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<title>404 | Hi，终于等到你</title> <title>404 | Hi，终于等到你</title>
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import{_ as l,c as i,o as s,a6 as a}from"./chunks/framework.CZRoMP2i.js";const e="/c/assets/1.D4a42fT1.jpg",t="/c/assets/2.D2wnxl5F.png",n="/c/assets/3.Dq625oo9.jpg",o="/c/assets/4.uqu1DEK4.png",c="/c/assets/5.C6Q0Q8kf.jpg",d="/c/assets/6.B4Srsb-0.png",p="/c/assets/7._D_c8Lrn.png",r="/c/assets/8.DlIyFGDg.png",h="/c/assets/9.7zkUmpQw.png",u="/c/assets/10.h1ugtjyX.png",k="/c/assets/11.D5PWTabw.png",b="/c/assets/12.Bvs6QYjl.jpg",C="/c/assets/9.7zkUmpQw.png",g="/c/assets/14.CsR5exrN.png",m="/c/assets/15.BRG9GQdT.png",E="/c/assets/16.C2sciGZn.png",y="/c/assets/17.DdyXXyxJ.png",v="/c/assets/18.DIeb_KXW.png",A="/c/assets/19.C-kvMz2p.png",x="/c/assets/20.CQqFxmDa.png",_="/c/assets/21.CjMWyIiX.png",f="/c/assets/22.DFQhcDgs.png",P="/c/assets/23.Cco1vsW8.png",L=JSON.parse('{"title":"第一章：计算机组成原理","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/index.md","filePath":"notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/index.md","lastUpdated":1724455343000}'),S={name:"notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/index.md"},T=a('<div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① C 语言是一门<code>面向过程</code>的<code>编译型</code>的<code>编程语言</code>，其最大特点在于 <code>运行速度极快</code>，仅次于<code>汇编语言</code>，这使得 C 语言在需要高性能的场景中得到广泛应用，如：操作系统、硬件驱动程序和嵌入式系统。然而，<code>开发效率较低</code>也是 C 语言的一大特点，程序员需要手动管理内存和处理低级别的操作，这对编程能力要求较高。</li><li>② C 语言不仅仅是一门<code>编程</code>语言，更是计算机行业的<code>核心</code>语言。它是计算机专业的基础课程，无论是操作系统的构建、硬件驱动的开发，还是数据库系统的实现，都离不开 C 语言的支持。<code>学习 C 语言</code> 不仅是掌握编程技能的必经之路，也是深入理解计算机底层原理的关键。如果忽视了 C 语言的学习，将难以深入理解计算机系统的工作原理，也很难在计算机行业中取得长远的发展。</li></ul></div><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>总结就是一句话：C 语言重要（赞），很重要（大赞），非常重要（非常赞），绝对重要（无敌赞），史无前例的重要（一赞到底）！！！</p></div><h1 id="第一章-计算机组成原理" tabindex="-1">第一章：计算机组成原理 <a class="header-anchor" href="#第一章-计算机组成原理" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第一章：计算机组成原理&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_1-1-计算机系统" tabindex="-1">1.1 计算机系统 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-计算机系统" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.1 计算机系统&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>计算机（Computer），俗称<code>&quot;电脑&quot;</code>，是一种能够接收和存储信息，并按照存储在其内部的程序对海量的数据进行自动、高速的处理，然后将处理结果输出的现代化智能电子设备。</li><li>计算机有很多形式，如：台式电脑、笔记本电脑、智能手机、平板电脑等，还有生产环境中提供重要业务支撑的各种服务器。</li></ul><p><img src="'+e+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>一个完整的<code>计算机系统</code>由<code>硬件（Hardware）系统</code>和<code>软件（Software）系统</code>两大部分组成，即：</li></ul><p><img src="'+t+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h2 id="_1-2-冯·诺依曼体系结构" tabindex="-1">1.2 冯·诺依曼体系结构 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-冯·诺依曼体系结构" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2 冯·诺依曼体系结构&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li><code>冯·诺依曼</code>是一位多才多艺的科学家，他在数学、物理学、计算机科学、经济学等领域都有杰出的贡献。</li></ul><p><img src="'+n+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li><code>冯·诺依曼</code>的主要成就： <ul><li>在计算机科学领域的最著名贡献是提出了<code>冯·诺依曼</code>体系结构（1946 年），这是<code>现代计算机设计的基础</code>。</li><li>促进了计算机的可编程性和通用性，使得计算机能够执行各种复杂的任务。</li><li>对核武器设计、自动化控制系统、人工智能等领域的发展产生了重要影响。</li><li>……</li></ul></li></ul><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><p><code>冯·诺依曼体系结构</code>是现代计算机（量子计算机除外）设计的<code>基础</code>。</p></div><ul><li><p><code>冯·诺依曼</code>体系结构的理论要点如下：</p><ul><li>① <strong>存储程序</strong>：<code>程序指令</code>和<code>数据</code>都存储在计算机的内存中，这使得程序可以在运行时修改。</li><li>② <strong>二进制逻辑</strong>：所有<code>数据</code>和<code>指令</code>都以<code>二进制</code>形式表示。</li><li>③ <strong>顺序执行</strong>：指令按照它们在内存中的顺序执行，但可以有条件地改变执行顺序。</li><li>④ <strong>五大部件</strong>：计算机由<code>运算器</code>、<code>控制器</code>、<code>存储器</code>、<code>输入设备</code>和<code>输出设备</code>组成。</li><li>⑤ <strong>指令结构</strong>：指令由操作码和地址码组成，操作码指示要执行的操作，地址码指示操作数的位置。</li><li>⑥ <strong>中心化控制</strong>：计算机的控制单元（CPU）负责解释和执行指令，控制数据流。</li></ul></li></ul><p><img src="'+o+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>上述的组件协同工作，构成了一个完整的计算机系统：</p><ul><li><code>运算器</code>和<code>控制器</code>通常被集成在一起，组成中央处理器（CPU），负责数据处理和指令执行。</li><li><code>存储器</code>（内存）保存数据和程序，是计算机运作的基础。</li><li><code>输入设备</code>和<code>输出设备</code>负责与外界的交互，确保用户能够输入信息并接收计算机的处理结果。</li></ul></div><h2 id="_1-3-各种硬件处理速度和性能优化" tabindex="-1">1.3 各种硬件处理速度和性能优化 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-3-各种硬件处理速度和性能优化" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.3 各种硬件处理速度和性能优化&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>计算机的性能短板：如果 CPU 有每秒处理 1000 个服务请求的能力，各种总线的负载能力能达到 500 个， 但网卡只能接受 200个请求，而硬盘只能负担 150 个的话，那这台服务器得处理能力只能是 150 个请求/ 秒，有 85% 的处理器计算能力浪费了，在计算机系统当中，<code>硬盘</code>的读写速率已经成为影响系统性能进一步提高的瓶颈。</li></ul><p><img src="'+c+'" alt="img" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>计算机的各个设备部件的延迟从高到低的排列，依次是机械硬盘（HDD）、固态硬盘（SSD）、内存、CPU 。</li></ul><p><img src="'+d+`" alt="img" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>从上图中，我们可以知道，CPU 是最快的，一个时钟周期是 0.3 ns ，内存访问需要 120 ns ，固态硬盘访问需要 50-150 us，传统的硬盘访问需要 1-10 ms，而网络访问是最慢，需要 40 ms 以上。</li><li>时间的单位换算如下：</li></ul><div class="language-txt vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">txt</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>1 秒 = 1000 毫秒，即 1 s = 1000 ms。</span></span> import{_ as l,c as i,o as s,a6 as a}from"./chunks/framework.hMCIpNYY.js";const 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class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① C 语言是一门<code>面向过程</code>的<code>编译型</code>的<code>编程语言</code>，其最大特点在于 <code>运行速度极快</code>，仅次于<code>汇编语言</code>，这使得 C 语言在需要高性能的场景中得到广泛应用，如：操作系统、硬件驱动程序和嵌入式系统。然而，<code>开发效率较低</code>也是 C 语言的一大特点，程序员需要手动管理内存和处理低级别的操作，这对编程能力要求较高。</li><li>② C 语言不仅仅是一门<code>编程</code>语言，更是计算机行业的<code>核心</code>语言。它是计算机专业的基础课程，无论是操作系统的构建、硬件驱动的开发，还是数据库系统的实现，都离不开 C 语言的支持。<code>学习 C 语言</code> 不仅是掌握编程技能的必经之路，也是深入理解计算机底层原理的关键。如果忽视了 C 语言的学习，将难以深入理解计算机系统的工作原理，也很难在计算机行业中取得长远的发展。</li></ul></div><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>总结就是一句话：C 语言重要（赞），很重要（大赞），非常重要（非常赞），绝对重要（无敌赞），史无前例的重要（一赞到底）！！！</p></div><h1 id="第一章-计算机组成原理" tabindex="-1">第一章：计算机组成原理 <a class="header-anchor" href="#第一章-计算机组成原理" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第一章：计算机组成原理&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_1-1-计算机系统" tabindex="-1">1.1 计算机系统 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-计算机系统" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.1 计算机系统&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>计算机（Computer），俗称<code>&quot;电脑&quot;</code>，是一种能够接收和存储信息，并按照存储在其内部的程序对海量的数据进行自动、高速的处理，然后将处理结果输出的现代化智能电子设备。</li><li>计算机有很多形式，如：台式电脑、笔记本电脑、智能手机、平板电脑等，还有生产环境中提供重要业务支撑的各种服务器。</li></ul><p><img src="'+e+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>一个完整的<code>计算机系统</code>由<code>硬件（Hardware）系统</code>和<code>软件（Software）系统</code>两大部分组成，即：</li></ul><p><img src="'+t+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h2 id="_1-2-冯·诺依曼体系结构" tabindex="-1">1.2 冯·诺依曼体系结构 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-冯·诺依曼体系结构" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2 冯·诺依曼体系结构&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li><code>冯·诺依曼</code>是一位多才多艺的科学家，他在数学、物理学、计算机科学、经济学等领域都有杰出的贡献。</li></ul><p><img src="'+n+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li><code>冯·诺依曼</code>的主要成就： <ul><li>在计算机科学领域的最著名贡献是提出了<code>冯·诺依曼</code>体系结构（1946 年），这是<code>现代计算机设计的基础</code>。</li><li>促进了计算机的可编程性和通用性，使得计算机能够执行各种复杂的任务。</li><li>对核武器设计、自动化控制系统、人工智能等领域的发展产生了重要影响。</li><li>……</li></ul></li></ul><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><p><code>冯·诺依曼体系结构</code>是现代计算机（量子计算机除外）设计的<code>基础</code>。</p></div><ul><li><p><code>冯·诺依曼</code>体系结构的理论要点如下：</p><ul><li>① <strong>存储程序</strong>：<code>程序指令</code>和<code>数据</code>都存储在计算机的内存中，这使得程序可以在运行时修改。</li><li>② <strong>二进制逻辑</strong>：所有<code>数据</code>和<code>指令</code>都以<code>二进制</code>形式表示。</li><li>③ <strong>顺序执行</strong>：指令按照它们在内存中的顺序执行，但可以有条件地改变执行顺序。</li><li>④ <strong>五大部件</strong>：计算机由<code>运算器</code>、<code>控制器</code>、<code>存储器</code>、<code>输入设备</code>和<code>输出设备</code>组成。</li><li>⑤ <strong>指令结构</strong>：指令由操作码和地址码组成，操作码指示要执行的操作，地址码指示操作数的位置。</li><li>⑥ <strong>中心化控制</strong>：计算机的控制单元（CPU）负责解释和执行指令，控制数据流。</li></ul></li></ul><p><img src="'+o+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>上述的组件协同工作，构成了一个完整的计算机系统：</p><ul><li><code>运算器</code>和<code>控制器</code>通常被集成在一起，组成中央处理器（CPU），负责数据处理和指令执行。</li><li><code>存储器</code>（内存）保存数据和程序，是计算机运作的基础。</li><li><code>输入设备</code>和<code>输出设备</code>负责与外界的交互，确保用户能够输入信息并接收计算机的处理结果。</li></ul></div><h2 id="_1-3-各种硬件处理速度和性能优化" tabindex="-1">1.3 各种硬件处理速度和性能优化 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-3-各种硬件处理速度和性能优化" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.3 各种硬件处理速度和性能优化&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>计算机的性能短板：如果 CPU 有每秒处理 1000 个服务请求的能力，各种总线的负载能力能达到 500 个， 但网卡只能接受 200个请求，而硬盘只能负担 150 个的话，那这台服务器得处理能力只能是 150 个请求/ 秒，有 85% 的处理器计算能力浪费了，在计算机系统当中，<code>硬盘</code>的读写速率已经成为影响系统性能进一步提高的瓶颈。</li></ul><p><img src="'+c+'" alt="img" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>计算机的各个设备部件的延迟从高到低的排列，依次是机械硬盘（HDD）、固态硬盘（SSD）、内存、CPU 。</li></ul><p><img src="'+d+`" alt="img" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>从上图中，我们可以知道，CPU 是最快的，一个时钟周期是 0.3 ns ，内存访问需要 120 ns ，固态硬盘访问需要 50-150 us，传统的硬盘访问需要 1-10 ms，而网络访问是最慢，需要 40 ms 以上。</li><li>时间的单位换算如下：</li></ul><div class="language-txt vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">txt</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>1 秒 = 1000 毫秒，即 1 s = 1000 ms。</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>1 毫秒 = 1000 微妙，即 1 ms = 1000 us 。</span></span> <span class="line"><span>1 毫秒 = 1000 微妙，即 1 ms = 1000 us 。</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>1 微妙 = 1000 纳秒，即 1 us = 1000 ns。</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>按照上图，将计算机世界的时间和人类世界的时间进行对比，即：</li></ul><div class="language-txt vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">txt</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>如果 CPU 的时钟周期按照 1 秒计算，</span></span> <span class="line"><span>1 微妙 = 1000 纳秒，即 1 us = 1000 ns。</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>按照上图，将计算机世界的时间和人类世界的时间进行对比，即：</li></ul><div class="language-txt vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">txt</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>如果 CPU 的时钟周期按照 1 秒计算，</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>那么，内存访问就需要 6 分钟；</span></span> <span class="line"><span>那么，内存访问就需要 6 分钟；</span></span>

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id="第一章-开发环境的安装和配置-⭐" tabindex="-1">第一章：开发环境的安装和配置（⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#第一章-开发环境的安装和配置-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第一章：开发环境的安装和配置（⭐）&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_1-1-什么是编译器" tabindex="-1">1.1 什么是编译器？ <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-什么是编译器" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.1 什么是编译器？&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>要开发 C/C++ 程序，需要安装 C/C++ 编译器，目前有两种主流实现，即： <ul><li>GCC（GNU Compiler Collection）：全平台实现，即支持 Windows、MacOS、Linux 等。</li><li>MSVC（Microsoft Visual C++）：只支持 Windows 系统。</li></ul></li><li>GCC 在 Windows 上的版本有很多，如：<a href="https://www.mingw-w64.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">MinGW-w64</a>、<a href="https://cygwin.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Gygwin</a>、<a href="https://www.msys2.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">MSYS2</a>。它们之间的区别，如下所示：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>特性</th><th>MinGW-w64</th><th>Cygwin</th><th>MSYS2</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>简介</strong></td><td>Minimalist GNU for Windows</td><td>POSIX 兼容环境和工具集</td><td>结合了 MinGW 和 Cygwin 的工具集</td></tr><tr><td><strong>编译器</strong></td><td>提供 GCC 编译器</td><td>提供 POSIX 兼容环境，包含大量工具</td><td>提供 MinGW-w64 工具链和 Cygwin 环境</td></tr><tr><td><strong>生成文件</strong></td><td>Windows 原生可执行文件</td><td>POSIX 兼容的可执行文件</td><td>可以生成 Windows 原生可执行文件或 POSIX 文件</td></tr><tr><td><strong>依赖</strong></td><td>无需额外依赖</td><td>依赖 Cygwin DLL</td><td>根据使用工具链决定（MinGW-w64 无依赖，Cygwin 有依赖）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>工具和库</strong></td><td>基本的编译工具</td><td>丰富的 Unix 工具和库</td><td>丰富的工具和库，强大的包管理系统</td></tr><tr><td><strong>性能</strong></td><td>性能较好</td><td>可能较低，因为通过兼容层调用系统</td><td>取决于使用的工具链（MinGW-w64 性能较好）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>复杂度</strong></td><td>简单易用</td><td>设置和使用相对复杂</td><td>较为灵活，复杂度介于 MinGW-w64 和 Cygwin 之间</td></tr><tr><td><strong>适用场景</strong></td><td>开发 Windows 原生应用</td><td>运行和开发 Unix 程序</td><td>混合使用 Unix 工具和开发 Windows 原生应用</td></tr><tr><td><strong>优点</strong></td><td>轻量级，直接生成 Windows 应用</td><td>完整的 POSIX 兼容环境，丰富的工具</td><td>灵活的环境，强大的包管理系统</td></tr><tr><td><strong>缺点</strong></td><td>工具和库较少</td><td>生成文件依赖 Cygwin DLL，性能可能较低</td><td>环境较大，占用更多空间，复杂性比 MinGW-w64 高</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① MinGW-w64 、Cygwin 以及 MSYS2 任选其一安装即可。</li><li>② 目前的 Win10 和 Win11 版本支持 WSL2 （Windows Sub Linux 2 ，即 Windows 的子系统 Linux），可以实现在 Windows 系统上安装一个 Linux ，然后再运行 Linux 中的 GCC 工具链。</li><li>③ 本人的操作系统是 Win11 ，安装和配置都将以该系统为基础作为演示，后续不再赘述！！！</li></ul></div><h2 id="_1-2-编译器的安装和配置" tabindex="-1">1.2 编译器的安装和配置 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-编译器的安装和配置" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2 编译器的安装和配置&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_1-2-2-mingw-w64-的安装和配置" tabindex="-1">1.2.2 MinGW-w64 的安装和配置 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-2-mingw-w64-的安装和配置" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.2 MinGW-w64 的安装和配置&quot;">​</a></h3><h4 id="_1-2-2-1-安装" tabindex="-1">1.2.2.1 安装 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-2-1-安装" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.2.1 安装&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>下载到本地：略。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>下载地址在<a href="https://github.com/niXman/mingw-builds-binaries/releases/download/13.2.0-rt_v11-rev1/x86_64-13.2.0-release-posix-seh-ucrt-rt_v11-rev1.7z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">这里</a>。</p></div><p><img src="'+l+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>解压到指定的目录，即：</li></ul><p><img src="'+e+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>本人的解压目录是：<code>D:\\develop\\mingw64</code> 。</p></div><h4 id="_1-2-2-2-配置-path-环境变量" tabindex="-1">1.2.2.2 配置 path 环境变量 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-2-2-配置-path-环境变量" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.2.2 配置 path 环境变量&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>配置环境变量，以便任意目录都可以执行 gcc 命令，即：</li></ul><p><img src="'+p+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+t+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+r+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+c+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+h+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>因为，本人安装 MinGW-w64 的目录是 <code>D:\\develop\\mingw64</code>，所以本人需要配置的 path 环境变量就是<code>D:\\develop\\mingw64\\bin</code>。</p></div><p><img src="'+d+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>测试是否安装成功：</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">gcc</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --version</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="'+o+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_1-2-3-cygwin-的安装和配置" tabindex="-1">1.2.3 Cygwin 的安装和配置 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-3-cygwin-的安装和配置" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.3 Cygwin 的安装和配置&quot;">​</a></h3><h4 id="_1-2-3-1-安装" tabindex="-1">1.2.3.1 安装 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-3-1-安装" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.3.1 安装&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>下载到本地：略。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>下载地址在<a href="https://www.cygwin.com/install.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">这里</a>。</p></div><p><img src="'+k+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>点击安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+u+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+g+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+b+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+m+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+E+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+C+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+y+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+F+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>默认是最小化安装，没有 GCC，需要选择 gcc-core、gcc-g++、make、gdb、binutils 。</p></div><p><img src="'+_+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+v+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+B+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+f+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+A+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+D+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+x+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+q+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+w+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h4 id="_1-2-3-2-配置-path-环境变量" tabindex="-1">1.2.3.2 配置 path 环境变量 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-3-2-配置-path-环境变量" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.3.2 配置 path 环境变量&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>和 <code>1.2.2.2 配置 path 环境变量</code> 步骤相同：略。</li></ul><h3 id="_1-2-4-msys2-推荐" tabindex="-1">1.2.4 MSYS2（推荐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-4-msys2-推荐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.4 MSYS2（推荐）&quot;">​</a></h3><h4 id="_1-2-4-1-安装" tabindex="-1">1.2.4.1 安装 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-4-1-安装" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.4.1 安装&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>下载到本地：略。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>下载地址在<a href="https://www.msys2.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">这里</a>。</p></div><p><img src="'+S+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>点击安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+L+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+z+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+P+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+T+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>可能很多人，会遇到安装到 <code>50%</code> 就一直卡死在那边，不用慌，关闭它，再次重新安装即可。</p></div><p><img src="'+W+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>出现命令终端：</li></ul><p><img src="'+M+`" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>如果没有出现命令终端，也不要慌，去 Win11 操作系统的<code>开始</code>菜单，那边找一下，就能找到。</p></div><ul><li>替换清华镜像源（可选）：</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sed</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -i</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \\</span></span> import{_ as s,c as a,o as i,a6 as n}from"./chunks/framework.hMCIpNYY.js";const 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id="第一章-开发环境的安装和配置-⭐" tabindex="-1">第一章：开发环境的安装和配置（⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#第一章-开发环境的安装和配置-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第一章：开发环境的安装和配置（⭐）&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_1-1-什么是编译器" tabindex="-1">1.1 什么是编译器？ <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-什么是编译器" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.1 什么是编译器？&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>要开发 C/C++ 程序，需要安装 C/C++ 编译器，目前有两种主流实现，即： <ul><li>GCC（GNU Compiler Collection）：全平台实现，即支持 Windows、MacOS、Linux 等。</li><li>MSVC（Microsoft Visual C++）：只支持 Windows 系统。</li></ul></li><li>GCC 在 Windows 上的版本有很多，如：<a href="https://www.mingw-w64.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">MinGW-w64</a>、<a href="https://cygwin.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Gygwin</a>、<a href="https://www.msys2.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">MSYS2</a>。它们之间的区别，如下所示：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>特性</th><th>MinGW-w64</th><th>Cygwin</th><th>MSYS2</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>简介</strong></td><td>Minimalist GNU for Windows</td><td>POSIX 兼容环境和工具集</td><td>结合了 MinGW 和 Cygwin 的工具集</td></tr><tr><td><strong>编译器</strong></td><td>提供 GCC 编译器</td><td>提供 POSIX 兼容环境，包含大量工具</td><td>提供 MinGW-w64 工具链和 Cygwin 环境</td></tr><tr><td><strong>生成文件</strong></td><td>Windows 原生可执行文件</td><td>POSIX 兼容的可执行文件</td><td>可以生成 Windows 原生可执行文件或 POSIX 文件</td></tr><tr><td><strong>依赖</strong></td><td>无需额外依赖</td><td>依赖 Cygwin DLL</td><td>根据使用工具链决定（MinGW-w64 无依赖，Cygwin 有依赖）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>工具和库</strong></td><td>基本的编译工具</td><td>丰富的 Unix 工具和库</td><td>丰富的工具和库，强大的包管理系统</td></tr><tr><td><strong>性能</strong></td><td>性能较好</td><td>可能较低，因为通过兼容层调用系统</td><td>取决于使用的工具链（MinGW-w64 性能较好）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>复杂度</strong></td><td>简单易用</td><td>设置和使用相对复杂</td><td>较为灵活，复杂度介于 MinGW-w64 和 Cygwin 之间</td></tr><tr><td><strong>适用场景</strong></td><td>开发 Windows 原生应用</td><td>运行和开发 Unix 程序</td><td>混合使用 Unix 工具和开发 Windows 原生应用</td></tr><tr><td><strong>优点</strong></td><td>轻量级，直接生成 Windows 应用</td><td>完整的 POSIX 兼容环境，丰富的工具</td><td>灵活的环境，强大的包管理系统</td></tr><tr><td><strong>缺点</strong></td><td>工具和库较少</td><td>生成文件依赖 Cygwin DLL，性能可能较低</td><td>环境较大，占用更多空间，复杂性比 MinGW-w64 高</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① MinGW-w64 、Cygwin 以及 MSYS2 任选其一安装即可。</li><li>② 目前的 Win10 和 Win11 版本支持 WSL2 （Windows Sub Linux 2 ，即 Windows 的子系统 Linux），可以实现在 Windows 系统上安装一个 Linux ，然后再运行 Linux 中的 GCC 工具链。</li><li>③ 本人的操作系统是 Win11 ，安装和配置都将以该系统为基础作为演示，后续不再赘述！！！</li></ul></div><h2 id="_1-2-编译器的安装和配置" tabindex="-1">1.2 编译器的安装和配置 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-编译器的安装和配置" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2 编译器的安装和配置&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_1-2-2-mingw-w64-的安装和配置" tabindex="-1">1.2.2 MinGW-w64 的安装和配置 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-2-mingw-w64-的安装和配置" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.2 MinGW-w64 的安装和配置&quot;">​</a></h3><h4 id="_1-2-2-1-安装" tabindex="-1">1.2.2.1 安装 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-2-1-安装" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.2.1 安装&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>下载到本地：略。