

  • ⑤ 通过 cmd ，输入 ipconfig 命令，查看是否配置成功：

2.4 创建虚拟机 ​

2.4.1 概述 ​

  • 创建虚拟机，本质上就类似购买一台没有安装操作系统的裸机。

2.4.2 创建虚拟机 ​

  • ① 文件 → 新建虚拟机：

image-20240117090352182

  • ② 选择自定义类型的配置：

image-20240117090443216

  • ③ 虚拟机硬件兼容性：下一步即可。

image-20240117090529266

  • ④ 选择稍后安装操作系统：

image-20240117090636337

  • ⑤ 选择虚拟机将安装的操作系统：

image-20240117090805295

  • ⑥ 设置虚拟机的名称和安装位置：

image-20240117090944676

WARNING

一个虚拟机一个安装目录（文件夹），防止引起文件的冲突。

  • ⑦ 虚拟机中处理器的配置：下一步即可。

image-20240117091051284

  • ⑧ 设置虚拟机的内存：至少 2048 MB以上。

image-20240117091202131

  • ⑨ 设置虚拟机的网络类型：下一步即可。

image-20240117091257738

  • ⑩ 设置 I/O 控制器类型：下一步即可。

image-20240117091402913

  • ⑪ 选择磁盘类型：下一步即可。

image-20240117091540264

  • ⑫ 选择磁盘：下一步即可。

image-20240117091640870

  • ⑬ 选择磁盘容量：调整为 40 GB。

image-20240117091832846

  • ⑭ 指定磁盘文件：下一步即可。

image-20240117091907233

  • ⑮ 创建虚拟机完毕：

image-20240117092013264

  • ⑯ 查看是否创建虚拟机成功：

image-20240117092101810

2.4.3 虚拟机归类（分类） ​

  • 实际情况下，我们可能会创建很多虚拟机，VMware 提供了文件夹的功能来管理虚拟机；其步骤如下所示：
  • ① 鼠标右键 → 创建文件夹：

image-20240117092324545

  • ② 修改文件夹的名称：

image-20240117092600931

image-20240117092643086

image-20240117092720769

  • ③ 将刚才创建的虚拟机拖到该文件夹下：

2.4.4 设置 CD/DVD ​

  • 以前，我们在一台裸机上安装操作系统的时候，需要通过 DVD 或 U 盘将操作系统的 ISO 镜像文件，安装到裸机上；
  • 同理，在使用虚拟机软件的时候，也需要此类步骤；其步骤如下：
  • ① 编辑虚拟机设置：

image-20240117093143947

  • ② 选择硬盘上的 ISO 镜像文件：

image-20240117093354461

  • ③ 查看是否配置成功：

image-20240117093435976

2.5 安装 Linux ​

  • ① 开启此虚拟机：

image-20240117093516070

  • ② 鼠标点击进去之后，通过键盘上的方向键来选择：

image-20240117093610205

  • 注意⚠️：键盘上的方向键在这里

image-20240117093918602

  • ③ 设置操作系统的语言环境为中文：

image-20240117094530342

  • ④ 设置系统安装目的地：

  • ⑤ 设置软件选择：默认即可

  • ⑥ 设置 root 的密码：123456即可

WARNING

学习阶段无所谓设置什么密码，但是生产环境，必须复杂并且经常更换！！！

  • ⑦ 配置网络和主机名：

image-20240224223931266

image-20240224224038036

image-20240224224138061

image-20240224224209724

image-20240224224245924

image-20240224224344051

  • ⑧ 查看配置网络和主机名是否成功：

image-20240224224420273

  • ⑨ 点击开始安装：漫长的等待……

  • ⑩ 安装完成之后，会提示重启系统，那就重启吧：

2.6 远程连接 Linux ​

2.6.1 查看 Linux 的 IP 地址 ​

  • 通过 ifconfig 命令来查看 Linux 的 IP 地址：
shell
ifconfig

image-20240117101543732

2.6.2 远程连接 Linux ​

  • 可以通过 xshell 之类的远程连接工具来连接 Linux ，其步骤如下：
  • ① 新建会话：

image-20240117101749340

  • ② 输入 Linux 的 IP 地址：

image-20240117101906927

  • ③ 输入用户名和密码：

image-20240117102005340

  • ④ 接收和保存远程 Linux 的密钥：

image-20240117102123845

  • ⑤ 查看是否登录成功：

image-20240117102159684

Released under the MIT License.

Copyright © 2024 许大仙

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