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>下载地址在<a href="https://github.com/niXman/mingw-builds-binaries/releases/download/13.2.0-rt_v11-rev1/x86_64-13.2.0-release-posix-seh-ucrt-rt_v11-rev1.7z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">这里</a>。</p></div><p><img src="'+l+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>解压到指定的目录，即：</li></ul><p><img src="'+e+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>本人的解压目录是：<code>D:\\develop\\mingw64</code> 。</p></div><h4 id="_1-2-2-2-配置-path-环境变量" tabindex="-1">1.2.2.2 配置 path 环境变量 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-2-2-配置-path-环境变量" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.2.2 配置 path 环境变量&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>配置环境变量，以便任意目录都可以执行 gcc 命令，即：</li></ul><p><img src="'+p+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+t+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+r+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+c+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+h+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>因为，本人安装 MinGW-w64 的目录是 <code>D:\\develop\\mingw64</code>，所以本人需要配置的 path 环境变量就是<code>D:\\develop\\mingw64\\bin</code>。</p></div><p><img src="'+d+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>测试是否安装成功：</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">gcc</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --version</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="'+o+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_1-2-3-cygwin-的安装和配置" tabindex="-1">1.2.3 Cygwin 的安装和配置 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-3-cygwin-的安装和配置" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.3 Cygwin 的安装和配置&quot;">​</a></h3><h4 id="_1-2-3-1-安装" tabindex="-1">1.2.3.1 安装 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-3-1-安装" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.3.1 安装&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>下载到本地：略。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>下载地址在<a href="https://www.cygwin.com/install.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">这里</a>。</p></div><p><img src="'+k+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>点击安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+u+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+g+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+b+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+m+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+E+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+C+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+y+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+F+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>默认是最小化安装，没有 GCC，需要选择 gcc-core、gcc-g++、make、gdb、binutils 。</p></div><p><img src="'+_+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+v+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+B+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+f+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+A+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+D+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+x+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+q+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+w+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h4 id="_1-2-3-2-配置-path-环境变量" tabindex="-1">1.2.3.2 配置 path 环境变量 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-3-2-配置-path-环境变量" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.3.2 配置 path 环境变量&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>和 <code>1.2.2.2 配置 path 环境变量</code> 步骤相同：略。</li></ul><h3 id="_1-2-4-msys2-推荐" tabindex="-1">1.2.4 MSYS2（推荐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-4-msys2-推荐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.4 MSYS2（推荐）&quot;">​</a></h3><h4 id="_1-2-4-1-安装" tabindex="-1">1.2.4.1 安装 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-4-1-安装" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.4.1 安装&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>下载到本地：略。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>下载地址在<a href="https://www.msys2.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">这里</a>。</p></div><p><img src="'+S+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>点击安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+L+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+z+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+P+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+T+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>可能很多人，会遇到安装到 <code>50%</code> 就一直卡死在那边，不用慌，关闭它，再次重新安装即可。</p></div><p><img src="'+W+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>出现命令终端：</li></ul><p><img src="'+M+`" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>如果没有出现命令终端，也不要慌，去 Win11 操作系统的<code>开始</code>菜单，那边找一下，就能找到。</p></div><ul><li>替换清华镜像源（可选）：</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sed</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -i</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \\</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;s#https\\?://mirror.msys2.org/#https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/msys2/#g&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \\</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &quot;s#https\\?://mirror.msys2.org/#https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/msys2/#g&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \\</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">*</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><p><img src="`+U+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装 gcc 等相关开发包：</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">pacman</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -Syu</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --noconfirm</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 更新包管理器</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">pacman</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -Sy</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> base-devel</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --noconfirm</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 安装开发工具包</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">pacman</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -Sy</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-toolchain</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --noconfirm</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 安装开发 gcc 相关工具链</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>也许，你会看到其他人的安装命令是 <code>pacman -Sy mingw-w64-x86_64-toolchain --noconfirm</code>，此处解释下两者的区别：</p><ul><li>① <code>mingw-w64-x86_64-toolchain</code> 使用更传统的 MSVCRT，适合需要经典 MinGW 环境的项目或依赖较老 C 运行时的应用。</li><li>② <code>mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-toolchain</code> 使用 Microsoft 的 UCRT，更适合现代 Windows 开发，提供更好的兼容性和性能。</li></ul></div><p><img src="'+O+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h4 id="_1-2-4-2-配置-path-环境变量" tabindex="-1">1.2.4.2 配置 path 环境变量 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-4-2-配置-path-环境变量" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.4.2 配置 path 环境变量&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>和 <code>1.2.2.2 配置 path 环境变量</code> 步骤相同：略。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>本人需要配置的 path 环境变量是 <code>C:\\msys64\\ucrt64\\bin</code> 。</p></div><h2 id="_1-3-什么是-ide-集成开发环境" tabindex="-1">1.3 什么是 IDE（集成开发环境）？ <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-3-什么是-ide-集成开发环境" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.3 什么是 IDE（集成开发环境）？&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li><p>在实际开发中，除了<code>编译器</code>是必须安装的工具之外，我们往往还需要很多其他的辅助软件，如下所示：</p><ul><li>编辑器：用来编写代码，并且给代码着色，以方便阅读。</li><li>代码提示器：输入部分代码，即可提示全部代码，加速代码的编写过程。</li><li>调试器：观察程序的每一个运行步骤，发现程序的逻辑错误。</li><li>项目管理工具：对程序涉及到的所有资源进行管理，包括：源文件、图片、视频、第三方库等。</li><li>漂亮的界面：各种按钮、面板、菜单、窗口等控件整齐排布，操作更方便。</li></ul></li><li><p>这些工具通常被打包在一起，统一安装和发布，如：Visual Studio、CLion 以及 VS Code ，通常统称为集成开发环境（IDE，Integrated Development Environment）。</p></li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① IDE（集成开发环境）就是一系列开发工具的组合套装。这就好比台式机，核心部件是主机。主机就相当于 IDE 的代码编辑器和编译器，有了它们，开发者就可以进行基本的编程工作。然而，正如我们在购买台式机时，通常还会附带显示器、键盘、鼠标、U盘、摄像头等外围设备，IDE 也同样提供了一系列额外的工具和插件，比如：调试器、版本控制集成、代码补全、代码重构工具等。这些“外围设备”让开发过程更加高效、直观，并且能够满足更多的开发需求，使得 IDE 成为一个完整的开发环境。</li><li>② 严格来讲， VS Code 属于编辑器，而不是 IDE；但是，可以通过安装各种插件，来完成 IDE 的功能；而 Visual Studio 和 CLion 属于 IDE。</li><li>③ 在实际开发中，使用 IDE 进行编程并不是一种非常丢人的事情。而使用编辑器，如：<code>记事本</code>、<code>vi/vim</code> 等，进行编程，也并不是一件非常骄傲的事情。可能有些人会在网上发布这样的言论：“学习编程，刚开始需要使用<code>记事本</code>或 <code>vi/vim</code>等简单的编辑器软件，不要使用 IDE ”，目的可能是为了让初学者熟悉编程的基础概念和语法，并避免依赖 IDE 的辅助功能。但是，这种方法或许可以起到锻炼基础技能的功能，但这并不意味着 IDE 就不适合初学者。事实上，许多 IDE 还提供了初学者友好的界面和工具，可以帮助新手更快地入门和理解编程。</li></ul></div><h2 id="_1-4-ide-的安装和配置" tabindex="-1">1.4 IDE 的安装和配置 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-ide-的安装和配置" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4 IDE 的安装和配置&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_1-4-1-clion" tabindex="-1">1.4.1 CLion <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-1-clion" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.1 CLion&quot;">​</a></h3><h4 id="_1-4-1-1-概述" tabindex="-1">1.4.1.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-1-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.1.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li><a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/clion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">CLion</a> 是一款由 JetBrains 推出的跨平台 C/C++ 集成开发环境（IDE），它具有智能编辑器、CMake 构建支持、调试器、单元测试、代码分析等功能，可以极大提高 C/C++ 开发效率。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① 本次，演示的 CLion 的安装版本是 2024.1.4 ，后续版本可能会更新，但是操作几乎不会发生太多变化！！！</li><li>② CLion 作为一个 IDE，本身就携带了各个平台（操作系统）的 C 语言编译器，如：Windows 中就是 MinGW；但是，CLion 中自带的 C 语言编译器版本可能并非我们实际开发所想要的，这也是在 Windows 中，为什么推荐使用 MSYS2 的原因所在。</li></ul></div><h4 id="_1-4-1-2-安装" tabindex="-1">1.4.1.2 安装 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-1-2-安装" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.1.2 安装&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>鼠标双击，进入安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+I+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>下一步：</li></ul><p><img src="'+N+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>下一步：</li></ul><p><img src="'+R+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>下一步：</li></ul><p><img src="'+V+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+G+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装完成：</li></ul><p><img src="'+X+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h4 id="_1-4-1-3-配置" tabindex="-1">1.4.1.3 配置 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-1-3-配置" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.1.3 配置&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>打开 CLion ：</li></ul><p><img src="'+$+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装中文插件（可选）：</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>对于以中文、韩语和日语为母语的开发者，CLion 在 2024.2 之后的版本就绑定了本地化插件，即不需要再安装本地化插件了。</p></div><p><img src="'+H+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+K+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>配置新 UI ：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Q+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+Y+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>新 UI 配置自定义字体（可选）：</li></ul><p><img src="'+j+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>配置<code>自动保存</code>功能：</li></ul><p><img src="'+J+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>配置<code>文件编码</code> 为 UTF-8：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Z+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>配置<code>控制台编码</code>为 UTF-8：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ss+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>配置<code>显示方法分隔符</code>功能：</li></ul><p><img src="'+as+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>配置<code>编辑器</code>的字体（可选）：</li></ul><p><img src="'+is+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>检测 GCC 工具链是否安装成功：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ns+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_1-4-2-vs-code" tabindex="-1">1.4.2 VS Code <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-2-vs-code" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.2 VS Code&quot;">​</a></h3><h4 id="_1-4-2-1-概述" tabindex="-1">1.4.2.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-2-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.2.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li><a href="https://code.visualstudio.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Visual Studio Code (VS Code)</a> 是一个免费的开源代码编辑器，适用于 Windows、MacOS 和 Linux 平台。它支持语法高亮、智能代码补全（IntelliSense）、内置调试工具和Git集成。用户可以通过扩展来添加更多功能，如：支持新的编程语言、主题和调试工具。VS Code 还支持在微软 Azure 上进行部署和托管，适用于各种编程语言和框架。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① Visual Studio Code 需要安装对应的插件，才能运行 C/C++ 代码。</li><li>② Visual Studio Code 除了开源免费的优点之外，还有一个优点就是插件巨多（几乎所有主流的编程语言都提供有对应的插件），这也是很多程序员喜欢使用它的原因。</li></ul></div><h4 id="_1-4-2-2-安装" tabindex="-1">1.4.2.2 安装 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-2-2-安装" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.2.2 安装&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>鼠标双击，进入安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ls+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>同意协议：</li></ul><p><img src="'+es+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>下一步：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ps+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>下一步：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ts+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>下一步：</li></ul><p><img src="'+rs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+cs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装过程：</li></ul><p><img src="'+hs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装完成：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ds+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h4 id="_1-4-2-3-配置" tabindex="-1">1.4.2.3 配置 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-2-3-配置" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.2.3 配置&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>安装<code>中文</code>插件：</li></ul><p><img src="'+os+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+ks+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装 <code>C/C++</code> 插件：</li></ul><p><img src="'+us+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+gs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_1-4-3-microsoft-visual-studio" tabindex="-1">1.4.3 Microsoft Visual Studio <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-3-microsoft-visual-studio" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.3 Microsoft Visual Studio&quot;">​</a></h3><h4 id="_1-4-3-1-概述" tabindex="-1">1.4.3.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-3-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.3.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li><a href="https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Visual Studio</a>（简称 VS）是由微软公司发布的集成开发环境。它包括了整个软件生命周期中所需要的大部分工具，如：UML 工具、代码管控工具、项目版本控制 Git 等。</li><li>Visual Studio 支持 C/C++、C#、F#、VB 等多种程序语言的开发和测试，可以用于生成 Web 应用程序，也可以生成桌面应用程序，功能十分强大，但下载和安装很可能耗时数小时，还可能会塞满磁盘。</li><li>Visual Studio 有三种版本：社区版（免费，不支持企业使用），专业版（收费）和企业版（收费）。企业版拥有面向架构师的功能、高级调试和测试，这些功能是另外两种版本所没有的。</li><li>Visual Studio 旨在成为世界上最好的 IDE（集成开发环境），号称“宇宙第一强大 IDE”。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>本次，演示的 Visual Studio 的安装版本是 Visual Studio 2022 ，后续版本可能会更新，但是操作几乎不会发生太多变化！！！</p></div><h4 id="_1-4-3-2-安装" tabindex="-1">1.4.3.2 安装 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-3-2-安装" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.3.2 安装&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>鼠标双击，进入安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+bs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>继续：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ms+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>等待：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Es+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>工作负荷（使用 C++ 的桌面开发）：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Cs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>单个组件：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ys+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>语言包：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Fs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装位置（修改默认的安装位置）：</li></ul><p><img src="'+_s+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>如果不是第一次安装，可能会出现<code>共享组件、工具和 SDK</code>不可以修改，即：</li></ul><p><img src="'+vs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>此时，就需要打开<code>注册表编辑器</code>，将如下图中的除了第一个选项，全部删除，然后关闭再重新安装，即：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Bs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>开始安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+fs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装中：</li></ul><p><img src="'+As+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装完成，然后关闭：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Ds+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h4 id="_1-4-3-3-配置" tabindex="-1">1.4.3.3 配置 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-3-3-配置" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.3.3 配置&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>在开始菜单处，启动 VS ：</li></ul><p><img src="'+xs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>登录或跳过该选项（有微软账号就注册，没有就暂时跳过）：</li></ul><p><img src="'+qs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>继续：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ws+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>注册 VS ：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Ss+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>填写注册码：</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① Pro 版本：<code>TD244-P4NB7-YQ6XK-Y8MMM-YWV2J</code></li><li>② Enterprise 版本：<code>VHF9H-NXBBB-638P6-6JHCY-88JWH</code></li></ul></div><p><img src="'+Ls+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+zs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h2 id="_1-5-什么是工程-项目" tabindex="-1">1.5 什么是工程/项目 ？ <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-5-什么是工程-项目" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.5 什么是工程/项目 ？&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_1-5-1-概述" tabindex="-1">1.5.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-5-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.5.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>一个真正的软件往往包含多项功能，每一项功能都需要几十行、几千行甚至几万行的代码，如果我们将这些代码都放到一个源文件中，不但打开的速度极慢，代码的编写和维护也会变得非常困难。</li><li>在实际开发中，随着软件规模的增加，代码的复杂性也会显著提升，为了提高代码的易读性、维护性等，程序员会将代码按照功能分别放到不同的源文件中。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>需要说明的是，一个真正的软件除了源代码之外，往往还会包括图片、视频、音频、库（框架）等其它资源，这些也是一个个的文件。</p></div><ul><li>为了有效的管理这些种类繁杂、数目众多的文件，我们会将这些文件按照功能放到不同的目录中进行统一管理，并且这个目录下只存放与当前程序有关的资源。其实，这就是工程或项目。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>总结：</p><ul><li>① 随着软件规模的增加，代码的复杂性也会显著提升。将代码分割成多个模块或文件并分别管理，可以减少每个文件的复杂度，使代码更易读、易理解、易维护。工程提供了一个结构化的环境，将这些文件组织在一个系统化的目录结构中。</li><li>② 除了代码，软件开发还涉及到各种资源的管理，如：图片、音频、视频、配置文件等。工程能够帮助开发者将这些资源合理地分类存放，并与代码一同管理，确保它们在开发、编译和运行时能被正确引用。</li></ul></div><ul><li>许多 IDE 都提供了工程或项目的概念，其目的就是为了帮助开发者合理的管理软件开发中所需要的资源，如：图片、视频、音频、库（框架）等。</li></ul><p><img src="'+Ps+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_1-5-2-工程类型-项目类型" tabindex="-1">1.5.2 工程类型/项目类型 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-5-2-工程类型-项目类型" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.5.2 工程类型/项目类型&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li><p>程序或软件是一个非常宽泛的概念，它可以细分为很多种类，如下所示：</p><ul><li>控制台程序（Console Application）：控制台程序是一种不具备图形用户界面的程序，它通过文本方式与用户交互，通常运行在命令行窗口（黑底白字的终端），如：Unix/Linux 中的<code>ls</code>命令、Windows 中的<code>cmd.exe</code>等。</li><li>GUI 程序（Graphical User Interface Program）：GUI 程序是一种具有图形用户界面的程序，通过窗口、按钮、菜单等图形控件与用户交互，如：微信、QQ 等。</li><li>静态库和动态库：不单独出现，而是作为其它程序的一个组成部分，普通用户很难接触到它们。 <ul><li>静态库指的是在编译时包含到程序中的库，程序不依赖外部文件运行，如：在 C/C++ 中，静态库通常以<code>.lib</code>（Windows）或<code>.a</code>（Unix/Linux）为扩展名。</li><li>动态库指的是在运行时加载的库，允许多个程序共享，并且程序在运行时依赖这些库，如： 在Windows中，动态库通常以<code>.dll</code>为扩展名；在 Unix/Linux 中，以<code>.so</code>为扩展名。</li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>不同类型的程序（控制台程序、GUI 程序、静态库、动态库等）需要不同的配置和文件结构，因此在 IDE 中创建项目时，选择正确的工程类型非常重要。不同的工程类型决定了 IDE 为我们生成的初始文件、目录结构，以及预设的一些编译和链接参数。</p></li></ul><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① 控制台程序适合初学者，因为它更简单，没有复杂的界面元素，开发时可以专注于逻辑和代码本身。</li><li>② 而 GUI 程序则涉及到用户界面设计和事件驱动编程，更适合有一定编程基础的人进行学习和开发。</li></ul></div><h1 id="第二章-c-语言入门-helloworld-⭐" tabindex="-1">第二章：C 语言入门（HelloWorld，⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#第二章-c-语言入门-helloworld-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第二章：C 语言入门（HelloWorld，⭐）&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_2-1-手动版" tabindex="-1">2.1 手动版 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-1-手动版" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.1 手动版&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>① 新建一个 <code>HelloWorld.c</code> 的文件：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Ts+`" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>② 通过<code>记事本</code>等软件打开该文件，输入如下的代码，并保存：</li></ul><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">#include</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &lt;stdio.h&gt;</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">*</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><p><img src="`+U+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装 gcc 等相关开发包：</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">pacman</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -Syu</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --noconfirm</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 更新包管理器</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">pacman</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -Sy</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> base-devel</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --noconfirm</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 安装开发工具包</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">pacman</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -Sy</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-toolchain</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --noconfirm</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 安装开发 gcc 相关工具链</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>也许，你会看到其他人的安装命令是 <code>pacman -Sy mingw-w64-x86_64-toolchain --noconfirm</code>，此处解释下两者的区别：</p><ul><li>① <code>mingw-w64-x86_64-toolchain</code> 使用更传统的 MSVCRT，适合需要经典 MinGW 环境的项目或依赖较老 C 运行时的应用。</li><li>② <code>mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-toolchain</code> 使用 Microsoft 的 UCRT，更适合现代 Windows 开发，提供更好的兼容性和性能。</li></ul></div><p><img src="'+O+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h4 id="_1-2-4-2-配置-path-环境变量" tabindex="-1">1.2.4.2 配置 path 环境变量 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-4-2-配置-path-环境变量" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.4.2 配置 path 环境变量&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>和 <code>1.2.2.2 配置 path 环境变量</code> 步骤相同：略。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>本人需要配置的 path 环境变量是 <code>C:\\msys64\\ucrt64\\bin</code> 。</p></div><h2 id="_1-3-什么是-ide-集成开发环境" tabindex="-1">1.3 什么是 IDE（集成开发环境）？ <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-3-什么是-ide-集成开发环境" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.3 什么是 IDE（集成开发环境）？&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li><p>在实际开发中，除了<code>编译器</code>是必须安装的工具之外，我们往往还需要很多其他的辅助软件，如下所示：</p><ul><li>编辑器：用来编写代码，并且给代码着色，以方便阅读。</li><li>代码提示器：输入部分代码，即可提示全部代码，加速代码的编写过程。</li><li>调试器：观察程序的每一个运行步骤，发现程序的逻辑错误。</li><li>项目管理工具：对程序涉及到的所有资源进行管理，包括：源文件、图片、视频、第三方库等。</li><li>漂亮的界面：各种按钮、面板、菜单、窗口等控件整齐排布，操作更方便。</li></ul></li><li><p>这些工具通常被打包在一起，统一安装和发布，如：Visual Studio、CLion 以及 VS Code ，通常统称为集成开发环境（IDE，Integrated Development Environment）。</p></li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① IDE（集成开发环境）就是一系列开发工具的组合套装。这就好比台式机，核心部件是主机。主机就相当于 IDE 的代码编辑器和编译器，有了它们，开发者就可以进行基本的编程工作。然而，正如我们在购买台式机时，通常还会附带显示器、键盘、鼠标、U盘、摄像头等外围设备，IDE 也同样提供了一系列额外的工具和插件，比如：调试器、版本控制集成、代码补全、代码重构工具等。这些“外围设备”让开发过程更加高效、直观，并且能够满足更多的开发需求，使得 IDE 成为一个完整的开发环境。</li><li>② 严格来讲， VS Code 属于编辑器，而不是 IDE；但是，可以通过安装各种插件，来完成 IDE 的功能；而 Visual Studio 和 CLion 属于 IDE。</li><li>③ 在实际开发中，使用 IDE 进行编程并不是一种非常丢人的事情。而使用编辑器，如：<code>记事本</code>、<code>vi/vim</code> 等，进行编程，也并不是一件非常骄傲的事情。可能有些人会在网上发布这样的言论：“学习编程，刚开始需要使用<code>记事本</code>或 <code>vi/vim</code>等简单的编辑器软件，不要使用 IDE ”，目的可能是为了让初学者熟悉编程的基础概念和语法，并避免依赖 IDE 的辅助功能。但是，这种方法或许可以起到锻炼基础技能的功能，但这并不意味着 IDE 就不适合初学者。事实上，许多 IDE 还提供了初学者友好的界面和工具，可以帮助新手更快地入门和理解编程。</li></ul></div><h2 id="_1-4-ide-的安装和配置" tabindex="-1">1.4 IDE 的安装和配置 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-ide-的安装和配置" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4 IDE 的安装和配置&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_1-4-1-clion" tabindex="-1">1.4.1 CLion <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-1-clion" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.1 CLion&quot;">​</a></h3><h4 id="_1-4-1-1-概述" tabindex="-1">1.4.1.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-1-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.1.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li><a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/clion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">CLion</a> 是一款由 JetBrains 推出的跨平台 C/C++ 集成开发环境（IDE），它具有智能编辑器、CMake 构建支持、调试器、单元测试、代码分析等功能，可以极大提高 C/C++ 开发效率。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① 本次，演示的 CLion 的安装版本是 2024.1.4 ，后续版本可能会更新，但是操作几乎不会发生太多变化！！！</li><li>② CLion 作为一个 IDE，本身就携带了各个平台（操作系统）的 C 语言编译器，如：Windows 中就是 MinGW；但是，CLion 中自带的 C 语言编译器版本可能并非我们实际开发所想要的，这也是在 Windows 中，为什么推荐使用 MSYS2 的原因所在。</li></ul></div><h4 id="_1-4-1-2-安装" tabindex="-1">1.4.1.2 安装 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-1-2-安装" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.1.2 安装&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>鼠标双击，进入安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+I+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>下一步：</li></ul><p><img src="'+N+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>下一步：</li></ul><p><img src="'+R+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>下一步：</li></ul><p><img src="'+V+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+G+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装完成：</li></ul><p><img src="'+X+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h4 id="_1-4-1-3-配置" tabindex="-1">1.4.1.3 配置 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-1-3-配置" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.1.3 配置&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>打开 CLion ：</li></ul><p><img src="'+$+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装中文插件（可选）：</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>对于以中文、韩语和日语为母语的开发者，CLion 在 2024.2 之后的版本就绑定了本地化插件，即不需要再安装本地化插件了。</p></div><p><img src="'+H+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+K+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>配置新 UI ：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Q+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+Y+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>新 UI 配置自定义字体（可选）：</li></ul><p><img src="'+j+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>配置<code>自动保存</code>功能：</li></ul><p><img src="'+J+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>配置<code>文件编码</code> 为 UTF-8：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Z+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>配置<code>控制台编码</code>为 UTF-8：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ss+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>配置<code>显示方法分隔符</code>功能：</li></ul><p><img src="'+as+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>配置<code>编辑器</code>的字体（可选）：</li></ul><p><img src="'+is+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>检测 GCC 工具链是否安装成功：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ns+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_1-4-2-vs-code" tabindex="-1">1.4.2 VS Code <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-2-vs-code" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.2 VS Code&quot;">​</a></h3><h4 id="_1-4-2-1-概述" tabindex="-1">1.4.2.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-2-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.2.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li><a href="https://code.visualstudio.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Visual Studio Code (VS Code)</a> 是一个免费的开源代码编辑器，适用于 Windows、MacOS 和 Linux 平台。它支持语法高亮、智能代码补全（IntelliSense）、内置调试工具和Git集成。用户可以通过扩展来添加更多功能，如：支持新的编程语言、主题和调试工具。VS Code 还支持在微软 Azure 上进行部署和托管，适用于各种编程语言和框架。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① Visual Studio Code 需要安装对应的插件，才能运行 C/C++ 代码。</li><li>② Visual Studio Code 除了开源免费的优点之外，还有一个优点就是插件巨多（几乎所有主流的编程语言都提供有对应的插件），这也是很多程序员喜欢使用它的原因。</li></ul></div><h4 id="_1-4-2-2-安装" tabindex="-1">1.4.2.2 安装 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-2-2-安装" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.2.2 安装&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>鼠标双击，进入安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ls+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>同意协议：</li></ul><p><img src="'+es+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>下一步：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ps+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>下一步：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ts+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>下一步：</li></ul><p><img src="'+rs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+cs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装过程：</li></ul><p><img src="'+hs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装完成：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ds+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h4 id="_1-4-2-3-配置" tabindex="-1">1.4.2.3 配置 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-2-3-配置" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.2.3 配置&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>安装<code>中文</code>插件：</li></ul><p><img src="'+os+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+ks+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装 <code>C/C++</code> 插件：</li></ul><p><img src="'+us+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+gs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_1-4-3-microsoft-visual-studio" tabindex="-1">1.4.3 Microsoft Visual Studio <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-3-microsoft-visual-studio" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.3 Microsoft Visual Studio&quot;">​</a></h3><h4 id="_1-4-3-1-概述" tabindex="-1">1.4.3.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-3-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.3.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li><a href="https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Visual Studio</a>（简称 VS）是由微软公司发布的集成开发环境。它包括了整个软件生命周期中所需要的大部分工具，如：UML 工具、代码管控工具、项目版本控制 Git 等。</li><li>Visual Studio 支持 C/C++、C#、F#、VB 等多种程序语言的开发和测试，可以用于生成 Web 应用程序，也可以生成桌面应用程序，功能十分强大，但下载和安装很可能耗时数小时，还可能会塞满磁盘。</li><li>Visual Studio 有三种版本：社区版（免费，不支持企业使用），专业版（收费）和企业版（收费）。企业版拥有面向架构师的功能、高级调试和测试，这些功能是另外两种版本所没有的。</li><li>Visual Studio 旨在成为世界上最好的 IDE（集成开发环境），号称“宇宙第一强大 IDE”。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>本次，演示的 Visual Studio 的安装版本是 Visual Studio 2022 ，后续版本可能会更新，但是操作几乎不会发生太多变化！！！</p></div><h4 id="_1-4-3-2-安装" tabindex="-1">1.4.3.2 安装 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-3-2-安装" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.3.2 安装&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>鼠标双击，进入安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+bs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>继续：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ms+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>等待：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Es+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>工作负荷（使用 C++ 的桌面开发）：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Cs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>单个组件：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ys+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>语言包：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Fs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装位置（修改默认的安装位置）：</li></ul><p><img src="'+_s+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>如果不是第一次安装，可能会出现<code>共享组件、工具和 SDK</code>不可以修改，即：</li></ul><p><img src="'+vs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>此时，就需要打开<code>注册表编辑器</code>，将如下图中的除了第一个选项，全部删除，然后关闭再重新安装，即：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Bs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>开始安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+fs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装中：</li></ul><p><img src="'+As+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>安装完成，然后关闭：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Ds+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h4 id="_1-4-3-3-配置" tabindex="-1">1.4.3.3 配置 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-3-3-配置" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4.3.3 配置&quot;">​</a></h4><ul><li>在开始菜单处，启动 VS ：</li></ul><p><img src="'+xs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>登录或跳过该选项（有微软账号就注册，没有就暂时跳过）：</li></ul><p><img src="'+qs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>继续：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ws+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>注册 VS ：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Ss+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>填写注册码：</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① Pro 版本：<code>TD244-P4NB7-YQ6XK-Y8MMM-YWV2J</code></li><li>② Enterprise 版本：<code>VHF9H-NXBBB-638P6-6JHCY-88JWH</code></li></ul></div><p><img src="'+Ls+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+zs+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h2 id="_1-5-什么是工程-项目" tabindex="-1">1.5 什么是工程/项目 ？ <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-5-什么是工程-项目" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.5 什么是工程/项目 ？&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_1-5-1-概述" tabindex="-1">1.5.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-5-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.5.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>一个真正的软件往往包含多项功能，每一项功能都需要几十行、几千行甚至几万行的代码，如果我们将这些代码都放到一个源文件中，不但打开的速度极慢，代码的编写和维护也会变得非常困难。</li><li>在实际开发中，随着软件规模的增加，代码的复杂性也会显著提升，为了提高代码的易读性、维护性等，程序员会将代码按照功能分别放到不同的源文件中。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>需要说明的是，一个真正的软件除了源代码之外，往往还会包括图片、视频、音频、库（框架）等其它资源，这些也是一个个的文件。</p></div><ul><li>为了有效的管理这些种类繁杂、数目众多的文件，我们会将这些文件按照功能放到不同的目录中进行统一管理，并且这个目录下只存放与当前程序有关的资源。其实，这就是工程或项目。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>总结：</p><ul><li>① 随着软件规模的增加，代码的复杂性也会显著提升。将代码分割成多个模块或文件并分别管理，可以减少每个文件的复杂度，使代码更易读、易理解、易维护。工程提供了一个结构化的环境，将这些文件组织在一个系统化的目录结构中。</li><li>② 除了代码，软件开发还涉及到各种资源的管理，如：图片、音频、视频、配置文件等。工程能够帮助开发者将这些资源合理地分类存放，并与代码一同管理，确保它们在开发、编译和运行时能被正确引用。</li></ul></div><ul><li>许多 IDE 都提供了工程或项目的概念，其目的就是为了帮助开发者合理的管理软件开发中所需要的资源，如：图片、视频、音频、库（框架）等。</li></ul><p><img src="'+Ps+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_1-5-2-工程类型-项目类型" tabindex="-1">1.5.2 工程类型/项目类型 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-5-2-工程类型-项目类型" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.5.2 工程类型/项目类型&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li><p>程序或软件是一个非常宽泛的概念，它可以细分为很多种类，如下所示：</p><ul><li>控制台程序（Console Application）：控制台程序是一种不具备图形用户界面的程序，它通过文本方式与用户交互，通常运行在命令行窗口（黑底白字的终端），如：Unix/Linux 中的<code>ls</code>命令、Windows 中的<code>cmd.exe</code>等。</li><li>GUI 程序（Graphical User Interface Program）：GUI 程序是一种具有图形用户界面的程序，通过窗口、按钮、菜单等图形控件与用户交互，如：微信、QQ 等。</li><li>静态库和动态库：不单独出现，而是作为其它程序的一个组成部分，普通用户很难接触到它们。 <ul><li>静态库指的是在编译时包含到程序中的库，程序不依赖外部文件运行，如：在 C/C++ 中，静态库通常以<code>.lib</code>（Windows）或<code>.a</code>（Unix/Linux）为扩展名。</li><li>动态库指的是在运行时加载的库，允许多个程序共享，并且程序在运行时依赖这些库，如： 在Windows中，动态库通常以<code>.dll</code>为扩展名；在 Unix/Linux 中，以<code>.so</code>为扩展名。</li></ul></li></ul></li><li><p>不同类型的程序（控制台程序、GUI 程序、静态库、动态库等）需要不同的配置和文件结构，因此在 IDE 中创建项目时，选择正确的工程类型非常重要。不同的工程类型决定了 IDE 为我们生成的初始文件、目录结构，以及预设的一些编译和链接参数。</p></li></ul><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① 控制台程序适合初学者，因为它更简单，没有复杂的界面元素，开发时可以专注于逻辑和代码本身。</li><li>② 而 GUI 程序则涉及到用户界面设计和事件驱动编程，更适合有一定编程基础的人进行学习和开发。</li></ul></div><h1 id="第二章-c-语言入门-helloworld-⭐" tabindex="-1">第二章：C 语言入门（HelloWorld，⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#第二章-c-语言入门-helloworld-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第二章：C 语言入门（HelloWorld，⭐）&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_2-1-手动版" tabindex="-1">2.1 手动版 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-1-手动版" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.1 手动版&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>① 新建一个 <code>HelloWorld.c</code> 的文件：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Ts+`" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>② 通过<code>记事本</code>等软件打开该文件，输入如下的代码，并保存：</li></ul><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">#include</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &lt;stdio.h&gt;</span></span>
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id="第一章-变量-⭐" tabindex="-1">第一章：变量（⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#第一章-变量-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第一章：变量（⭐）&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_1-1-程序中变化的数据" tabindex="-1">1.1 程序中变化的数据 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-程序中变化的数据" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.1 程序中变化的数据&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>在生活中，我们使用最多的不是固定的数据，而是会变化的数据： <ul><li>① 购物车商品的<code>数量</code>、<code>价格</code>等。</li><li>② 一首歌<code>播放的时间</code>、<code>进度条</code>、<code>歌词的展示</code>等。</li><li>③ 微信聊天中<code>消息条数</code>、<code>时间</code>、<code>语音的长度</code>、<code>头像</code>、<code>名称</code>等。</li><li>④ 游戏中技能的<code>冷却时间</code>、<code>血量</code>、<code>蓝量</code>、<code>buff 时间</code>、<code>金币的数量</code>等。</li><li>……</li></ul></li></ul><ul><li>下图是一个<code>购物车</code>中<code>变化</code>的<code>数据</code>，即：</li></ul><p><img src="'+l+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>那么，在实际开发中，我们就会使用<code>变量</code>来<code>保存</code>和<code>操作</code>这些<code>变化</code>的<code>数据</code>。</li></ul><h2 id="_1-2-变量" tabindex="-1">1.2 变量 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-变量" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2 变量&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>变量的定义：变量是程序中不可或缺的组成单位，最基本的存储单元。其实，变量就是一个存储数据的临时空间，可以向其中存储不同类型的数据，如：整数、小数、字符、字符串等，并且变量中的数据在程序运行的时候可以动态改变。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li><code>变量</code>：用来<code>存储数据</code>的<code>容器</code>。</li><li><code>数据</code>：可以是一个用来计算的<code>数字</code>，如：上文购物车中的<code>价格</code>等；也可以是一句话中的<code>关键词</code>或<code>其它任意格式的数据</code>。</li><li>变量的<code>特别</code>之处就在于<code>它存放的数据是可以改变</code>的。</li></ul></div><ul><li>我们可以将<code>变量</code>想象为一个<code>容器</code>，盒子中<code>装的</code>就是我们想要的<code>数据</code>，并且我们需要<code>给</code>盒子<code>取</code>一个<code>特别的名称</code>；通过这个<code>特别的名称</code>，我们可以<code>给</code>盒子<code>添加数据</code>或<code>移除数据</code>，这个<code>特别的名称</code>就是<code>变量名</code>。</li></ul><p><img src="'+e+`" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① <code>变量</code>是内存中的一个<code>存储区域</code>，该区域的数据可以在<code>同一类型</code>范围内<code>不断变化</code>。</li><li>② 通过<code>变量名</code>，可以<code>操作</code>这块内存区域，向其中<code>存储数据</code>或<code>获取数据</code>以及<code>移除数据</code>。</li><li>③ 变量的构成包含三个要素：<code>数据类型</code>、<code>变量名</code>、<code>需要存储的数据</code>。</li><li>④ 在生活中，我们会经常说：这件衣服的价格是 <code>100（整型）</code> 元，这双鞋子的价格是 <code>250.5（小数，浮点类型）</code> 元，<code>今天天气真好（字符串类型）</code>之类的话；在计算机科学中，这些都是数据，并且它们是有类型，即：数据类型。（数据类型用于定义变量所能存储的数据的种类以及可以对这些数据进行的操作的一种分类，每种数据类型都有特定的属性和用途，它们决定了变量在内存中如何表示和存储，以及变量可以执行哪些操作）</li></ul></div><h2 id="_1-3-变量的声明和使用" tabindex="-1">1.3 变量的声明和使用 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-3-变量的声明和使用" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.3 变量的声明和使用&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>① 变量必须先声明，后使用。</li><li>② 可以先声明变量再赋值，也可以在声明变量的同时进行赋值。</li><li>③ 变量的值可以在同一类型范围内不断变化。</li></ul><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① 在实际开发中，我们通常都会在声明变量的同时，给其赋值，这被称为初始化。</li><li>② 如果不在声明变量的同时，进行初始化，默认情况下，系统会赋予的随机值，我们也称为垃圾值。</li></ul></div><ul><li>示例：先声明，再使用</li></ul><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">#include</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &lt;stdio.h&gt;</span></span> import{_ as s,c as i,o as a,a6 as n}from"./chunks/framework.hMCIpNYY.js";const l="/c/assets/1.CXNJqOOc.png",e="/c/assets/2.E0LS08Y5.png",t="/c/assets/3.6recRAvz.jpeg",p="/c/assets/4.DcyDw4rB.jpg",h="/c/assets/5.q20QOAIA.png",d="/c/assets/6.CmrWpBzQ.png",k="/c/assets/7.CocAjZjO.png",c="/c/assets/8.CHZSlb-7.png",r="/c/assets/9.RD2M_pYn.png",o="/c/assets/10.CmNKK_Ug.png",u="/c/assets/11.CbGZ55Dj.png",E="/c/assets/12.DpTBR420.png",g="/c/assets/13.XcPl7d9s.png",b="/c/assets/14.DL02VQMp.png",y="/c/assets/15.Dr67r_Ws.png",F="/c/assets/16.C5XiXNVN.png",m="/c/assets/17.DO8XxSV6.jpg",C="/c/assets/18.CUXrdefp.jpeg",v="/c/assets/19.BHR3Faxy.svg",B="/c/assets/20.BPvPBGLi.svg",A="/c/assets/21.96eXHKhR.svg",D="/c/assets/22.DU0JSGBx.svg",_="/c/assets/23.DjDYOeB4.svg",q="/c/assets/24.CSyqvmqg.svg",f="/c/assets/25.uqLiL_yu.png",x="/c/assets/26.CVy9jq-k.svg",P="/c/assets/27.D0s35-Np.svg",T="/c/assets/28.CGctd5l_.svg",N="/c/assets/29.DQIGB6FY.svg",O="/c/assets/30.DBiJDp82.svg",z="/c/assets/31.r0a7UWIb.svg",M="/c/assets/32.-KoNS5D_.svg",w="/c/assets/33.9LAsi3gH.svg",I="/c/assets/34.CbxjdJlI.svg",U="/c/assets/35.DouEaZ2q.svg",S="/c/assets/36.BAASpiz6.svg",R="/c/assets/37.0G4aKrVO.svg",L="/c/assets/38.CSLcq3FJ.svg",j="/c/assets/39.8wVUSUxs.svg",X="/c/assets/40.B8T792CZ.svg",V="/c/assets/41.D7XSVA_S.svg",G="/c/assets/42.BeI_-jpB.svg",J="/c/assets/43.BnCPdx_j.svg",K="/c/assets/44.2VEmYYnq.svg",es=JSON.parse('{"title":"第一章：变量（⭐）","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"notes/01_c-basic/02_xdx/index.md","filePath":"notes/01_c-basic/02_xdx/index.md","lastUpdated":1724383758000}'),Z={name:"notes/01_c-basic/02_xdx/index.md"},H=n('<h1 id="第一章-变量-⭐" tabindex="-1">第一章：变量（⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#第一章-变量-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第一章：变量（⭐）&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_1-1-程序中变化的数据" tabindex="-1">1.1 程序中变化的数据 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-程序中变化的数据" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.1 程序中变化的数据&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>在生活中，我们使用最多的不是固定的数据，而是会变化的数据： <ul><li>① 购物车商品的<code>数量</code>、<code>价格</code>等。</li><li>② 一首歌<code>播放的时间</code>、<code>进度条</code>、<code>歌词的展示</code>等。</li><li>③ 微信聊天中<code>消息条数</code>、<code>时间</code>、<code>语音的长度</code>、<code>头像</code>、<code>名称</code>等。</li><li>④ 游戏中技能的<code>冷却时间</code>、<code>血量</code>、<code>蓝量</code>、<code>buff 时间</code>、<code>金币的数量</code>等。</li><li>……</li></ul></li></ul><ul><li>下图是一个<code>购物车</code>中<code>变化</code>的<code>数据</code>，即：</li></ul><p><img src="'+l+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>那么，在实际开发中，我们就会使用<code>变量</code>来<code>保存</code>和<code>操作</code>这些<code>变化</code>的<code>数据</code>。</li></ul><h2 id="_1-2-变量" tabindex="-1">1.2 变量 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-变量" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2 变量&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>变量的定义：变量是程序中不可或缺的组成单位，最基本的存储单元。其实，变量就是一个存储数据的临时空间，可以向其中存储不同类型的数据，如：整数、小数、字符、字符串等，并且变量中的数据在程序运行的时候可以动态改变。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li><code>变量</code>：用来<code>存储数据</code>的<code>容器</code>。</li><li><code>数据</code>：可以是一个用来计算的<code>数字</code>，如：上文购物车中的<code>价格</code>等；也可以是一句话中的<code>关键词</code>或<code>其它任意格式的数据</code>。</li><li>变量的<code>特别</code>之处就在于<code>它存放的数据是可以改变</code>的。</li></ul></div><ul><li>我们可以将<code>变量</code>想象为一个<code>容器</code>，盒子中<code>装的</code>就是我们想要的<code>数据</code>，并且我们需要<code>给</code>盒子<code>取</code>一个<code>特别的名称</code>；通过这个<code>特别的名称</code>，我们可以<code>给</code>盒子<code>添加数据</code>或<code>移除数据</code>，这个<code>特别的名称</code>就是<code>变量名</code>。</li></ul><p><img src="'+e+`" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① <code>变量</code>是内存中的一个<code>存储区域</code>，该区域的数据可以在<code>同一类型</code>范围内<code>不断变化</code>。</li><li>② 通过<code>变量名</code>，可以<code>操作</code>这块内存区域，向其中<code>存储数据</code>或<code>获取数据</code>以及<code>移除数据</code>。</li><li>③ 变量的构成包含三个要素：<code>数据类型</code>、<code>变量名</code>、<code>需要存储的数据</code>。</li><li>④ 在生活中，我们会经常说：这件衣服的价格是 <code>100（整型）</code> 元，这双鞋子的价格是 <code>250.5（小数，浮点类型）</code> 元，<code>今天天气真好（字符串类型）</code>之类的话；在计算机科学中，这些都是数据，并且它们是有类型，即：数据类型。（数据类型用于定义变量所能存储的数据的种类以及可以对这些数据进行的操作的一种分类，每种数据类型都有特定的属性和用途，它们决定了变量在内存中如何表示和存储，以及变量可以执行哪些操作）</li></ul></div><h2 id="_1-3-变量的声明和使用" tabindex="-1">1.3 变量的声明和使用 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-3-变量的声明和使用" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.3 变量的声明和使用&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>① 变量必须先声明，后使用。</li><li>② 可以先声明变量再赋值，也可以在声明变量的同时进行赋值。</li><li>③ 变量的值可以在同一类型范围内不断变化。</li></ul><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① 在实际开发中，我们通常都会在声明变量的同时，给其赋值，这被称为初始化。</li><li>② 如果不在声明变量的同时，进行初始化，默认情况下，系统会赋予的随机值，我们也称为垃圾值。</li></ul></div><ul><li>示例：先声明，再使用</li></ul><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">#include</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &lt;stdio.h&gt;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span> <span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> main</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">() {</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> main</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">() {</span></span>
<span class="line"></span> <span class="line"></span>

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id="第一章-数据类型-⭐" tabindex="-1">第一章：数据类型（⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#第一章-数据类型-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第一章：数据类型（⭐）&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_1-1-概述" tabindex="-1">1.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li><p>根据<code>变量</code>中<code>存储</code>的<code>值</code>的<code>不同</code>，我们可以将<code>变量</code>分为两类：</p><ul><li><code>普通变量</code>：变量所对应的内存中存储的是<code>普通值</code>。</li><li><code>指针变量</code>：变量所对应的内存中存储的是<code>另一个变量的地址</code>。</li></ul></li><li><p>如下图所示：</p></li></ul><p><img src="'+t+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>普通变量和指针变量的相同点：</p><ul><li>普通变量有内存空间，指针变量也有内存空间。</li><li>普通变量有内存地址，指针变量也有内存地址。</li><li>普通变量所对应的内存空间中有值，指针变量所对应的内存空间中也有值。</li></ul><p>普通变量和指针变量的不同点：</p><ul><li>普通变量所对应的内存空间存储的是普通的值，如：整数、小数、字符等；指针变量所对应的内存空间存储的是另外一个变量的地址。</li><li>普通变量有普通变量的运算方式，而指针变量有指针变量的运算方式（后续讲解）。</li></ul></div><ul><li>那么，在 C 语言中变量的数据类型就可以这么划分，如下所示：</li></ul><p><img src="'+h+`" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>根据<code>普通变量</code>中<code>存储</code>的<code>值</code>的类型不同，可以将<code>普通变量类型</code>划分为<code>基本数据类型</code>（整型、字符类型、浮点类型、布尔类型）和<code>复合数据类型</code>（数组类型、结构体类型、共用体类型、枚举类型）。</li><li>根据<code>指针变量</code>所<code>指向空间</code>中<code>存储</code>的<code>值</code>的类型不同，可以将<code>指针类型</code>分为<code>基本数据类型指针</code>、<code>复合数据类型指针</code>、<code>函数指针</code>、<code>数组指针</code>等，例如：如果指针所指向的空间保存的是 int 类型，那么该指针就是 int 类型的指针。</li></ul></div><h2 id="_1-2-整数类型" tabindex="-1">1.2 整数类型 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-整数类型" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2 整数类型&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_1-2-1-概述" tabindex="-1">1.2.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>整数类型简称整型，用于存储整数值，如：12、20、50 等。</li><li>根据所占<code>内存空间</code>大小的不同，可以将整数类型划分为：</li><li>① 短整型：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>存储空间（内存空间）</th><th>取值范围</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>unsigned short （无符号短整型）</td><td>2 字节</td><td>0 ~ 65,535 (2^16 - 1)</td></tr><tr><td>[signed] short（有符号短整型，默认）</td><td>2 字节</td><td>-32,768 (- 2^15) ~ 32,767 (2^15 -1)</td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li>② 整型：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>存储空间（内存空间）</th><th>取值范围</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>unsigned int（无符号整型）</td><td>4 字节（通常）</td><td>0 ~ 4294967295 (0 ~2^32 -1)</td></tr><tr><td>[signed] int（有符号整型，默认）</td><td>4 字节（通常）</td><td>-2147483648（- 2^31） ~ 2147483647 (2^31-1)</td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li>③ 长整型：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>存储空间（内存空间）</th><th>取值范围</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>unsigned long（无符号长整型）</td><td>4 字节（通常）</td><td>0 ~2^32 -1</td></tr><tr><td>[signed] long（有符号长整型，默认）</td><td>4 字节（通常）</td><td>- 2^31 ~ 2^31-1</td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li>④ 长长整型：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>存储空间（内存空间）</th><th>取值范围</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>unsigned long long（无符号长整型）</td><td>8 字节（通常）</td><td>0 ~2^64 -1</td></tr><tr><td>[signed] long long（有符号长整型，默认）</td><td>8 字节（通常）</td><td>- 2^63 ~ 2^63-1</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li><p>① 数据类型在内存中占用的存储单元（字节数），就称为该数据类型的长度（步长），如：short 占用 2 个字节的内存，就称 short 的长度（步长）是 2。</p></li><li><p>② C 语言并没有严格规定各种整数数据类型在内存中所占存储单元的长度，只做了宽泛的限制：</p><ul><li>short 至少占用 2 个字节的存储单元。</li><li>int 建议为一个机器字长（指计算机的处理器在一次操作中能够处理的二进制数据的位数，机器字长是处理器的“字”长度，它决定了处理器在一个时钟周期内能够处理的数据量，如：早期的计算机的处理器通常是 8 位的机器字长，意味着处理器一次只能处理 8 位（二进制）数据；之后的计算机的处理器有 16 位的机器字长，意味着处理器一次可以处理 16 位的数据；再之后计算机的处理器有 32 位或 64 位的机器字长，意味着处理器一次可以处理 32 位或 64位的数据）。即：32 位环境下 int 占用 4 个字节的存储单元，64 位环境下 int 占用 8 个字节的存储单元。</li><li>short 的长度（步长）不能大于 int，long 的长度（步长）不能小于 int，long long 不能小于 long。</li></ul></li><li><p>③ 那么，各种整数数据类型在内存中所占存储单元的长度的公式就是 <code>2 ≤ sizeof(short) ≤ sizeof(int) ≤ sizeof(long) ≤ sizeof(long long)</code>，具体的存储空间由编译系统自行决定。其中，<code>sizeof</code> 是测量类型或变量、常量长度的<code>运算符</code>。</p></li></ul></div><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① 之所以这么规定，是为了可以让 C 语言长久使用，因为目前主流的 CPU 都是 64 位，但是在 C 语言刚刚出现的时候，CPU 还是以 8 位和 16 位为主。如果当时就将整型定死为 8 位或 16 位，那么现在我们肯定不会再学习 C 语言了。</li><li>② 整型分为有符号 signed 和无符号 unsigned 两种，默认是 signed。</li><li>③ 在实际开发中，<code>最常用的整数类型</code>就是 <code>int</code> 类型了，如果取值范围不够，就使用 long 或 long long 。</li><li>④ C 语言中的<code>格式占位符</code>非常多，只需要大致了解即可；因为，我们在实际开发中，一般都会使用 C++ 或 Rust 以及其它的高级编程语言，如：Java 等，早已经解决了必须通过<code>格式占位符</code>来才能将变量进行输入和输出。</li></ul></div><h3 id="_1-2-2-短整型-了解" tabindex="-1">1.2.2 短整型（了解） <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-2-短整型-了解" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.2 短整型（了解）&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>语法：</li></ul><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">unsigned</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> short</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 10</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> ;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> // 无符号短整型</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">short</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> -</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">10</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> // 有符号短整型</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① 有符号表示的是正数、负数和 0 ，即有正负号。无符号表示的是 0 和正数，即正整数，没有符号。</li><li>② 在 <code>printf</code> 中<code>无符号短整型（unsigned short）</code>的<code>格式占位符</code>是 <code>%hu</code> ，<code>有符号短整型（signed short）</code>的<code>格式占位符</code>是 <code>%hd</code> 。</li><li>③ 可以通过 <code>sizeof</code> 运算符获取<code>无符号短整型（unsigned short）</code> 和 <code>有符号短整型（signed short）</code> 的<code>存储空间（所占内存空间）</code>。</li><li>③ 可以通过 <code>#include &lt;limits.h&gt;</code> 来获取 <code>无符号短整型（unsigned short）</code> 和<code>有符号短整型（signed short）</code>的<code>取值范围</code>。</li></ul></div><ul><li>示例：定义和打印短整型变量</li></ul><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">#include</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &lt;stdio.h&gt;</span></span> import{_ as p,c as n,j as s,a as i,a6 as a,o as l}from"./chunks/framework.hMCIpNYY.js";const t="/c/assets/1.L8V3GBrc.png",h="/c/assets/2.nqdAY_P3.png",e="/c/assets/3.D7eNbwzQ.jpg",k="/c/assets/4.DElD8M7P.svg",d="/c/assets/5.BE2mwvAQ.svg",r="/c/assets/6.aMDLQtj3.svg",c="/c/assets/7.eAeDlr0I.svg",E="/c/assets/8.CiYoL9Pa.svg",g="/c/assets/9.f3_OgcWU.svg",F="/c/assets/10.Dx5GM3xz.svg",o="/c/assets/11.DNH2vSdC.svg",y="/c/assets/12.NlBmD7pA.png",u="/c/assets/13.ZiBq6Pno.png",b="/c/assets/14.DAgmsf-w.png",m="/c/assets/15.B2iC37fw.png",C="/c/assets/16.BlE3ZFud.png",B="/c/assets/17.CBpay1zM.svg",A="/c/assets/18.g66usGgc.svg",D="/c/assets/19.BW4hoq9o.svg",v="/c/assets/20.DBXyt0gx.svg",T="/c/assets/21.QOjKI_7K.svg",Q="/c/assets/22.BPFvANo_.svg",q="/c/assets/23.BSJo8a0j.svg",f="/c/assets/24.r8ZG8Rvh.svg",_="/c/assets/25.rY0SPMAM.svg",x="/c/assets/26.CX-aIacs.svg",w="/c/assets/27.B6oI9aDx.svg",L="/c/assets/28.BK--PMbQ.svg",z="/c/assets/29.CJ87msb8.svg",H="/c/assets/30.CjsU-QJv.svg",P="/c/assets/31.s4BF2CMv.svg",M="/c/assets/32.DCGI6iJG.svg",I="/c/assets/33.C1jQxCuu.svg",V="/c/assets/35.CGTVELeO.png",N="/c/assets/36.Bz4_lEH0.gif",S="/c/assets/37.CcDWE4nn.png",O="/c/assets/38.B7y2_JVX.gif",U="/c/assets/39.Btcc3rs2.gif",Z="/c/assets/40.CR4ARW8y.png",R="/c/assets/39.Btcc3rs2.gif",j="/c/assets/42.DOX3ymYP.gif",G="/c/assets/43.Cie9_tkP.gif",J="/c/assets/44.DLjH9Ges.png",ys=JSON.parse('{"title":"第一章：数据类型（⭐）","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"notes/01_c-basic/03_xdx/index.md","filePath":"notes/01_c-basic/03_xdx/index.md","lastUpdated":1724400778000}'),X={name:"notes/01_c-basic/03_xdx/index.md"},K=a('<h1 id="第一章-数据类型-⭐" tabindex="-1">第一章：数据类型（⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#第一章-数据类型-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第一章：数据类型（⭐）&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_1-1-概述" tabindex="-1">1.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li><p>根据<code>变量</code>中<code>存储</code>的<code>值</code>的<code>不同</code>，我们可以将<code>变量</code>分为两类：</p><ul><li><code>普通变量</code>：变量所对应的内存中存储的是<code>普通值</code>。</li><li><code>指针变量</code>：变量所对应的内存中存储的是<code>另一个变量的地址</code>。</li></ul></li><li><p>如下图所示：</p></li></ul><p><img src="'+t+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>普通变量和指针变量的相同点：</p><ul><li>普通变量有内存空间，指针变量也有内存空间。</li><li>普通变量有内存地址，指针变量也有内存地址。</li><li>普通变量所对应的内存空间中有值，指针变量所对应的内存空间中也有值。</li></ul><p>普通变量和指针变量的不同点：</p><ul><li>普通变量所对应的内存空间存储的是普通的值，如：整数、小数、字符等；指针变量所对应的内存空间存储的是另外一个变量的地址。</li><li>普通变量有普通变量的运算方式，而指针变量有指针变量的运算方式（后续讲解）。</li></ul></div><ul><li>那么，在 C 语言中变量的数据类型就可以这么划分，如下所示：</li></ul><p><img src="'+h+`" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>根据<code>普通变量</code>中<code>存储</code>的<code>值</code>的类型不同，可以将<code>普通变量类型</code>划分为<code>基本数据类型</code>（整型、字符类型、浮点类型、布尔类型）和<code>复合数据类型</code>（数组类型、结构体类型、共用体类型、枚举类型）。</li><li>根据<code>指针变量</code>所<code>指向空间</code>中<code>存储</code>的<code>值</code>的类型不同，可以将<code>指针类型</code>分为<code>基本数据类型指针</code>、<code>复合数据类型指针</code>、<code>函数指针</code>、<code>数组指针</code>等，例如：如果指针所指向的空间保存的是 int 类型，那么该指针就是 int 类型的指针。</li></ul></div><h2 id="_1-2-整数类型" tabindex="-1">1.2 整数类型 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-整数类型" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2 整数类型&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_1-2-1-概述" tabindex="-1">1.2.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>整数类型简称整型，用于存储整数值，如：12、20、50 等。</li><li>根据所占<code>内存空间</code>大小的不同，可以将整数类型划分为：</li><li>① 短整型：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>存储空间（内存空间）</th><th>取值范围</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>unsigned short （无符号短整型）</td><td>2 字节</td><td>0 ~ 65,535 (2^16 - 1)</td></tr><tr><td>[signed] short（有符号短整型，默认）</td><td>2 字节</td><td>-32,768 (- 2^15) ~ 32,767 (2^15 -1)</td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li>② 整型：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>存储空间（内存空间）</th><th>取值范围</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>unsigned int（无符号整型）</td><td>4 字节（通常）</td><td>0 ~ 4294967295 (0 ~2^32 -1)</td></tr><tr><td>[signed] int（有符号整型，默认）</td><td>4 字节（通常）</td><td>-2147483648（- 2^31） ~ 2147483647 (2^31-1)</td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li>③ 长整型：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>存储空间（内存空间）</th><th>取值范围</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>unsigned long（无符号长整型）</td><td>4 字节（通常）</td><td>0 ~2^32 -1</td></tr><tr><td>[signed] long（有符号长整型，默认）</td><td>4 字节（通常）</td><td>- 2^31 ~ 2^31-1</td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li>④ 长长整型：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>类型</th><th>存储空间（内存空间）</th><th>取值范围</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>unsigned long long（无符号长整型）</td><td>8 字节（通常）</td><td>0 ~2^64 -1</td></tr><tr><td>[signed] long long（有符号长整型，默认）</td><td>8 字节（通常）</td><td>- 2^63 ~ 2^63-1</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li><p>① 数据类型在内存中占用的存储单元（字节数），就称为该数据类型的长度（步长），如：short 占用 2 个字节的内存，就称 short 的长度（步长）是 2。</p></li><li><p>② C 语言并没有严格规定各种整数数据类型在内存中所占存储单元的长度，只做了宽泛的限制：</p><ul><li>short 至少占用 2 个字节的存储单元。</li><li>int 建议为一个机器字长（指计算机的处理器在一次操作中能够处理的二进制数据的位数，机器字长是处理器的“字”长度，它决定了处理器在一个时钟周期内能够处理的数据量，如：早期的计算机的处理器通常是 8 位的机器字长，意味着处理器一次只能处理 8 位（二进制）数据；之后的计算机的处理器有 16 位的机器字长，意味着处理器一次可以处理 16 位的数据；再之后计算机的处理器有 32 位或 64 位的机器字长，意味着处理器一次可以处理 32 位或 64位的数据）。即：32 位环境下 int 占用 4 个字节的存储单元，64 位环境下 int 占用 8 个字节的存储单元。</li><li>short 的长度（步长）不能大于 int，long 的长度（步长）不能小于 int，long long 不能小于 long。</li></ul></li><li><p>③ 那么，各种整数数据类型在内存中所占存储单元的长度的公式就是 <code>2 ≤ sizeof(short) ≤ sizeof(int) ≤ sizeof(long) ≤ sizeof(long long)</code>，具体的存储空间由编译系统自行决定。其中，<code>sizeof</code> 是测量类型或变量、常量长度的<code>运算符</code>。</p></li></ul></div><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① 之所以这么规定，是为了可以让 C 语言长久使用，因为目前主流的 CPU 都是 64 位，但是在 C 语言刚刚出现的时候，CPU 还是以 8 位和 16 位为主。如果当时就将整型定死为 8 位或 16 位，那么现在我们肯定不会再学习 C 语言了。</li><li>② 整型分为有符号 signed 和无符号 unsigned 两种，默认是 signed。</li><li>③ 在实际开发中，<code>最常用的整数类型</code>就是 <code>int</code> 类型了，如果取值范围不够，就使用 long 或 long long 。</li><li>④ C 语言中的<code>格式占位符</code>非常多，只需要大致了解即可；因为，我们在实际开发中，一般都会使用 C++ 或 Rust 以及其它的高级编程语言，如：Java 等，早已经解决了必须通过<code>格式占位符</code>来才能将变量进行输入和输出。</li></ul></div><h3 id="_1-2-2-短整型-了解" tabindex="-1">1.2.2 短整型（了解） <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-2-短整型-了解" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2.2 短整型（了解）&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>语法：</li></ul><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">unsigned</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> short</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 10</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> ;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> // 无符号短整型</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">short</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> x </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> -</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">10</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> // 有符号短整型</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① 有符号表示的是正数、负数和 0 ，即有正负号。无符号表示的是 0 和正数，即正整数，没有符号。</li><li>② 在 <code>printf</code> 中<code>无符号短整型（unsigned short）</code>的<code>格式占位符</code>是 <code>%hu</code> ，<code>有符号短整型（signed short）</code>的<code>格式占位符</code>是 <code>%hd</code> 。</li><li>③ 可以通过 <code>sizeof</code> 运算符获取<code>无符号短整型（unsigned short）</code> 和 <code>有符号短整型（signed short）</code> 的<code>存储空间（所占内存空间）</code>。</li><li>③ 可以通过 <code>#include &lt;limits.h&gt;</code> 来获取 <code>无符号短整型（unsigned short）</code> 和<code>有符号短整型（signed short）</code>的<code>取值范围</code>。</li></ul></div><ul><li>示例：定义和打印短整型变量</li></ul><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">#include</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &lt;stdio.h&gt;</span></span>
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<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> main</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">() {</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> main</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">() {</span></span>
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import{_ as l,c as a,j as s,a6 as i,o as n}from"./chunks/framework.CZRoMP2i.js";const p="/c/assets/1.CTMA-Poz.jpg",h="/c/assets/2.B2g4y1OY.png",k="/c/assets/3.DEoM0p3m.png",t="/c/assets/4.DxEoA7Ht.png",e="/c/assets/5.DtY5Pf6u.png",r="/c/assets/6.CButBugT.png",E="/c/assets/7.DG_I9X5w.png",d="/c/assets/8.Cw8LCRHN.png",g="/c/assets/9.TqkSPw2X.png",c="/c/assets/10.DJkVOkw7.png",y="/c/assets/11.Bkdbe2NL.png",F="/c/assets/12.D2yeCvfw.png",H=JSON.parse('{"title":"第一章：概述","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"notes/01_c-basic/04_xdx/index.md","filePath":"notes/01_c-basic/04_xdx/index.md","lastUpdated":1722933158000}'),b={name:"notes/01_c-basic/04_xdx/index.md"},u=i('<h1 id="第一章-概述" tabindex="-1">第一章：概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#第一章-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第一章：概述&quot;">​</a></h1><ul><li><p><code>流程控制结构</code>是用来控制程序中<code>各语句执行顺序</code>的语句，并且可以将语句组合成能<code>完成一定功能</code>的<code>小逻辑模块</code>。</p></li><li><p>在程序设计中规定了<code>三种</code>流程结构，如下所示：</p><ul><li><code>顺序结构</code>：程序从上到下逐行执行，中间没有任何判断和跳转。</li><li><code>分支结构</code>：根据条件，有选择的执行某段代码。在 C 语言中，有 <code>if...else</code> 和 <code>switch...case</code> 两种分支语句。</li><li><code>循环结构</code>：根据循环条件，重复性的执行某段代码。在 C 语言中，有 <code>for</code>、<code>while</code>、<code>do...while</code> 三种循环结构。</li></ul></li><li><p>在生活中的<code>洗衣工厂</code>，就包含了上述的三种流程结构，如下所示：</p></li></ul><p><img src="'+p+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h1 id="第二章-顺序结构" tabindex="-1">第二章：顺序结构 <a class="header-anchor" href="#第二章-顺序结构" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第二章：顺序结构&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_2-1-概述" tabindex="-1">2.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>程序从上到下逐行地执行，表达式语句都是顺序执行的，并且上一行对某个变量的修改对下一行会产生影响。</li></ul><p><img src="'+h+`" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h2 id="_2-2-应用示例" tabindex="-1">2.2 应用示例 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-2-应用示例" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.2 应用示例&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>示例：</li></ul><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">#include</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &lt;stdio.h&gt;</span></span> import{_ as l,c as a,j as s,a6 as i,o as n}from"./chunks/framework.hMCIpNYY.js";const p="/c/assets/1.CTMA-Poz.jpg",h="/c/assets/2.B2g4y1OY.png",k="/c/assets/3.DEoM0p3m.png",t="/c/assets/4.DxEoA7Ht.png",e="/c/assets/5.DtY5Pf6u.png",r="/c/assets/6.CButBugT.png",E="/c/assets/7.DG_I9X5w.png",d="/c/assets/8.Cw8LCRHN.png",g="/c/assets/9.TqkSPw2X.png",c="/c/assets/10.DJkVOkw7.png",y="/c/assets/11.Bkdbe2NL.png",F="/c/assets/12.D2yeCvfw.png",H=JSON.parse('{"title":"第一章：概述","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"notes/01_c-basic/04_xdx/index.md","filePath":"notes/01_c-basic/04_xdx/index.md","lastUpdated":1722933158000}'),b={name:"notes/01_c-basic/04_xdx/index.md"},u=i('<h1 id="第一章-概述" tabindex="-1">第一章：概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#第一章-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第一章：概述&quot;">​</a></h1><ul><li><p><code>流程控制结构</code>是用来控制程序中<code>各语句执行顺序</code>的语句，并且可以将语句组合成能<code>完成一定功能</code>的<code>小逻辑模块</code>。</p></li><li><p>在程序设计中规定了<code>三种</code>流程结构，如下所示：</p><ul><li><code>顺序结构</code>：程序从上到下逐行执行，中间没有任何判断和跳转。</li><li><code>分支结构</code>：根据条件，有选择的执行某段代码。在 C 语言中，有 <code>if...else</code> 和 <code>switch...case</code> 两种分支语句。</li><li><code>循环结构</code>：根据循环条件，重复性的执行某段代码。在 C 语言中，有 <code>for</code>、<code>while</code>、<code>do...while</code> 三种循环结构。</li></ul></li><li><p>在生活中的<code>洗衣工厂</code>，就包含了上述的三种流程结构，如下所示：</p></li></ul><p><img src="'+p+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h1 id="第二章-顺序结构" tabindex="-1">第二章：顺序结构 <a class="header-anchor" href="#第二章-顺序结构" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第二章：顺序结构&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_2-1-概述" tabindex="-1">2.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>程序从上到下逐行地执行，表达式语句都是顺序执行的，并且上一行对某个变量的修改对下一行会产生影响。</li></ul><p><img src="'+h+`" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h2 id="_2-2-应用示例" tabindex="-1">2.2 应用示例 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-2-应用示例" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.2 应用示例&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>示例：</li></ul><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">#include</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &lt;stdio.h&gt;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span> <span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> main</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">() {</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> main</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">() {</span></span>
<span class="line"></span> <span class="line"></span>

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<span class="line"></span> <span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> main</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(){</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> main</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(){</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> </span></span> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> </span></span>

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import{_ as s,c as i,o as a,a6 as n}from"./chunks/framework.CZRoMP2i.js";const t="/c/assets/1.L8V3GBrc.png",l="/c/assets/2.CdvhiwcU.png",e="/c/assets/3.D74t3-Xt.png",d="/c/assets/4.DqDR6Thp.svg",p="/c/assets/5.BzSkS-4w.svg",h="/c/assets/6.BPY9ZGed.svg",C=JSON.parse('{"title":"第一章：颇具争议的指针","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/index.md","filePath":"notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/index.md","lastUpdated":1723516792000}'),k={name:"notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/index.md"},r=n('<div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① <code>指针</code>是 C 语言中<code>最重要</code>的概念之一，也是<code>最难以理解</code>的概念之一。</li><li>② <code>指针</code>是 C 语言的<code>精髓</code>，要想掌握 C 语言就需要深入地了解指针。</li></ul></div><h1 id="第一章-颇具争议的指针" tabindex="-1">第一章：颇具争议的指针 <a class="header-anchor" href="#第一章-颇具争议的指针" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第一章：颇具争议的指针&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_1-1-概述" tabindex="-1">1.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>目前而言，操作系统几乎都是通过 C 语言来编写和维护的；而 C 语言提供了指针的用法，其能直接操作内存地址，是个非常<code>强大</code>和<code>灵活</code>的工具；但是，需要开发者<code>小心谨慎的使用</code>，以确保程序的稳定性和安全性。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>之所以指针在 C 语言中颇具争议，是因为一方面其功能强大，直接操作内存地址；另一方面，又很危险，不正确的使用指针的方式，非常容易导致程序崩溃。</p></div><ul><li><p>如果没有能很好的使用指针，就会带来一系列的问题，如：</p><ul><li>① <code>空指针引用</code>（Null Pointer Dereference）：当一个指针没有正确初始化或者被赋予了空（NULL）值时，如果程序尝试访问该指针所指向的内存，会导致运行时错误，甚至导致程序崩溃。</li><li>② <code>野指针</code>（Dangling Pointers）：指针指向的内存地址曾经分配给某个变量或对象，但后来该变量或对象被释放或者移动，导致指针仍指向已经无效的内存位置。对野指针进行操作可能会导致未定义的行为或程序崩溃。</li><li>③ <code>指针算术错误</code>：在进行指针运算时，如果没有正确管理指针的偏移量或者超出了数组的边界，可能会导致指针指向错误的内存位置，从而影响程序的正确性和安全性。</li><li>④ <code>内存泄漏</code>：如果动态分配的内存通过指针分配，但在不再需要时没有正确释放，会导致内存泄漏，长时间运行的程序可能会耗尽系统资源。</li></ul></li><li><p>为了减少指针带来的风险，开发人员可以采取以下的措施：</p><ul><li>① <code>良好的编程实践</code>：确保指针的初始化和使用是安全的，避免空指针引用和野指针问题。</li><li>② <code>边界检查</code>：在进行指针运算时，始终确保不会超出数组或内存分配的边界。</li><li>③ <code>使用指针和引用的适当性</code>：在可能的情况下，可以考虑使用更安全的语言特性，如：引用（在 C++ 等编程语言中）或者更高级别的数据结构来代替裸指针，从而减少指针使用时的潜在风险。</li></ul></li></ul><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① 既然指针很危险，那么通过一系列的手段将指针包装或屏蔽，以达到程序安全的目的（这是现代化的高级编程语言解决的思路，如：Java、Go、Rust 等）。</li><li>② 之所以，指针还需要学习，是因为在嵌入式等领域，其机器的资源（CPU、内存等）非常有限；而现代化的高级编程语言虽然安全，但是需要的系统资源也庞大。</li><li>③ 我们知道，编译型的程序不管编译过程如何复杂，至少需要两步：编译和运行。通常，我们也将这两步称为编译期和运行期。C 语言中的指针之所以危险就在于程序要在运行的时候才会发现问题（后知后觉）；而现代化的高级编程语言中的编译器在程序编译的时候就会发现问题（提前发现问题）。</li><li>④ C 语言的编译器之所以这么设计的原因，就在于当时的内存和 CPU 是非常有限（PDP-7 早期小型计算机，CPU：18 bit 的电子管逻辑，内存：4kb ）和昂贵（72,000 $），如果加入安全限制的功能，会远远超过整个系统的资源。</li></ul></div><h2 id="_1-2-现代化高级编程语言是如何解决指针危险的" tabindex="-1">1.2 现代化高级编程语言是如何解决指针危险的？ <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-现代化高级编程语言是如何解决指针危险的" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2 现代化高级编程语言是如何解决指针危险的？&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li><p><code>C++</code>采用了如下的策略和机制，来解决指针危险操作的：</p><ul><li>① <code>智能指针</code>： C++ 引入了智能指针（如<code>std::shared_ptr</code>、<code>std::unique_ptr</code>），这些指针提供了自动资源管理和所有权的语义。<code>std::unique_ptr</code>确保只有一个指针可以访问给定的资源，从而避免了传统指针的悬空引用和内存泄漏问题。<code>std::shared_ptr</code>允许多个指针共享一个资源，并在所有引用释放后自动释放。</li><li>② <code>引用</code>： C++ 中的引用（如：<code>&amp;</code>符号）提供了更安全的间接访问方法，与指针相比，引用不能重新绑定到不同的对象，从而减少了意外的指针错误。</li></ul></li><li><p><code>Go</code>采用了如下的策略和机制，来解决指针危险操作的：</p><ul><li>① <code>内存管理和垃圾回收</code>： Go 语言通过自动垃圾回收器管理内存，减少了手动内存管理所带来的指针操作错误。Go 的垃圾回收器定期扫描并释放不再使用的内存，避免了内存泄漏和悬空指针问题。</li><li>② <code>指针的安全性</code>： Go 语言的指针是受限的，不支持指针运算，从而减少了指针操作可能带来的风险。</li></ul></li><li><p><code>Rust</code>采用了如下的策略和机制，来解决指针危险操作的：</p><ul><li>① <code>所有权和借用</code>： Rust 引入了所有权和借用的概念，编译器在编译时静态分析所有权转移和引用的生命周期。这种机制避免了数据竞争和空指针解引用等运行时错误，使得在编译时就能够保证内存安全。</li><li>② <code>生命周期</code>： Rust 的生命周期系统确保引用的有效性和安全性，防止了悬空引用和指针乱用。</li></ul></li><li><p><code>Java</code>采用了如下的策略和机制，来解决指针危险操作的：</p><ul><li>① <code>引用类型和自动内存管理</code>： Java 中所有的对象引用都是通过引用来访问的，而不是直接的指针。Java 的自动垃圾回收器负责管理内存，从而避免了手动内存管理可能导致的指针错误，如：内存泄漏和悬空指针。</li><li>② <code>强类型系统和异常处理</code>： Java 的强类型系统和异常处理机制减少了指针操作带来的风险，如：空指针解引用异常（NullPointerException）。编译器在编译时能够捕获许多潜在的类型错误，进一步增强了程序的安全性和可靠性。</li></ul></li></ul><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><p>总而言之，各种编程语言通过引入不同的策略和机制，如：智能指针、垃圾回收器、所有权和借用，以及强类型系统，有效地减少了指针操作所带来的各种安全性和可靠性问题，提升了程序的稳定性和开发效率。</p></div><h1 id="第二章-回顾知识" tabindex="-1">第二章：回顾知识 <a class="header-anchor" href="#第二章-回顾知识" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第二章：回顾知识&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_2-1-变量" tabindex="-1">2.1 变量 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-1-变量" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.1 变量&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>变量就是保存程序运行过程中临时产生的值，其语法如下：</li></ul><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">数据类型 变量名 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> 值 ;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><p>变量名（标识符）需要符合命名规则和命名规范！！！</p><ul><li>强制规范： <ul><li>① 只能由<code>小写</code>或<code>大写英文字母</code>，<code>0-9</code> 或 <code>_</code> 组成。</li><li>② 不能以<code>数字</code>开头。</li><li>③ 不可以是<code>关键字</code>。</li><li>④ 标识符具有<code>长度</code>限制，不同编译器和平台会有所不同，一般限制在 63 个字符内。</li><li>⑤ 严格<code>区分大小写字母</code>，如：Hello、hello 是不同的标识符。</li></ul></li><li>建议规范： <ul><li>① 为了提高阅读性，使用有意义的单词，见名知意，如：sum，name，max，year 等。</li><li>② 使用下划线连接多个单词组成的标识符，如：max_classes_per_student 等。</li><li>③ 多个单词组成的标识符，除了使用下划线连接，也可以使用小驼峰命名法，除第一个单词外，后续单词的首字母大写，如： studentId、student_name 等。</li><li>④ 不要出现仅靠大小写区分不同的标识符，如：name、Name 容易混淆。</li><li>⑤ 系统内部使用了一些下划线开头的标识符，如：C99 标准添加的类型 <code>_Bool</code>，为防止冲突，建议开发者尽量避免使用下划线开头的标识符。</li></ul></li></ul></div><ul><li><code>变量名</code>的<code>作用</code>，如下所示： <ul><li>① 当我们<code>编写</code>代码的时候，使用<code>变量名</code>来<code>关联</code>某块内存的<code>地址</code>。</li><li>② 当 CPU <code>执行</code>的时候，会将变量名<code>替换</code>为具体的地址，再进行具体的操作。</li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="_2-2-普通变量和指针变量的区别" tabindex="-1">2.2 普通变量和指针变量的区别 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-2-普通变量和指针变量的区别" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.2 普通变量和指针变量的区别&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>根据<code>变量</code>中<code>存储</code>的<code>值</code>的<code>不同</code>，我们可以将<code>变量</code>分为两类： <ul><li><code>普通变量</code>：变量所对应的内存中存储的是<code>普通值</code>。</li><li><code>指针变量</code>：变量所对应的内存中存储的是<code>另一个变量的地址</code>。</li></ul></li><li>如下图所示：</li></ul><p><img src="'+t+'" alt="img" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>普通变量和指针变量的相同点，如下所示： <ul><li>① 普通变量有内存空间，指针变量也有内存空间。</li><li>② 普通变量有内存地址，指针变量也有内存地址。</li><li>③ 普通变量所对应的内存空间中有值，指针变量所对应的内存空间中也有值。</li></ul></li><li>普通变量和指针变量的不同点： <ul><li>① <code>普通变量</code>所对应的内存空间<code>存储</code>的是<code>普通的值</code>，如：整数、小数、字符等；<code>指针变量</code>所对应的内存空间<code>存储</code>的是另外一个变量的<code>地址</code>。</li><li>② <code>普通变量有普通变量的运算方式</code>，而<code>指针变量有指针变量的运算方式</code>（后续讲解）。</li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="_2-3-运算符" tabindex="-1">2.3 运算符 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-运算符" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3 运算符&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_2-3-1-概述" tabindex="-1">2.3.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>运算符是一种特殊的符号，用于数据的运算、赋值和比较等。</li><li><code>表达式</code>指的是一组运算数、运算符的组合，表达式<code>一定具有值</code>，一个变量或一个常量可以是表达式，变量、常量和运算符也可以组成表达式，如：</li></ul><p><img src="'+l+'" alt="img" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li><code>操作数</code>指的是<code>参与运算</code>的<code>值</code>或者<code>对象</code>，如：</li></ul><p><img src="'+e+`" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>根据<code>操作数</code>的<code>个数</code>，可以将运算符分为： <ul><li>一元运算符（一目运算符）。</li><li>二元运算符（二目运算符）。</li><li>三元运算符（三目运算符）。</li></ul></li><li>根据<code>功能</code>，可以将运算符分为： <ul><li>算术运算符。</li><li>关系运算符（比较运算符）。</li><li>逻辑运算符。</li><li>赋值运算符。</li><li>逻辑运算符。</li><li>位运算符。</li><li>三元运算符。</li></ul></li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>掌握一个运算符，需要关注以下几个方面：</p><ul><li>① 运算符的含义。</li><li>② 运算符操作数的个数。</li><li>③ 运算符所组成的表达式。</li><li>④ 运算符有无副作用，即：运算后是否会修改操作数的值。</li></ul></div><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><p>普通变量支持上述的所有运算符；而指针变量并非支持上述的所有运算符，且支持运算符的含义和普通变量相差较大！！！</p></div><h3 id="_2-3-2-运算符的优先级" tabindex="-1">2.3.2 运算符的优先级 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-2-运算符的优先级" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3.2 运算符的优先级&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>C 语言中运算符的优先级，如下所示：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th><strong>优先级</strong></th><th><strong>运算符</strong></th><th><strong>名称或含义</strong></th><th><strong>结合方向</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>1</strong></td><td><code>[]</code></td><td>数组下标</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>()</code></td><td>圆括号</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>.</code></td><td>成员选择（对象）</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-&gt;</code></td><td>成员选择（指针）</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>2</strong></td><td><code>-</code></td><td>负号运算符</td><td>⬅️（从右到左）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>（类型）</code></td><td>强制类型转换</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>++</code></td><td>自增运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>--</code></td><td>自减运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*</code></td><td>取值运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&amp;</code></td><td>取地址运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>!</code></td><td>逻辑非运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>~</code></td><td>按位取反运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>sizeof</code></td><td>长度运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>3</strong></td><td><code>/</code></td><td>除</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*</code></td><td>乘</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>%</code></td><td>余数（取模）</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>4</strong></td><td><code>+</code></td><td>加</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-</code></td><td>减</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>5</strong></td><td><code>&lt;&lt;</code></td><td>左移</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;&gt;</code></td><td>右移</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>6</strong></td><td><code>&gt;</code></td><td>大于</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;=</code></td><td>大于等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;</code></td><td>小于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;=</code></td><td>小于等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>7</strong></td><td><code>==</code></td><td>等于</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>!=</code></td><td>不等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>8</strong></td><td><code>&amp;</code></td><td>按位与</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>9</strong></td><td><code>^</code></td><td>按位异或</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>10</strong></td><td><code>|</code></td><td>按位或</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>11</strong></td><td><code>&amp;&amp;</code></td><td>逻辑与</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>12</strong></td><td><code>||</code></td><td>逻辑或</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>13</strong></td><td><code>?:</code></td><td>条件运算符</td><td>⬅️（从右到左）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>14</strong></td><td><code>=</code></td><td>赋值运算符</td><td>⬅️（从右到左）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>/=</code></td><td>除后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*=</code></td><td>乘后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>%=</code></td><td>取模后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>+=</code></td><td>加后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-=</code></td><td>减后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;&lt;=</code></td><td>左移后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;&gt;=</code></td><td>右移后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&amp;=</code></td><td>按位与后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>^=</code></td><td>按位异或后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>|=</code></td><td>按位或后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>15</strong></td><td><code>,</code></td><td>逗号运算符</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><ul><li>① 不要过多的依赖运算符的优先级来控制表达式的执行顺序，这样可读性太差，尽量<code>使用小括号来控制</code>表达式的执行顺序。</li><li>② 不要把一个表达式写得过于复杂，如果一个表达式过于复杂，则把它<code>分成几步</code>来完成。</li><li>③ 运算符优先级不用刻意地去记忆，总体上：一元运算符 &gt; 算术运算符 &gt; 关系运算符 &gt; 逻辑运算符 &gt; 三元运算符 &gt; 赋值运算符。</li></ul></div><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① 取值运算符 <code>*</code> 和取地址运算符 <code>&amp;</code> 的优先级相同，并且运算方向都是从右向左！！！</li><li>② 逗号运算符 <code>,</code> 的优先级最低，并且运算方向是从左向右！！！</li></ul></div><h1 id="第三章-指针的理解和定义-⭐" tabindex="-1">第三章：指针的理解和定义（⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#第三章-指针的理解和定义-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第三章：指针的理解和定义（⭐）&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_3-1-变量的访问方式" tabindex="-1">3.1 变量的访问方式 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-1-变量的访问方式" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.1 变量的访问方式&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>计算机中程序的运行都是在内存中进行的，变量也是内存中分配的空间，且不同类型的变量占据的内存空间大小不同，如：char 类型的变量是 1 个字节，short 类型的变量是 2 个字节，int 类型的变量是 4 个字节...</li><li>之前我们都是通过<code>变量名（普通变量）</code>访问内存中存储的数据，如下所示：</li></ul><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">#include</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &lt;stdio.h&gt;</span></span> import{_ as s,c as i,o as a,a6 as n}from"./chunks/framework.hMCIpNYY.js";const t="/c/assets/1.L8V3GBrc.png",l="/c/assets/2.CdvhiwcU.png",e="/c/assets/3.D74t3-Xt.png",d="/c/assets/4.DqDR6Thp.svg",p="/c/assets/5.BzSkS-4w.svg",h="/c/assets/6.BPY9ZGed.svg",C=JSON.parse('{"title":"第一章：颇具争议的指针","description":"","frontmatter":{},"headers":[],"relativePath":"notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/index.md","filePath":"notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/index.md","lastUpdated":1723516792000}'),k={name:"notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/index.md"},r=n('<div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① <code>指针</code>是 C 语言中<code>最重要</code>的概念之一，也是<code>最难以理解</code>的概念之一。</li><li>② <code>指针</code>是 C 语言的<code>精髓</code>，要想掌握 C 语言就需要深入地了解指针。</li></ul></div><h1 id="第一章-颇具争议的指针" tabindex="-1">第一章：颇具争议的指针 <a class="header-anchor" href="#第一章-颇具争议的指针" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第一章：颇具争议的指针&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_1-1-概述" tabindex="-1">1.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>目前而言，操作系统几乎都是通过 C 语言来编写和维护的；而 C 语言提供了指针的用法，其能直接操作内存地址，是个非常<code>强大</code>和<code>灵活</code>的工具；但是，需要开发者<code>小心谨慎的使用</code>，以确保程序的稳定性和安全性。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>之所以指针在 C 语言中颇具争议，是因为一方面其功能强大，直接操作内存地址；另一方面，又很危险，不正确的使用指针的方式，非常容易导致程序崩溃。</p></div><ul><li><p>如果没有能很好的使用指针，就会带来一系列的问题，如：</p><ul><li>① <code>空指针引用</code>（Null Pointer Dereference）：当一个指针没有正确初始化或者被赋予了空（NULL）值时，如果程序尝试访问该指针所指向的内存，会导致运行时错误，甚至导致程序崩溃。</li><li>② <code>野指针</code>（Dangling Pointers）：指针指向的内存地址曾经分配给某个变量或对象，但后来该变量或对象被释放或者移动，导致指针仍指向已经无效的内存位置。对野指针进行操作可能会导致未定义的行为或程序崩溃。</li><li>③ <code>指针算术错误</code>：在进行指针运算时，如果没有正确管理指针的偏移量或者超出了数组的边界，可能会导致指针指向错误的内存位置，从而影响程序的正确性和安全性。</li><li>④ <code>内存泄漏</code>：如果动态分配的内存通过指针分配，但在不再需要时没有正确释放，会导致内存泄漏，长时间运行的程序可能会耗尽系统资源。</li></ul></li><li><p>为了减少指针带来的风险，开发人员可以采取以下的措施：</p><ul><li>① <code>良好的编程实践</code>：确保指针的初始化和使用是安全的，避免空指针引用和野指针问题。</li><li>② <code>边界检查</code>：在进行指针运算时，始终确保不会超出数组或内存分配的边界。</li><li>③ <code>使用指针和引用的适当性</code>：在可能的情况下，可以考虑使用更安全的语言特性，如：引用（在 C++ 等编程语言中）或者更高级别的数据结构来代替裸指针，从而减少指针使用时的潜在风险。</li></ul></li></ul><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① 既然指针很危险，那么通过一系列的手段将指针包装或屏蔽，以达到程序安全的目的（这是现代化的高级编程语言解决的思路，如：Java、Go、Rust 等）。</li><li>② 之所以，指针还需要学习，是因为在嵌入式等领域，其机器的资源（CPU、内存等）非常有限；而现代化的高级编程语言虽然安全，但是需要的系统资源也庞大。</li><li>③ 我们知道，编译型的程序不管编译过程如何复杂，至少需要两步：编译和运行。通常，我们也将这两步称为编译期和运行期。C 语言中的指针之所以危险就在于程序要在运行的时候才会发现问题（后知后觉）；而现代化的高级编程语言中的编译器在程序编译的时候就会发现问题（提前发现问题）。</li><li>④ C 语言的编译器之所以这么设计的原因，就在于当时的内存和 CPU 是非常有限（PDP-7 早期小型计算机，CPU：18 bit 的电子管逻辑，内存：4kb ）和昂贵（72,000 $），如果加入安全限制的功能，会远远超过整个系统的资源。</li></ul></div><h2 id="_1-2-现代化高级编程语言是如何解决指针危险的" tabindex="-1">1.2 现代化高级编程语言是如何解决指针危险的？ <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-现代化高级编程语言是如何解决指针危险的" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2 现代化高级编程语言是如何解决指针危险的？&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li><p><code>C++</code>采用了如下的策略和机制，来解决指针危险操作的：</p><ul><li>① <code>智能指针</code>： C++ 引入了智能指针（如<code>std::shared_ptr</code>、<code>std::unique_ptr</code>），这些指针提供了自动资源管理和所有权的语义。<code>std::unique_ptr</code>确保只有一个指针可以访问给定的资源，从而避免了传统指针的悬空引用和内存泄漏问题。<code>std::shared_ptr</code>允许多个指针共享一个资源，并在所有引用释放后自动释放。</li><li>② <code>引用</code>： C++ 中的引用（如：<code>&amp;</code>符号）提供了更安全的间接访问方法，与指针相比，引用不能重新绑定到不同的对象，从而减少了意外的指针错误。</li></ul></li><li><p><code>Go</code>采用了如下的策略和机制，来解决指针危险操作的：</p><ul><li>① <code>内存管理和垃圾回收</code>： Go 语言通过自动垃圾回收器管理内存，减少了手动内存管理所带来的指针操作错误。Go 的垃圾回收器定期扫描并释放不再使用的内存，避免了内存泄漏和悬空指针问题。</li><li>② <code>指针的安全性</code>： Go 语言的指针是受限的，不支持指针运算，从而减少了指针操作可能带来的风险。</li></ul></li><li><p><code>Rust</code>采用了如下的策略和机制，来解决指针危险操作的：</p><ul><li>① <code>所有权和借用</code>： Rust 引入了所有权和借用的概念，编译器在编译时静态分析所有权转移和引用的生命周期。这种机制避免了数据竞争和空指针解引用等运行时错误，使得在编译时就能够保证内存安全。</li><li>② <code>生命周期</code>： Rust 的生命周期系统确保引用的有效性和安全性，防止了悬空引用和指针乱用。</li></ul></li><li><p><code>Java</code>采用了如下的策略和机制，来解决指针危险操作的：</p><ul><li>① <code>引用类型和自动内存管理</code>： Java 中所有的对象引用都是通过引用来访问的，而不是直接的指针。Java 的自动垃圾回收器负责管理内存，从而避免了手动内存管理可能导致的指针错误，如：内存泄漏和悬空指针。</li><li>② <code>强类型系统和异常处理</code>： Java 的强类型系统和异常处理机制减少了指针操作带来的风险，如：空指针解引用异常（NullPointerException）。编译器在编译时能够捕获许多潜在的类型错误，进一步增强了程序的安全性和可靠性。</li></ul></li></ul><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><p>总而言之，各种编程语言通过引入不同的策略和机制，如：智能指针、垃圾回收器、所有权和借用，以及强类型系统，有效地减少了指针操作所带来的各种安全性和可靠性问题，提升了程序的稳定性和开发效率。</p></div><h1 id="第二章-回顾知识" tabindex="-1">第二章：回顾知识 <a class="header-anchor" href="#第二章-回顾知识" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第二章：回顾知识&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_2-1-变量" tabindex="-1">2.1 变量 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-1-变量" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.1 变量&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>变量就是保存程序运行过程中临时产生的值，其语法如下：</li></ul><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">数据类型 变量名 </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> 值 ;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><p>变量名（标识符）需要符合命名规则和命名规范！！！</p><ul><li>强制规范： <ul><li>① 只能由<code>小写</code>或<code>大写英文字母</code>，<code>0-9</code> 或 <code>_</code> 组成。</li><li>② 不能以<code>数字</code>开头。</li><li>③ 不可以是<code>关键字</code>。</li><li>④ 标识符具有<code>长度</code>限制，不同编译器和平台会有所不同，一般限制在 63 个字符内。</li><li>⑤ 严格<code>区分大小写字母</code>，如：Hello、hello 是不同的标识符。</li></ul></li><li>建议规范： <ul><li>① 为了提高阅读性，使用有意义的单词，见名知意，如：sum，name，max，year 等。</li><li>② 使用下划线连接多个单词组成的标识符，如：max_classes_per_student 等。</li><li>③ 多个单词组成的标识符，除了使用下划线连接，也可以使用小驼峰命名法，除第一个单词外，后续单词的首字母大写，如： studentId、student_name 等。</li><li>④ 不要出现仅靠大小写区分不同的标识符，如：name、Name 容易混淆。</li><li>⑤ 系统内部使用了一些下划线开头的标识符，如：C99 标准添加的类型 <code>_Bool</code>，为防止冲突，建议开发者尽量避免使用下划线开头的标识符。</li></ul></li></ul></div><ul><li><code>变量名</code>的<code>作用</code>，如下所示： <ul><li>① 当我们<code>编写</code>代码的时候，使用<code>变量名</code>来<code>关联</code>某块内存的<code>地址</code>。</li><li>② 当 CPU <code>执行</code>的时候，会将变量名<code>替换</code>为具体的地址，再进行具体的操作。</li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="_2-2-普通变量和指针变量的区别" tabindex="-1">2.2 普通变量和指针变量的区别 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-2-普通变量和指针变量的区别" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.2 普通变量和指针变量的区别&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>根据<code>变量</code>中<code>存储</code>的<code>值</code>的<code>不同</code>，我们可以将<code>变量</code>分为两类： <ul><li><code>普通变量</code>：变量所对应的内存中存储的是<code>普通值</code>。</li><li><code>指针变量</code>：变量所对应的内存中存储的是<code>另一个变量的地址</code>。</li></ul></li><li>如下图所示：</li></ul><p><img src="'+t+'" alt="img" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>普通变量和指针变量的相同点，如下所示： <ul><li>① 普通变量有内存空间，指针变量也有内存空间。</li><li>② 普通变量有内存地址，指针变量也有内存地址。</li><li>③ 普通变量所对应的内存空间中有值，指针变量所对应的内存空间中也有值。</li></ul></li><li>普通变量和指针变量的不同点： <ul><li>① <code>普通变量</code>所对应的内存空间<code>存储</code>的是<code>普通的值</code>，如：整数、小数、字符等；<code>指针变量</code>所对应的内存空间<code>存储</code>的是另外一个变量的<code>地址</code>。</li><li>② <code>普通变量有普通变量的运算方式</code>，而<code>指针变量有指针变量的运算方式</code>（后续讲解）。</li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="_2-3-运算符" tabindex="-1">2.3 运算符 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-运算符" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3 运算符&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_2-3-1-概述" tabindex="-1">2.3.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>运算符是一种特殊的符号，用于数据的运算、赋值和比较等。</li><li><code>表达式</code>指的是一组运算数、运算符的组合，表达式<code>一定具有值</code>，一个变量或一个常量可以是表达式，变量、常量和运算符也可以组成表达式，如：</li></ul><p><img src="'+l+'" alt="img" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li><code>操作数</code>指的是<code>参与运算</code>的<code>值</code>或者<code>对象</code>，如：</li></ul><p><img src="'+e+`" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>根据<code>操作数</code>的<code>个数</code>，可以将运算符分为： <ul><li>一元运算符（一目运算符）。</li><li>二元运算符（二目运算符）。</li><li>三元运算符（三目运算符）。</li></ul></li><li>根据<code>功能</code>，可以将运算符分为： <ul><li>算术运算符。</li><li>关系运算符（比较运算符）。</li><li>逻辑运算符。</li><li>赋值运算符。</li><li>逻辑运算符。</li><li>位运算符。</li><li>三元运算符。</li></ul></li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>掌握一个运算符，需要关注以下几个方面：</p><ul><li>① 运算符的含义。</li><li>② 运算符操作数的个数。</li><li>③ 运算符所组成的表达式。</li><li>④ 运算符有无副作用，即：运算后是否会修改操作数的值。</li></ul></div><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><p>普通变量支持上述的所有运算符；而指针变量并非支持上述的所有运算符，且支持运算符的含义和普通变量相差较大！！！</p></div><h3 id="_2-3-2-运算符的优先级" tabindex="-1">2.3.2 运算符的优先级 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-2-运算符的优先级" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3.2 运算符的优先级&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>C 语言中运算符的优先级，如下所示：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th><strong>优先级</strong></th><th><strong>运算符</strong></th><th><strong>名称或含义</strong></th><th><strong>结合方向</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>1</strong></td><td><code>[]</code></td><td>数组下标</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>()</code></td><td>圆括号</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>.</code></td><td>成员选择（对象）</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-&gt;</code></td><td>成员选择（指针）</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>2</strong></td><td><code>-</code></td><td>负号运算符</td><td>⬅️（从右到左）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>（类型）</code></td><td>强制类型转换</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>++</code></td><td>自增运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>--</code></td><td>自减运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*</code></td><td>取值运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&amp;</code></td><td>取地址运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>!</code></td><td>逻辑非运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>~</code></td><td>按位取反运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>sizeof</code></td><td>长度运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>3</strong></td><td><code>/</code></td><td>除</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*</code></td><td>乘</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>%</code></td><td>余数（取模）</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>4</strong></td><td><code>+</code></td><td>加</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-</code></td><td>减</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>5</strong></td><td><code>&lt;&lt;</code></td><td>左移</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;&gt;</code></td><td>右移</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>6</strong></td><td><code>&gt;</code></td><td>大于</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;=</code></td><td>大于等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;</code></td><td>小于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;=</code></td><td>小于等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>7</strong></td><td><code>==</code></td><td>等于</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>!=</code></td><td>不等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>8</strong></td><td><code>&amp;</code></td><td>按位与</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>9</strong></td><td><code>^</code></td><td>按位异或</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>10</strong></td><td><code>|</code></td><td>按位或</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>11</strong></td><td><code>&amp;&amp;</code></td><td>逻辑与</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>12</strong></td><td><code>||</code></td><td>逻辑或</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>13</strong></td><td><code>?:</code></td><td>条件运算符</td><td>⬅️（从右到左）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>14</strong></td><td><code>=</code></td><td>赋值运算符</td><td>⬅️（从右到左）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>/=</code></td><td>除后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*=</code></td><td>乘后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>%=</code></td><td>取模后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>+=</code></td><td>加后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-=</code></td><td>减后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;&lt;=</code></td><td>左移后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;&gt;=</code></td><td>右移后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&amp;=</code></td><td>按位与后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>^=</code></td><td>按位异或后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>|=</code></td><td>按位或后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>15</strong></td><td><code>,</code></td><td>逗号运算符</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><ul><li>① 不要过多的依赖运算符的优先级来控制表达式的执行顺序，这样可读性太差，尽量<code>使用小括号来控制</code>表达式的执行顺序。</li><li>② 不要把一个表达式写得过于复杂，如果一个表达式过于复杂，则把它<code>分成几步</code>来完成。</li><li>③ 运算符优先级不用刻意地去记忆，总体上：一元运算符 &gt; 算术运算符 &gt; 关系运算符 &gt; 逻辑运算符 &gt; 三元运算符 &gt; 赋值运算符。</li></ul></div><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① 取值运算符 <code>*</code> 和取地址运算符 <code>&amp;</code> 的优先级相同，并且运算方向都是从右向左！！！</li><li>② 逗号运算符 <code>,</code> 的优先级最低，并且运算方向是从左向右！！！</li></ul></div><h1 id="第三章-指针的理解和定义-⭐" tabindex="-1">第三章：指针的理解和定义（⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#第三章-指针的理解和定义-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第三章：指针的理解和定义（⭐）&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_3-1-变量的访问方式" tabindex="-1">3.1 变量的访问方式 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-1-变量的访问方式" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.1 变量的访问方式&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>计算机中程序的运行都是在内存中进行的，变量也是内存中分配的空间，且不同类型的变量占据的内存空间大小不同，如：char 类型的变量是 1 个字节，short 类型的变量是 2 个字节，int 类型的变量是 4 个字节...</li><li>之前我们都是通过<code>变量名（普通变量）</code>访问内存中存储的数据，如下所示：</li></ul><div class="language-c vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">c</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">#include</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &lt;stdio.h&gt;</span></span>
<span class="line"></span> <span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> main</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">() {</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">int</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> main</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">() {</span></span>
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id="第一章-linux" tabindex="-1">第一章：Linux <a class="header-anchor" href="#第一章-linux" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第一章：Linux&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_1-1-linux-概述" tabindex="-1">1.1 Linux 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-linux-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.1 Linux 概述&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>Linux 是一种开源的操作系统，最初由芬兰的林纳斯·托瓦兹（Linus Torvalds）开发。它基于 UNIX 操作系统，并且具有高度的可定制性和灵活性。Linux 操作系统被广泛应用于<code>服务器</code>、嵌入式系统和个人计算机等领域。</li><li>它具有稳定性、安全性和可靠性，并且支持多用户、多任务和多线程。Linux 拥有众多的发行版，如：Ubuntu、Red Hat、Debian 等，每个发行版都有自己的特点和优势。</li><li>由于其开源性质，Linux 操作系统受到了全球开发者的广泛支持和贡献，成为了计算机行业中的重要组成部分。</li></ul><h2 id="_1-2-linux-的发展史" tabindex="-1">1.2 Linux 的发展史 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-linux-的发展史" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2 Linux 的发展史&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li><p>Linux 的发展历史可以分为以下几个阶段：</p><ul><li>① 初始阶段（1991 - 1994 年）：林纳斯·托瓦兹在 1991 年发布了 Linux 内核的第一个版本，并将其开源。在接下来的几年里，Linux 逐渐吸引了一些开发者的关注和参与，开始逐步完善和扩展功能。</li><li>② 发展阶段（1995 - 2000 年）：在这个阶段，Linux 开始受到更多人的关注和认可。许多开发者和公司开始为 Linux 开发应用程序和驱动程序，为其增加更多的功能和兼容性。同时，一些发行版如：Red Hat、Debian 等也开始出现，为用户提供了更方便的安装和使用方式。</li><li>③ 商业化阶段（2001 - 至今）：随着 Linux 的成熟和广泛应用，越来越多的公司开始将 Linux 作为服务器和嵌入式设备的操作系统。一些大型科技公司，如：IBM、Oracle 等也开始投入大量资源支持 Linux 的发展。同时，一些商业化的 Linux 发行版，如：SUSE、Ubuntu 等也崭露头角，为企业和个人用户提供了更专业的支持和服务。</li><li>④ 社区发展阶段：Linux 的发展一直依赖于全球开发者社区的贡献和支持。Linux 社区不断壮大，吸引了众多的开发者和爱好者参与其中。通过社区的力量，Linux 不断更新迭代，推出了许多新的版本和功能。</li></ul></li><li><p>总的来说，Linux 的发展历程是一个由个人项目逐渐发展为全球开源社区支持的过程。它的成功得益于开源模式的优势，以及全球开发者的共同努力和贡献。</p></li></ul><h2 id="_1-3-linux-的组成-⭐" tabindex="-1">1.3 Linux 的组成（⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-3-linux-的组成-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.3 Linux 的组成（⭐）&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li><p>Linux 主要由以下几个组成部分构成：</p><ul><li>① <code>Linux 内核</code>：Linux 内核是整个操作系统的核心，负责管理硬件设备、内存管理、进程调度等核心功能。它是由林纳斯·托瓦兹及其他开发者编写和维护的。</li><li>② <code>Shell 解释器</code>：Shell 解释器是用户与操作系统交互的接口，它接收用户输入的命令并将其解释执行。常见的 Shell 解释器有 Bash、Zsh 等，它们提供了命令行界面和脚本编程功能。</li><li>③ <code>外围的应用程序</code>：命令、应用程序、图形化界面……</li></ul></li><li><p>其图示如下：</p></li></ul><p><img src="'+s+'" alt="image-20240115214505877" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>上述的组成部分共同构成了一个完整的 Linux 操作系统，为用户提供了丰富的功能和灵活性。</li></ul><h2 id="_1-4-linux-发行版本-⭐" tabindex="-1">1.4 Linux 发行版本（⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-linux-发行版本-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4 Linux 发行版本（⭐）&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>Linux <code>发行版本</code>就是：<code>Linux 内核</code> + <code>命令解释器</code> + <code>应用程序（桌面）</code>。</li><li>主流的 Linux 发行版本如下：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>Linux 系统类别</th><th>Linux 系统</th><th>备注</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Debian 系列</td><td><code>Debian</code></td><td>更新频率较低，较为稳定和安全，可以用于企业生产环境。</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>Ubuntu</code></td><td>桌面美观，使用方便，开发使用。有桌面版和企业版本（服务器版本）。</td></tr><tr><td>Redhat 系列</td><td>RedHat Enterprise Linux（<code>RHEL</code>）</td><td>红帽企业版本</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>CentOS</td><td>基于 Red Hat Enterprise Linux（RHEL）源代码构建的免费开源操作系统。它提供了企业级的稳定性和安全性，广泛用于服务器环境。</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Fedora</td><td>Fedora 是由 Red Hat 赞助的社区驱动的 Linux 发行版，注重最新的软件和技术。它提供了一个先进的桌面环境和开发者工具。</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>Rocky Linux</code></td><td>用来替代 CentOS 系统的，也是基于 Red Hat Enterprise Linux（RHEL）源代码构建的免费开源操作系统。</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>Alma Linux</code></td><td>用来替代 CentOS 系统的，也是基于 Red Hat Enterprise Linux（RHEL）源代码构建的免费开源操作系统。</td></tr><tr><td>其它系列</td><td>SUSE、OpenSUSE</td><td>OpenSUSE 是一个用户友好且功能强大的 Linux 发行版，具有稳定性和灵活性。它提供了多种桌面环境和服务器选项。</td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li>当然，除了以上几个主流的 Linux 发行版，还有许多其他的发行版，如：Arch Linux、Gentoo、Mageia 等，它们各自有着不同的特点和适用场景。</li><li>选择适合自己需求的发行版是根据个人或组织的需求和偏好来决定的。</li></ul><h2 id="_1-5-linux-版本选择-⭐" tabindex="-1">1.5 Linux 版本选择（⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-5-linux-版本选择-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.5 Linux 版本选择（⭐）&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>推荐选择 <code>LTS 版</code>或<code>稳定版</code>。</li></ul><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><ul><li>LTS 是 <code>&quot;Long-Term Support&quot;</code> 的缩写，意为长期支持。在软件开发领域，LTS 通常用来描述某个版本或发行版的长期支持周期。</li><li>对于 Linux 发行版或其他软件，LTS 版本通常会提供更长时间的支持和维护，以确保稳定性和安全性。这意味着在 LTS 版本的支持周期内，开发者会持续提供安全补丁、错误修复和其他重要更新，以保持系统的稳定性和可靠性。</li><li>LTS 版本通常适用于企业和组织等需要长期稳定性和可靠性的环境。相比于非 LTS 版本，LTS 版本的更新频率较低，更注重于提供长期支持和维护。</li></ul></div><ul><li>本次选择：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>系统版本</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://cn.ubuntu.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Ubuntu</a></td><td>LTS 18.04 、LTS 20.04 等</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://almalinux.org/zh-hans/get-almalinux/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">AlmaLinux</a></td><td>9.1、9.2、9.3 等</td></tr></tbody></table><h1 id="第二章-工作和学习环境部署-⭐" tabindex="-1">第二章：工作和学习环境部署（⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#第二章-工作和学习环境部署-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第二章：工作和学习环境部署（⭐）&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_2-1-服务器" tabindex="-1">2.1 服务器 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-1-服务器" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.1 服务器&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li><code>服务器</code>是一种专门用于提供服务的计算机系统。它通常具有更高的性能、可靠性和稳定性，以满足处理大量请求和提供持续服务的需求。</li><li><code>服务器</code>的主要功能是接收来自客户端的请求，并提供相应的服务或资源。这些服务可以包括：网站托管、数据库管理、文件存储、电子邮件、应用程序运行等。服务器通过网络与客户端进行通信，处理请求并返回相应的数据或结果。</li><li><code>服务器</code>通常采用高性能的硬件配置，如:多核处理器、大容量内存、高速存储设备等，以确保能够处理大量的并发请求。它们还通常具有冗余的设计，包括冗余电源、冗余网络连接和冗余存储等，以提高可靠性和可用性。</li><li><code>服务器</code>可以是物理服务器，即实际的硬件设备，也可以是虚拟服务器，即在物理服务器上通过虚拟化技术创建的虚拟机。无论是物理服务器还是虚拟服务器，它们都扮演着提供服务和资源的角色。</li><li>在企业和组织中，<code>服务器</code>通常由专门的 IT 团队进行管理和维护。他们负责服务器的配置、安全性、性能优化、备份和恢复等工作，以确保服务器的稳定运行和数据的安全性。</li></ul><div class="tip custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">TIP</p><p></p><p>实际工作的时候，<code>Linux</code> 系统会运行在<code>服务器</code>上。</p></div><h2 id="_2-2-虚拟机概述" tabindex="-1">2.2 虚拟机概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-2-虚拟机概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.2 虚拟机概述&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>虚拟机（Virtual Machine，简称 VM）是一种软件实现的<code>计算机系统</code>，它在物理计算机上<code>模拟</code>出一个<code>完整的计算环境</code>。虚拟机可以在同一台物理计算机上同时运行多个独立的操作系统和应用程序。</li></ul><p><img src="'+e+'" alt="2" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>虚拟机的工作原理是通过<code>虚拟化技术</code>将物理计算机的硬件资源（如：处理器、内存、存储等）进行抽象和分配，为每个虚拟机提供一部分资源。每个虚拟机都被视为一个独立的计算机系统，可以运行自己的操作系统和应用程序。</li><li>虚拟机的优势在于它可以提供<code>隔离性</code>和<code>灵活性</code>。通过虚拟机，可以在同一台物理计算机上同时运行多个操作系统，实现资源的共享和最大化利用。同时，虚拟机还可以提供快速部署、快速备份和恢复等功能，方便管理和维护。</li><li>常见的虚拟机软件，包括：<code>VMware</code>、VirtualBox、KVM 等。它们提供了虚拟化平台和管理工具，使用户可以轻松创建、配置和管理虚拟机。虚拟机广泛应用于开发和测试环境、服务器虚拟化、云计算等领域。</li></ul><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><p><code>虚拟机软件</code>和<code>虚拟机</code>的概念不同：</p><ul><li>① <code>虚拟机软件</code>是用来模拟硬件一个<code>软件</code>，如：VMware 等。</li><li>② 而<code>虚拟机</code>是通过虚拟机软件模拟出来的<code>计算机硬件</code>，其实是文件的集合，相当于一台没有安装 Windows 操作系统的<code>裸机</code>。</li><li>③ 在现实交谈的时候，我们有时候会模糊<code>虚拟机软件</code>和<code>虚拟机</code>的概念，甚至会使用<code>虚拟机</code>来代替<code>虚拟机软件</code>；此时，就需要根据<code>上下文环境（语境）</code>来判断到底说的是<code>虚拟机软件</code>还是<code>虚拟机</code>了。</li></ul></div><h2 id="_2-3-安装虚拟机软件" tabindex="-1">2.3 安装虚拟机软件 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-安装虚拟机软件" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3 安装虚拟机软件&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_2-3-1-前提条件" tabindex="-1">2.3.1 前提条件 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-1-前提条件" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3.1 前提条件&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>需要在 BIOS 中开启<code>虚拟化</code>功能。</li></ul><p><img src="'+o+'" alt="image-20240117085245337" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_2-3-2-安装步骤" tabindex="-1">2.3.2 安装步骤 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-2-安装步骤" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3.2 安装步骤&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>① 双击打开 VMware 安装程序 。</li></ul><p><img src="'+c+'" alt="双击打开VMware安装程序.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>② 进行下一步安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+n+'" alt="VMware进行下一步安装.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>③ 同意许可协议，单击下一步：</li></ul><p><img src="'+d+'" alt="VMware同意许可协议，单击下一步.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>④ 根据需要决定是否需要更改软件的安装位置（建议放置于除 C 盘以外任意盘符下）：</li></ul><p><img src="'+r+'" alt="VMware更改安装位置.png" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+p+'" alt="VMware更改安装位置成功.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑤ 更改成功后，单击确定，下一步继续安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+u+'" alt="VMware更改成功后，单击确定，下一步继续安装.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑥ 用户体验设置，如下图所示，单击下一步继续安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+g+'" alt="VMware用户体验设置，如下图所示，单击下一步继续安装.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑦ 快捷方式设置，单击下一步继续安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+m+'" alt="VMware快捷方式设置，单击下一步继续安装.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑧ 单击安装按钮：</li></ul><p><img src="'+_+'" alt="VMware单击安装按钮.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑨ VMware 输入许可证：</li></ul><p><img src="'+h+'" alt="VMware单击许可证.png" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+x+'" alt="VMware输入许可证.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑩ 安装结束后，单击完成按钮：</li></ul><p><img src="'+b+'" alt="VMware安装结束后，单击完成按钮.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑪ 检查虚拟机软件是否安装了虚拟网卡：</li></ul><p><img src="'+y+'" alt="查看VMware安装的虚拟网卡.png" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+L+'" alt="查看VMware安装的虚拟网卡1.png" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+z+'" alt="查看VMware安装的虚拟网卡2.png" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_2-3-2-配置网络" tabindex="-1">2.3.2 配置网络 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-2-配置网络" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3.2 配置网络&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>① 打开 VMware 虚拟机软件：</li></ul><p><img src="'+f+'" alt="image-20240116202917529" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>② 编辑 → 虚拟网络编辑器：</li></ul><p><img src="'+q+'" alt="image-20240116202955131" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>③ Vmnet8 → 更改设置：</li></ul><p><img src="'+k+'" alt="image-20240116203207282" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>④ 更改子网 IP 地址为 ：<code>192.168.10.0</code> ，其目的是为了将 IP 固定。</li></ul><p><img src="'+V+'" alt="image-20240116203357894" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑤ DHCP 设置：</li></ul><p><img src="'+S+'" alt="image-20240116203529749" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+B+'" alt="image-20240116203627959" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑤ 通过 <code>cmd</code> ，输入 <code>ipconfig</code> 命令，查看是否配置成功：</li></ul><p><img src="'+C+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h2 id="_2-4-创建虚拟机" tabindex="-1">2.4 创建虚拟机 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-4-创建虚拟机" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.4 创建虚拟机&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_2-4-1-概述" tabindex="-1">2.4.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-4-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.4.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>创建虚拟机，本质上就类似购买一台没有安装操作系统的<code>裸机</code>。</li></ul><h3 id="_2-4-2-创建虚拟机" tabindex="-1">2.4.2 创建虚拟机 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-4-2-创建虚拟机" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.4.2 创建虚拟机&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>① 文件 → 新建虚拟机：</li></ul><p><img src="'+P+'" alt="image-20240117090352182" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>② 选择<code>自定义</code>类型的配置：</li></ul><p><img src="'+D+'" alt="image-20240117090443216" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>③ 虚拟机硬件兼容性：下一步即可。</li></ul><p><img src="'+w+'" alt="image-20240117090529266" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>④ 选择<code>稍后安装操作系统</code>：</li></ul><p><img src="'+T+'" alt="image-20240117090636337" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑤ 选择虚拟机将安装的操作系统：</li></ul><p><img src="'+I+'" alt="image-20240117090805295" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑥ 设置虚拟机的<code>名称</code>和<code>安装位置</code>：</li></ul><p><img src="'+v+'" alt="image-20240117090944676" loading="lazy"></p><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><p>一个虚拟机一个安装目录（文件夹），防止引起文件的冲突。</p></div><ul><li>⑦ 虚拟机中处理器的配置：下一步即可。</li></ul><p><img src="'+M+'" alt="image-20240117091051284" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑧ 设置虚拟机的<code>内存</code>：至少 2048 MB以上。</li></ul><p><img src="'+E+'" alt="image-20240117091202131" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑨ 设置虚拟机的<code>网络类型</code>：下一步即可。</li></ul><p><img src="'+N+'" alt="image-20240117091257738" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑩ 设置 I/O 控制器类型：下一步即可。</li></ul><p><img src="'+R+'" alt="image-20240117091402913" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑪ 选择磁盘类型：下一步即可。</li></ul><p><img src="'+A+'" alt="image-20240117091540264" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑫ 选择磁盘：下一步即可。</li></ul><p><img src="'+H+'" alt="image-20240117091640870" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑬ 选择磁盘容量：调整为 40 GB。</li></ul><p><img src="'+U+'" alt="image-20240117091832846" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑭ 指定磁盘文件：下一步即可。</li></ul><p><img src="'+O+'" alt="image-20240117091907233" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑮ 创建虚拟机完毕：</li></ul><p><img src="'+G+'" alt="image-20240117092013264" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑯ 查看是否创建虚拟机成功：</li></ul><p><img src="'+W+'" alt="image-20240117092101810" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_2-4-3-虚拟机归类-分类" tabindex="-1">2.4.3 虚拟机归类（分类） <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-4-3-虚拟机归类-分类" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.4.3 虚拟机归类（分类）&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>实际情况下，我们可能会创建很多<code>虚拟机</code>，VMware 提供了<code>文件夹</code>的功能来管理虚拟机；其步骤如下所示：</li><li>① 鼠标右键 → 创建文件夹：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Q+'" alt="image-20240117092324545" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>② 修改文件夹的名称：</li></ul><p><img src="'+X+'" alt="image-20240117092600931" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+j+'" alt="image-20240117092643086" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+F+'" alt="image-20240117092720769" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>③ 将刚才创建的虚拟机<code>拖</code>到该文件夹下：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Y+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_2-4-4-设置-cd-dvd" tabindex="-1">2.4.4 设置 CD/DVD <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-4-4-设置-cd-dvd" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.4.4 设置 CD/DVD&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>以前，我们在一台裸机上安装操作系统的时候，需要通过 DVD 或 U 盘将操作系统的 ISO 镜像文件，安装到裸机上；</li><li>同理，在使用虚拟机软件的时候，也需要此类步骤；其步骤如下：</li><li>① 编辑虚拟机设置：</li></ul><p><img src="'+J+'" alt="image-20240117093143947" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>② 选择硬盘上的 ISO 镜像文件：</li></ul><p><img src="'+K+'" alt="image-20240117093354461" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>③ 查看是否配置成功：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Z+'" alt="image-20240117093435976" loading="lazy"></p><h2 id="_2-5-安装-linux" tabindex="-1">2.5 安装 Linux <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-5-安装-linux" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.5 安装 Linux&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>① <code>开启此虚拟机</code>：</li></ul><p><img src="'+$+'" alt="image-20240117093516070" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>② <code>鼠标点击</code>进去之后，通过键盘上的<code>方向键</code>来选择：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ll+'" alt="image-20240117093610205" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>注意⚠️：键盘上的<code>方向键</code>在这里</li></ul><p><img src="'+il+'" alt="image-20240117093918602" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>③ 设置操作系统的<code>语言</code>环境为<code>中文</code>：</li></ul><p><img src="'+al+'" alt="image-20240117094530342" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>④ 设置系统<code>安装目的地</code>：</li></ul><p><img src="'+tl+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑤ 设置<code>软件选择</code>：默认即可</li></ul><p><img src="'+sl+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑥ 设置 root 的密码：<code>123456</code>即可</li></ul><p><img src="'+el+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><p>学习阶段无所谓设置什么密码，但是生产环境，必须复杂并且经常更换！！！</p></div><ul><li>⑦ 配置<code>网络和主机名</code>：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ol+'" alt="image-20240224223931266" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+cl+'" alt="image-20240224224038036" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+nl+'" alt="image-20240224224138061" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+dl+'" alt="image-20240224224209724" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+rl+'" alt="image-20240224224245924" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+pl+'" alt="image-20240224224344051" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑧ 查看<code>配置网络和主机名</code>是否成功：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ul+'" alt="image-20240224224420273" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑨ 点击<code>开始安装</code>：漫长的等待……</li></ul><p><img src="'+gl+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑩ 安装完成之后，会提示<code>重启系统</code>，那就重启吧：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ml+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h2 id="_2-6-远程连接-linux" tabindex="-1">2.6 远程连接 Linux <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-6-远程连接-linux" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.6 远程连接 Linux&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_2-6-1-查看-linux-的-ip-地址" tabindex="-1">2.6.1 查看 Linux 的 IP 地址 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-6-1-查看-linux-的-ip-地址" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.6.1 查看 Linux 的 IP 地址&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>通过 <code>ifconfig</code> 命令来查看 Linux 的 IP 地址：</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">ifconfig</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="'+_l+'" alt="image-20240117101543732" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_2-6-2-远程连接-linux" tabindex="-1">2.6.2 远程连接 Linux <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-6-2-远程连接-linux" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.6.2 远程连接 Linux&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>可以通过 xshell 之类的远程连接工具来连接 Linux ，其步骤如下：</li><li>① 新建会话：</li></ul><p><img src="'+hl+'" alt="image-20240117101749340" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>② 输入 Linux 的 IP 地址：</li></ul><p><img src="'+xl+'" alt="image-20240117101906927" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>③ 输入用户名和密码：</li></ul><p><img src="'+bl+'" alt="image-20240117102005340" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>④ 接收和保存远程 Linux 的密钥：</li></ul><p><img src="'+yl+'" alt="image-20240117102123845" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑤ 查看是否登录成功：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Ll+'" alt="image-20240117102159684" loading="lazy"></p>',170),ql=[fl];function kl(Vl,Sl,Bl,Cl,Pl,Dl){return a(),i("div",null,ql)}const Il=l(zl,[["render",kl]]);export{Tl as __pageData,Il as default}; import{_ as l,c as i,o as a,a6 as t}from"./chunks/framework.hMCIpNYY.js";const 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id="第一章-linux" tabindex="-1">第一章：Linux <a class="header-anchor" href="#第一章-linux" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第一章：Linux&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_1-1-linux-概述" tabindex="-1">1.1 Linux 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-linux-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.1 Linux 概述&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>Linux 是一种开源的操作系统，最初由芬兰的林纳斯·托瓦兹（Linus Torvalds）开发。它基于 UNIX 操作系统，并且具有高度的可定制性和灵活性。Linux 操作系统被广泛应用于<code>服务器</code>、嵌入式系统和个人计算机等领域。</li><li>它具有稳定性、安全性和可靠性，并且支持多用户、多任务和多线程。Linux 拥有众多的发行版，如：Ubuntu、Red Hat、Debian 等，每个发行版都有自己的特点和优势。</li><li>由于其开源性质，Linux 操作系统受到了全球开发者的广泛支持和贡献，成为了计算机行业中的重要组成部分。</li></ul><h2 id="_1-2-linux-的发展史" tabindex="-1">1.2 Linux 的发展史 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-linux-的发展史" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.2 Linux 的发展史&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li><p>Linux 的发展历史可以分为以下几个阶段：</p><ul><li>① 初始阶段（1991 - 1994 年）：林纳斯·托瓦兹在 1991 年发布了 Linux 内核的第一个版本，并将其开源。在接下来的几年里，Linux 逐渐吸引了一些开发者的关注和参与，开始逐步完善和扩展功能。</li><li>② 发展阶段（1995 - 2000 年）：在这个阶段，Linux 开始受到更多人的关注和认可。许多开发者和公司开始为 Linux 开发应用程序和驱动程序，为其增加更多的功能和兼容性。同时，一些发行版如：Red Hat、Debian 等也开始出现，为用户提供了更方便的安装和使用方式。</li><li>③ 商业化阶段（2001 - 至今）：随着 Linux 的成熟和广泛应用，越来越多的公司开始将 Linux 作为服务器和嵌入式设备的操作系统。一些大型科技公司，如：IBM、Oracle 等也开始投入大量资源支持 Linux 的发展。同时，一些商业化的 Linux 发行版，如：SUSE、Ubuntu 等也崭露头角，为企业和个人用户提供了更专业的支持和服务。</li><li>④ 社区发展阶段：Linux 的发展一直依赖于全球开发者社区的贡献和支持。Linux 社区不断壮大，吸引了众多的开发者和爱好者参与其中。通过社区的力量，Linux 不断更新迭代，推出了许多新的版本和功能。</li></ul></li><li><p>总的来说，Linux 的发展历程是一个由个人项目逐渐发展为全球开源社区支持的过程。它的成功得益于开源模式的优势，以及全球开发者的共同努力和贡献。</p></li></ul><h2 id="_1-3-linux-的组成-⭐" tabindex="-1">1.3 Linux 的组成（⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-3-linux-的组成-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.3 Linux 的组成（⭐）&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li><p>Linux 主要由以下几个组成部分构成：</p><ul><li>① <code>Linux 内核</code>：Linux 内核是整个操作系统的核心，负责管理硬件设备、内存管理、进程调度等核心功能。它是由林纳斯·托瓦兹及其他开发者编写和维护的。</li><li>② <code>Shell 解释器</code>：Shell 解释器是用户与操作系统交互的接口，它接收用户输入的命令并将其解释执行。常见的 Shell 解释器有 Bash、Zsh 等，它们提供了命令行界面和脚本编程功能。</li><li>③ <code>外围的应用程序</code>：命令、应用程序、图形化界面……</li></ul></li><li><p>其图示如下：</p></li></ul><p><img src="'+s+'" alt="image-20240115214505877" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>上述的组成部分共同构成了一个完整的 Linux 操作系统，为用户提供了丰富的功能和灵活性。</li></ul><h2 id="_1-4-linux-发行版本-⭐" tabindex="-1">1.4 Linux 发行版本（⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-linux-发行版本-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.4 Linux 发行版本（⭐）&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>Linux <code>发行版本</code>就是：<code>Linux 内核</code> + <code>命令解释器</code> + <code>应用程序（桌面）</code>。</li><li>主流的 Linux 发行版本如下：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>Linux 系统类别</th><th>Linux 系统</th><th>备注</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Debian 系列</td><td><code>Debian</code></td><td>更新频率较低，较为稳定和安全，可以用于企业生产环境。</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>Ubuntu</code></td><td>桌面美观，使用方便，开发使用。有桌面版和企业版本（服务器版本）。</td></tr><tr><td>Redhat 系列</td><td>RedHat Enterprise Linux（<code>RHEL</code>）</td><td>红帽企业版本</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>CentOS</td><td>基于 Red Hat Enterprise Linux（RHEL）源代码构建的免费开源操作系统。它提供了企业级的稳定性和安全性，广泛用于服务器环境。</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Fedora</td><td>Fedora 是由 Red Hat 赞助的社区驱动的 Linux 发行版，注重最新的软件和技术。它提供了一个先进的桌面环境和开发者工具。</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>Rocky Linux</code></td><td>用来替代 CentOS 系统的，也是基于 Red Hat Enterprise Linux（RHEL）源代码构建的免费开源操作系统。</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>Alma Linux</code></td><td>用来替代 CentOS 系统的，也是基于 Red Hat Enterprise Linux（RHEL）源代码构建的免费开源操作系统。</td></tr><tr><td>其它系列</td><td>SUSE、OpenSUSE</td><td>OpenSUSE 是一个用户友好且功能强大的 Linux 发行版，具有稳定性和灵活性。它提供了多种桌面环境和服务器选项。</td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li>当然，除了以上几个主流的 Linux 发行版，还有许多其他的发行版，如：Arch Linux、Gentoo、Mageia 等，它们各自有着不同的特点和适用场景。</li><li>选择适合自己需求的发行版是根据个人或组织的需求和偏好来决定的。</li></ul><h2 id="_1-5-linux-版本选择-⭐" tabindex="-1">1.5 Linux 版本选择（⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-5-linux-版本选择-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;1.5 Linux 版本选择（⭐）&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>推荐选择 <code>LTS 版</code>或<code>稳定版</code>。</li></ul><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><ul><li>LTS 是 <code>&quot;Long-Term Support&quot;</code> 的缩写，意为长期支持。在软件开发领域，LTS 通常用来描述某个版本或发行版的长期支持周期。</li><li>对于 Linux 发行版或其他软件，LTS 版本通常会提供更长时间的支持和维护，以确保稳定性和安全性。这意味着在 LTS 版本的支持周期内，开发者会持续提供安全补丁、错误修复和其他重要更新，以保持系统的稳定性和可靠性。</li><li>LTS 版本通常适用于企业和组织等需要长期稳定性和可靠性的环境。相比于非 LTS 版本，LTS 版本的更新频率较低，更注重于提供长期支持和维护。</li></ul></div><ul><li>本次选择：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th>系统版本</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://cn.ubuntu.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Ubuntu</a></td><td>LTS 18.04 、LTS 20.04 等</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://almalinux.org/zh-hans/get-almalinux/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">AlmaLinux</a></td><td>9.1、9.2、9.3 等</td></tr></tbody></table><h1 id="第二章-工作和学习环境部署-⭐" tabindex="-1">第二章：工作和学习环境部署（⭐） <a class="header-anchor" href="#第二章-工作和学习环境部署-⭐" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第二章：工作和学习环境部署（⭐）&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_2-1-服务器" tabindex="-1">2.1 服务器 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-1-服务器" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.1 服务器&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li><code>服务器</code>是一种专门用于提供服务的计算机系统。它通常具有更高的性能、可靠性和稳定性，以满足处理大量请求和提供持续服务的需求。</li><li><code>服务器</code>的主要功能是接收来自客户端的请求，并提供相应的服务或资源。这些服务可以包括：网站托管、数据库管理、文件存储、电子邮件、应用程序运行等。服务器通过网络与客户端进行通信，处理请求并返回相应的数据或结果。</li><li><code>服务器</code>通常采用高性能的硬件配置，如:多核处理器、大容量内存、高速存储设备等，以确保能够处理大量的并发请求。它们还通常具有冗余的设计，包括冗余电源、冗余网络连接和冗余存储等，以提高可靠性和可用性。</li><li><code>服务器</code>可以是物理服务器，即实际的硬件设备，也可以是虚拟服务器，即在物理服务器上通过虚拟化技术创建的虚拟机。无论是物理服务器还是虚拟服务器，它们都扮演着提供服务和资源的角色。</li><li>在企业和组织中，<code>服务器</code>通常由专门的 IT 团队进行管理和维护。他们负责服务器的配置、安全性、性能优化、备份和恢复等工作，以确保服务器的稳定运行和数据的安全性。</li></ul><div class="tip custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">TIP</p><p></p><p>实际工作的时候，<code>Linux</code> 系统会运行在<code>服务器</code>上。</p></div><h2 id="_2-2-虚拟机概述" tabindex="-1">2.2 虚拟机概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-2-虚拟机概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.2 虚拟机概述&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>虚拟机（Virtual Machine，简称 VM）是一种软件实现的<code>计算机系统</code>，它在物理计算机上<code>模拟</code>出一个<code>完整的计算环境</code>。虚拟机可以在同一台物理计算机上同时运行多个独立的操作系统和应用程序。</li></ul><p><img src="'+e+'" alt="2" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>虚拟机的工作原理是通过<code>虚拟化技术</code>将物理计算机的硬件资源（如：处理器、内存、存储等）进行抽象和分配，为每个虚拟机提供一部分资源。每个虚拟机都被视为一个独立的计算机系统，可以运行自己的操作系统和应用程序。</li><li>虚拟机的优势在于它可以提供<code>隔离性</code>和<code>灵活性</code>。通过虚拟机，可以在同一台物理计算机上同时运行多个操作系统，实现资源的共享和最大化利用。同时，虚拟机还可以提供快速部署、快速备份和恢复等功能，方便管理和维护。</li><li>常见的虚拟机软件，包括：<code>VMware</code>、VirtualBox、KVM 等。它们提供了虚拟化平台和管理工具，使用户可以轻松创建、配置和管理虚拟机。虚拟机广泛应用于开发和测试环境、服务器虚拟化、云计算等领域。</li></ul><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><p><code>虚拟机软件</code>和<code>虚拟机</code>的概念不同：</p><ul><li>① <code>虚拟机软件</code>是用来模拟硬件一个<code>软件</code>，如：VMware 等。</li><li>② 而<code>虚拟机</code>是通过虚拟机软件模拟出来的<code>计算机硬件</code>，其实是文件的集合，相当于一台没有安装 Windows 操作系统的<code>裸机</code>。</li><li>③ 在现实交谈的时候，我们有时候会模糊<code>虚拟机软件</code>和<code>虚拟机</code>的概念，甚至会使用<code>虚拟机</code>来代替<code>虚拟机软件</code>；此时，就需要根据<code>上下文环境（语境）</code>来判断到底说的是<code>虚拟机软件</code>还是<code>虚拟机</code>了。</li></ul></div><h2 id="_2-3-安装虚拟机软件" tabindex="-1">2.3 安装虚拟机软件 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-安装虚拟机软件" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3 安装虚拟机软件&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_2-3-1-前提条件" tabindex="-1">2.3.1 前提条件 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-1-前提条件" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3.1 前提条件&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>需要在 BIOS 中开启<code>虚拟化</code>功能。</li></ul><p><img src="'+o+'" alt="image-20240117085245337" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_2-3-2-安装步骤" tabindex="-1">2.3.2 安装步骤 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-2-安装步骤" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3.2 安装步骤&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>① 双击打开 VMware 安装程序 。</li></ul><p><img src="'+c+'" alt="双击打开VMware安装程序.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>② 进行下一步安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+n+'" alt="VMware进行下一步安装.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>③ 同意许可协议，单击下一步：</li></ul><p><img src="'+d+'" alt="VMware同意许可协议，单击下一步.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>④ 根据需要决定是否需要更改软件的安装位置（建议放置于除 C 盘以外任意盘符下）：</li></ul><p><img src="'+r+'" alt="VMware更改安装位置.png" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+p+'" alt="VMware更改安装位置成功.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑤ 更改成功后，单击确定，下一步继续安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+u+'" alt="VMware更改成功后，单击确定，下一步继续安装.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑥ 用户体验设置，如下图所示，单击下一步继续安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+g+'" alt="VMware用户体验设置，如下图所示，单击下一步继续安装.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑦ 快捷方式设置，单击下一步继续安装：</li></ul><p><img src="'+m+'" alt="VMware快捷方式设置，单击下一步继续安装.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑧ 单击安装按钮：</li></ul><p><img src="'+_+'" alt="VMware单击安装按钮.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑨ VMware 输入许可证：</li></ul><p><img src="'+h+'" alt="VMware单击许可证.png" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+x+'" alt="VMware输入许可证.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑩ 安装结束后，单击完成按钮：</li></ul><p><img src="'+b+'" alt="VMware安装结束后，单击完成按钮.png" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑪ 检查虚拟机软件是否安装了虚拟网卡：</li></ul><p><img src="'+y+'" alt="查看VMware安装的虚拟网卡.png" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+L+'" alt="查看VMware安装的虚拟网卡1.png" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+z+'" alt="查看VMware安装的虚拟网卡2.png" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_2-3-2-配置网络" tabindex="-1">2.3.2 配置网络 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-2-配置网络" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.3.2 配置网络&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>① 打开 VMware 虚拟机软件：</li></ul><p><img src="'+f+'" alt="image-20240116202917529" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>② 编辑 → 虚拟网络编辑器：</li></ul><p><img src="'+q+'" alt="image-20240116202955131" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>③ Vmnet8 → 更改设置：</li></ul><p><img src="'+k+'" alt="image-20240116203207282" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>④ 更改子网 IP 地址为 ：<code>192.168.10.0</code> ，其目的是为了将 IP 固定。</li></ul><p><img src="'+V+'" alt="image-20240116203357894" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑤ DHCP 设置：</li></ul><p><img src="'+S+'" alt="image-20240116203529749" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+B+'" alt="image-20240116203627959" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑤ 通过 <code>cmd</code> ，输入 <code>ipconfig</code> 命令，查看是否配置成功：</li></ul><p><img src="'+C+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h2 id="_2-4-创建虚拟机" tabindex="-1">2.4 创建虚拟机 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-4-创建虚拟机" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.4 创建虚拟机&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_2-4-1-概述" tabindex="-1">2.4.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-4-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.4.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>创建虚拟机，本质上就类似购买一台没有安装操作系统的<code>裸机</code>。</li></ul><h3 id="_2-4-2-创建虚拟机" tabindex="-1">2.4.2 创建虚拟机 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-4-2-创建虚拟机" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.4.2 创建虚拟机&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>① 文件 → 新建虚拟机：</li></ul><p><img src="'+P+'" alt="image-20240117090352182" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>② 选择<code>自定义</code>类型的配置：</li></ul><p><img src="'+D+'" alt="image-20240117090443216" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>③ 虚拟机硬件兼容性：下一步即可。</li></ul><p><img src="'+w+'" alt="image-20240117090529266" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>④ 选择<code>稍后安装操作系统</code>：</li></ul><p><img src="'+T+'" alt="image-20240117090636337" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑤ 选择虚拟机将安装的操作系统：</li></ul><p><img src="'+I+'" alt="image-20240117090805295" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑥ 设置虚拟机的<code>名称</code>和<code>安装位置</code>：</li></ul><p><img src="'+v+'" alt="image-20240117090944676" loading="lazy"></p><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><p>一个虚拟机一个安装目录（文件夹），防止引起文件的冲突。</p></div><ul><li>⑦ 虚拟机中处理器的配置：下一步即可。</li></ul><p><img src="'+M+'" alt="image-20240117091051284" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑧ 设置虚拟机的<code>内存</code>：至少 2048 MB以上。</li></ul><p><img src="'+E+'" alt="image-20240117091202131" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑨ 设置虚拟机的<code>网络类型</code>：下一步即可。</li></ul><p><img src="'+N+'" alt="image-20240117091257738" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑩ 设置 I/O 控制器类型：下一步即可。</li></ul><p><img src="'+R+'" alt="image-20240117091402913" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑪ 选择磁盘类型：下一步即可。</li></ul><p><img src="'+A+'" alt="image-20240117091540264" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑫ 选择磁盘：下一步即可。</li></ul><p><img src="'+H+'" alt="image-20240117091640870" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑬ 选择磁盘容量：调整为 40 GB。</li></ul><p><img src="'+U+'" alt="image-20240117091832846" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑭ 指定磁盘文件：下一步即可。</li></ul><p><img src="'+O+'" alt="image-20240117091907233" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑮ 创建虚拟机完毕：</li></ul><p><img src="'+G+'" alt="image-20240117092013264" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑯ 查看是否创建虚拟机成功：</li></ul><p><img src="'+W+'" alt="image-20240117092101810" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_2-4-3-虚拟机归类-分类" tabindex="-1">2.4.3 虚拟机归类（分类） <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-4-3-虚拟机归类-分类" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.4.3 虚拟机归类（分类）&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>实际情况下，我们可能会创建很多<code>虚拟机</code>，VMware 提供了<code>文件夹</code>的功能来管理虚拟机；其步骤如下所示：</li><li>① 鼠标右键 → 创建文件夹：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Q+'" alt="image-20240117092324545" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>② 修改文件夹的名称：</li></ul><p><img src="'+X+'" alt="image-20240117092600931" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+j+'" alt="image-20240117092643086" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+F+'" alt="image-20240117092720769" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>③ 将刚才创建的虚拟机<code>拖</code>到该文件夹下：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Y+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_2-4-4-设置-cd-dvd" tabindex="-1">2.4.4 设置 CD/DVD <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-4-4-设置-cd-dvd" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.4.4 设置 CD/DVD&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>以前，我们在一台裸机上安装操作系统的时候，需要通过 DVD 或 U 盘将操作系统的 ISO 镜像文件，安装到裸机上；</li><li>同理，在使用虚拟机软件的时候，也需要此类步骤；其步骤如下：</li><li>① 编辑虚拟机设置：</li></ul><p><img src="'+J+'" alt="image-20240117093143947" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>② 选择硬盘上的 ISO 镜像文件：</li></ul><p><img src="'+K+'" alt="image-20240117093354461" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>③ 查看是否配置成功：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Z+'" alt="image-20240117093435976" loading="lazy"></p><h2 id="_2-5-安装-linux" tabindex="-1">2.5 安装 Linux <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-5-安装-linux" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.5 安装 Linux&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>① <code>开启此虚拟机</code>：</li></ul><p><img src="'+$+'" alt="image-20240117093516070" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>② <code>鼠标点击</code>进去之后，通过键盘上的<code>方向键</code>来选择：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ll+'" alt="image-20240117093610205" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>注意⚠️：键盘上的<code>方向键</code>在这里</li></ul><p><img src="'+il+'" alt="image-20240117093918602" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>③ 设置操作系统的<code>语言</code>环境为<code>中文</code>：</li></ul><p><img src="'+al+'" alt="image-20240117094530342" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>④ 设置系统<code>安装目的地</code>：</li></ul><p><img src="'+tl+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑤ 设置<code>软件选择</code>：默认即可</li></ul><p><img src="'+sl+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑥ 设置 root 的密码：<code>123456</code>即可</li></ul><p><img src="'+el+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><p>学习阶段无所谓设置什么密码，但是生产环境，必须复杂并且经常更换！！！</p></div><ul><li>⑦ 配置<code>网络和主机名</code>：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ol+'" alt="image-20240224223931266" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+cl+'" alt="image-20240224224038036" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+nl+'" alt="image-20240224224138061" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+dl+'" alt="image-20240224224209724" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+rl+'" alt="image-20240224224245924" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="'+pl+'" alt="image-20240224224344051" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑧ 查看<code>配置网络和主机名</code>是否成功：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ul+'" alt="image-20240224224420273" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑨ 点击<code>开始安装</code>：漫长的等待……</li></ul><p><img src="'+gl+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑩ 安装完成之后，会提示<code>重启系统</code>，那就重启吧：</li></ul><p><img src="'+ml+'" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h2 id="_2-6-远程连接-linux" tabindex="-1">2.6 远程连接 Linux <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-6-远程连接-linux" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.6 远程连接 Linux&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_2-6-1-查看-linux-的-ip-地址" tabindex="-1">2.6.1 查看 Linux 的 IP 地址 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-6-1-查看-linux-的-ip-地址" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.6.1 查看 Linux 的 IP 地址&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>通过 <code>ifconfig</code> 命令来查看 Linux 的 IP 地址：</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">ifconfig</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="'+_l+'" alt="image-20240117101543732" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_2-6-2-远程连接-linux" tabindex="-1">2.6.2 远程连接 Linux <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-6-2-远程连接-linux" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.6.2 远程连接 Linux&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>可以通过 xshell 之类的远程连接工具来连接 Linux ，其步骤如下：</li><li>① 新建会话：</li></ul><p><img src="'+hl+'" alt="image-20240117101749340" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>② 输入 Linux 的 IP 地址：</li></ul><p><img src="'+xl+'" alt="image-20240117101906927" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>③ 输入用户名和密码：</li></ul><p><img src="'+bl+'" alt="image-20240117102005340" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>④ 接收和保存远程 Linux 的密钥：</li></ul><p><img src="'+yl+'" alt="image-20240117102123845" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>⑤ 查看是否登录成功：</li></ul><p><img src="'+Ll+'" alt="image-20240117102159684" loading="lazy"></p>',170),ql=[fl];function kl(Vl,Sl,Bl,Cl,Pl,Dl){return a(),i("div",null,ql)}const Il=l(zl,[["render",kl]]);export{Tl as __pageData,Il as default};

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src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Eclipse-2C2255?logo=Eclipse&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="Eclipse" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-WebStorm-000?logo=WebStorm&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="WebStorm" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-PyCharm-C0C0C0?logo=PyCharm&amp;logoColor=000" alt="PyCharm" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Android%20Studio-C0C0C0?logo=Android-Studio&amp;logoColor=3DDC84" alt="Android Studio" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-VSCode-C0C0C0?logo=Visual-Studio-Code&amp;logoColor=007ACC" alt="VSCode" style="display:inline-block;">  </p><h3 id="其他" tabindex="-1">其他 <a class="header-anchor" href="#其他" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;其他&quot;">​</a></h3><p><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Markdown-000?logo=Markdown&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="Markdown" style="display:inline-block;">  <img 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style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Redis-DC382D?logo=Redis&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="Redis" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-MongoDB-47A248?logo=MongoDB&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="MongoDB" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-RabbitMQ-FF6600?logo=RabbitMQ&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="RabbitMQ" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Solr-D9411E?logo=Apache-Solr&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="Solr" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-ElasticSearch-005571?logo=ElasticSearch&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="ElasticSearch" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Logstash-A9A9A9?logo=Logstash&amp;logoColor=005571" alt="Logstash" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Kibana-A9A9A9?logo=Kibana&amp;logoColor=005571" alt="Kibana" style="display:inline-block;">  <img 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src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Go-DCDCDC?logo=Go&amp;logoColor=00ADD8" alt="Go" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-GraphQL-FFF?logo=GraphQL&amp;logoColor=E10098" alt="GraphQL" style="display:inline-block;">  </p><h3 id="前端技术栈" tabindex="-1">前端技术栈 <a class="header-anchor" href="#前端技术栈" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;前端技术栈&quot;">​</a></h3><p><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Vue3-C0C0C0?logo=Vue.js&amp;logoColor=4FC08D" alt="Vue3" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-TypeScript-C0C0C0?logo=TypeScript&amp;logoColor=3178C6" alt="TypeScript" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Ant%20Design-C0C0C0?logo=Ant-Design&amp;logoColor=0170FE" alt="Ant Design" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Node.js-D3D3D3?logo=Node.js&amp;logoColor=339933" alt="Node.js" style="display:inline-block;">  <img 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<title>第一章：开发环境的安装和配置（⭐） | Hi，终于等到你</title> <title>第一章：开发环境的安装和配置（⭐） | Hi，终于等到你</title>
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<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --depth</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --depth</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 1</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --single-branch</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --branch=linux-msft-wsl-${</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">KERNEL_VERSION</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">}</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --single-branch</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --branch=linux-msft-wsl-${</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">KERNEL_VERSION</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">}</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> \</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> https://github.com/microsoft/WSL2-Linux-Kernel.git</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><p><img src="/c/assets/162.B1eB55rC.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>编译内核代码：</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">cd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> WSL2-Linux-Kernel</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">make</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -j</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> $(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nproc</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">KCONFIG_CONFIG=Microsoft/config-wsl</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="/c/assets/163.VIcU-hkN.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>编译 perf 工具：</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">cd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> tools/perf</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">make</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> clean</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &amp;&amp; </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">make</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="/c/assets/164.BM9viRZJ.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>复制到 PATH 变量所指向的路径中：</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">cp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> perf</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /usr/bin/</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="/c/assets/165.DpMBA1SK.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_8-4-3-整合" tabindex="-1">8.4.3 整合 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_8-4-3-整合" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;8.4.3 整合&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>CLion 中配置 perf 的路径：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/166.DgXuU6LF.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>在 CLion 中通过 perf 运行代码：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/167.Dnw73s2h.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h2 id="_8-5-win-中文乱码问题" tabindex="-1">8.5 Win 中文乱码问题 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_8-5-win-中文乱码问题" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;8.5 Win 中文乱码问题&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>前文，我们提及到，在 Win 中，如果出现<code>中文乱码</code>问题，就需要去<code>语言和区别</code>设置<code>系统区域</code>的编码为 UTF-8 ；但是，这样可能会造成其它的软件出现中文乱码问题，如：Xshell 等。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① 之所以，修改系统的编码为 UTF-8 会出现问题，是因为早期的 Win 系统的中文默认编码是 GBK（目前也是，Win 并没有强制第三方软件使用 UTF-8 编码） ，而 Xshell 等也使用的这些编码，一旦我们修改为 UTF-8 之后，可能会造成这些第三方软件出现中文乱码问题（第三方软件适配问题，相信将来应该都会切换为 UTF-8 编码），体验较差！！！</li><li>② 在 Linux 或 MacOS 之所以不会出现中文乱码的问题，是因为这些系统默认的编码就是 UTF-8 。</li></ul></div><ul><li>其实，还有一种解决方案，如下所示：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/168.SnFXRSaL.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="/c/assets/169.DnoEqOjV.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="/c/assets/170.BJBdn7pw.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>测试一下，是否配置成功：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/171.DXtQWYsM.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h2 id="_8-6-clion-中自动导入头文件" tabindex="-1">8.6 CLion 中自动导入头文件 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_8-6-clion-中自动导入头文件" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;8.6 CLion 中自动导入头文件&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>在 CLion 中，最为强大的功能就是直接输入函数，然后让 IDE 帮我们自动导入头文件，包括自定义的头文件，相当实用。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① CLion 中的<code>自动导入头文件</code>的<code>快捷键</code>是 <code>Alt + Enter</code> 。</li><li>② CLion 中的<code>自动提取变量的类型</code>的<code>快捷键</code>是 <code>Ctrl + Alt + V</code> 。</li></ul></div><p><img src="/c/assets/172.hcERTQkN.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>开启自动导入头文件的步骤，如下所示：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/173.CioraEUv.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="/c/assets/174.kWHWwnc_.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-e257564d><!----><div class="last-updated" data-v-e257564d><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-e257564d data-v-e98dd255>上次更新: <time datetime="2024-08-22T01:49:02.000Z" data-v-e98dd255></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>上一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>编程基础</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/02_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>下一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>变量和进制</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><footer class="VPFooter has-sidebar" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-e315a0ad><div class="container" data-v-e315a0ad><p class="message" data-v-e315a0ad>Released under the MIT License.</p><p class="copyright" data-v-e315a0ad>Copyright © 2024 许大仙</p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> https://github.com/microsoft/WSL2-Linux-Kernel.git</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><p><img src="/c/assets/162.B1eB55rC.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>编译内核代码：</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">cd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> WSL2-Linux-Kernel</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">make</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -j</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> $(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">nproc</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">) </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">KCONFIG_CONFIG=Microsoft/config-wsl</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="/c/assets/163.VIcU-hkN.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>编译 perf 工具：</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">cd</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> tools/perf</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">make</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> clean</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> &amp;&amp; </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">make</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="/c/assets/164.BM9viRZJ.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>复制到 PATH 变量所指向的路径中：</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">cp</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> perf</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> /usr/bin/</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="/c/assets/165.DpMBA1SK.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_8-4-3-整合" tabindex="-1">8.4.3 整合 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_8-4-3-整合" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;8.4.3 整合&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>CLion 中配置 perf 的路径：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/166.DgXuU6LF.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>在 CLion 中通过 perf 运行代码：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/167.Dnw73s2h.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h2 id="_8-5-win-中文乱码问题" tabindex="-1">8.5 Win 中文乱码问题 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_8-5-win-中文乱码问题" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;8.5 Win 中文乱码问题&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>前文，我们提及到，在 Win 中，如果出现<code>中文乱码</code>问题，就需要去<code>语言和区别</code>设置<code>系统区域</code>的编码为 UTF-8 ；但是，这样可能会造成其它的软件出现中文乱码问题，如：Xshell 等。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① 之所以，修改系统的编码为 UTF-8 会出现问题，是因为早期的 Win 系统的中文默认编码是 GBK（目前也是，Win 并没有强制第三方软件使用 UTF-8 编码） ，而 Xshell 等也使用的这些编码，一旦我们修改为 UTF-8 之后，可能会造成这些第三方软件出现中文乱码问题（第三方软件适配问题，相信将来应该都会切换为 UTF-8 编码），体验较差！！！</li><li>② 在 Linux 或 MacOS 之所以不会出现中文乱码的问题，是因为这些系统默认的编码就是 UTF-8 。</li></ul></div><ul><li>其实，还有一种解决方案，如下所示：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/168.SnFXRSaL.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="/c/assets/169.DnoEqOjV.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="/c/assets/170.BJBdn7pw.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>测试一下，是否配置成功：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/171.DXtQWYsM.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h2 id="_8-6-clion-中自动导入头文件" tabindex="-1">8.6 CLion 中自动导入头文件 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_8-6-clion-中自动导入头文件" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;8.6 CLion 中自动导入头文件&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>在 CLion 中，最为强大的功能就是直接输入函数，然后让 IDE 帮我们自动导入头文件，包括自定义的头文件，相当实用。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① CLion 中的<code>自动导入头文件</code>的<code>快捷键</code>是 <code>Alt + Enter</code> 。</li><li>② CLion 中的<code>自动提取变量的类型</code>的<code>快捷键</code>是 <code>Ctrl + Alt + V</code> 。</li></ul></div><p><img src="/c/assets/172.hcERTQkN.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>开启自动导入头文件的步骤，如下所示：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/173.CioraEUv.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="/c/assets/174.kWHWwnc_.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-e257564d><!----><div class="last-updated" data-v-e257564d><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-e257564d data-v-e98dd255>上次更新: <time datetime="2024-08-22T01:49:02.000Z" data-v-e98dd255></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>上一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>编程基础</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/02_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>下一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>变量和进制</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><footer class="VPFooter has-sidebar" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-e315a0ad><div class="container" data-v-e315a0ad><p class="message" data-v-e315a0ad>Released under the MIT License.</p><p class="copyright" data-v-e315a0ad>Copyright © 2024 许大仙</p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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<span class="line"></span> <span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">;</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br></div></div><ul><li>其实，C 语言的底层逻辑很简单，C 语言压根不关心你定义的是有符号数还是无符号数，它只关心内存（如果定义的是有符号数，那就按照有符号数的规则来存储；如果定义的是无符号数，那就按照无符号数的规则来存储）。换言之，有符号数可以按照无符号数的规则来输出，无符号数也可以按照有符号数的规则来输出，至于输出结果对不对，那是程序员的事情，和 C 语言没有任何关系。</li></ul><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① 实际开发中，<code>printf</code> 函数中的常量、变量或表达式，需要和格式占位符一一对应；否则，将会出现数据错误的现象。</li><li>② 正因为上述的原因，很多现代化的编程语言，如：Java 等，直接取消了无符号的概念。但是，很多数据库是使用 C 语言开发的，如：MySQL 等，就提供了创建数据表的字段为无符号类型的功能，即：<code>UNSIGNED</code>（正整数） ，不要感觉困惑！！！</li><li>③ 对于 <code>1000 0000 …… 0000 0000</code> 这个特殊的补码，无法按照上述的方法转换为原码，所以计算机直接规定这个补码对应的值就是 <code>-2³¹</code>，至于为什么，下节我们会详细分析。</li></ul></div></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-e257564d><!----><div class="last-updated" data-v-e257564d><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-e257564d data-v-e98dd255>上次更新: <time datetime="2024-08-23T03:29:18.000Z" data-v-e98dd255></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>上一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>C 语言入门</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/03_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>下一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>数据类型和运算符</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><footer class="VPFooter has-sidebar" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-e315a0ad><div class="container" data-v-e315a0ad><p class="message" data-v-e315a0ad>Released under the MIT License.</p><p class="copyright" data-v-e315a0ad>Copyright © 2024 许大仙</p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br></div></div><ul><li>其实，C 语言的底层逻辑很简单，C 语言压根不关心你定义的是有符号数还是无符号数，它只关心内存（如果定义的是有符号数，那就按照有符号数的规则来存储；如果定义的是无符号数，那就按照无符号数的规则来存储）。换言之，有符号数可以按照无符号数的规则来输出，无符号数也可以按照有符号数的规则来输出，至于输出结果对不对，那是程序员的事情，和 C 语言没有任何关系。</li></ul><div class="important custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">IMPORTANT</p><p></p><ul><li>① 实际开发中，<code>printf</code> 函数中的常量、变量或表达式，需要和格式占位符一一对应；否则，将会出现数据错误的现象。</li><li>② 正因为上述的原因，很多现代化的编程语言，如：Java 等，直接取消了无符号的概念。但是，很多数据库是使用 C 语言开发的，如：MySQL 等，就提供了创建数据表的字段为无符号类型的功能，即：<code>UNSIGNED</code>（正整数） ，不要感觉困惑！！！</li><li>③ 对于 <code>1000 0000 …… 0000 0000</code> 这个特殊的补码，无法按照上述的方法转换为原码，所以计算机直接规定这个补码对应的值就是 <code>-2³¹</code>，至于为什么，下节我们会详细分析。</li></ul></div></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-e257564d><!----><div class="last-updated" data-v-e257564d><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-e257564d data-v-e98dd255>上次更新: <time datetime="2024-08-23T03:29:18.000Z" data-v-e98dd255></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>上一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>C 语言入门</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/03_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>下一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>数据类型和运算符</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><footer class="VPFooter has-sidebar" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-e315a0ad><div class="container" data-v-e315a0ad><p class="message" data-v-e315a0ad>Released under the MIT License.</p><p class="copyright" data-v-e315a0ad>Copyright © 2024 许大仙</p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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<span class="line"></span> <span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">;</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br></div></div><h2 id="_2-8-运算符优先级" tabindex="-1">2.8 运算符优先级 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-8-运算符优先级" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.8 运算符优先级&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>C 语言中运算符的优先级，如下所示：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th><strong>优先级</strong></th><th><strong>运算符</strong></th><th><strong>名称或含义</strong></th><th><strong>结合方向</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>1</strong></td><td><code>[]</code></td><td>数组下标</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>()</code></td><td>圆括号</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>.</code></td><td>成员选择（对象）</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-&gt;</code></td><td>成员选择（指针）</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>2</strong></td><td><code>-</code></td><td>负号运算符</td><td>⬅️（从右到左）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>（类型）</code></td><td>强制类型转换</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>++</code></td><td>自增运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>--</code></td><td>自减运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*</code></td><td>取值运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&amp;</code></td><td>取地址运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>!</code></td><td>逻辑非运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>~</code></td><td>按位取反运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>sizeof</code></td><td>长度运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>3</strong></td><td><code>/</code></td><td>除</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*</code></td><td>乘</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>%</code></td><td>余数（取模）</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>4</strong></td><td><code>+</code></td><td>加</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-</code></td><td>减</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>5</strong></td><td><code>&lt;&lt;</code></td><td>左移</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;&gt;</code></td><td>右移</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>6</strong></td><td><code>&gt;</code></td><td>大于</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;=</code></td><td>大于等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;</code></td><td>小于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;=</code></td><td>小于等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>7</strong></td><td><code>==</code></td><td>等于</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>!=</code></td><td>不等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>8</strong></td><td><code>&amp;</code></td><td>按位与</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>9</strong></td><td><code>^</code></td><td>按位异或</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>10</strong></td><td><code>|</code></td><td>按位或</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>11</strong></td><td><code>&amp;&amp;</code></td><td>逻辑与</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>12</strong></td><td><code>||</code></td><td>逻辑或</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>13</strong></td><td><code>?:</code></td><td>条件运算符</td><td>⬅️（从右到左）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>14</strong></td><td><code>=</code></td><td>赋值运算符</td><td>⬅️（从右到左）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>/=</code></td><td>除后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*=</code></td><td>乘后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>%=</code></td><td>取模后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>+=</code></td><td>加后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-=</code></td><td>减后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;&lt;=</code></td><td>左移后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;&gt;=</code></td><td>右移后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&amp;=</code></td><td>按位与后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>^=</code></td><td>按位异或后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>|=</code></td><td>按位或后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>15</strong></td><td><code>,</code></td><td>逗号运算符</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><ul><li>① 不要过多的依赖运算符的优先级来控制表达式的执行顺序，这样可读性太差，尽量<code>使用小括号来控制</code>表达式的执行顺序。</li><li>② 不要把一个表达式写得过于复杂，如果一个表达式过于复杂，则把它<code>分成几步</code>来完成。</li><li>③ 运算符优先级不用刻意地去记忆，总体上：一元运算符 &gt; 算术运算符 &gt; 关系运算符 &gt; 逻辑运算符 &gt; 三元运算符 &gt; 赋值运算符。</li></ul></div><h1 id="第三章-附录" tabindex="-1">第三章：附录 <a class="header-anchor" href="#第三章-附录" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第三章：附录&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_3-1-字符集和字符集编码" tabindex="-1">3.1 字符集和字符集编码 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-1-字符集和字符集编码" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.1 字符集和字符集编码&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_3-3-1-概述" tabindex="-1">3.3.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.3.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>字符集和字符集编码（简称编码）计算机系统中处理文本数据的两个基本概念，它们密切相关但又有区别。</li><li>字符集（Character Set）是一组字符的集合，其中每个字符都被分配了一个<code>唯一的编号</code>（通常是数字）。字符可以是字母、数字、符号、控制代码（如换行符）等。<code>字符集定义了可以表示的字符的范围</code>，但它并不直接定义如何将这些字符存储在计算机中。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>ASCII（美国信息交换标准代码）是最早期和最简单的字符集之一，它只包括了英文字母、数字和一些特殊字符，共 128 个字符。每个字符都分配给了一个从 0 到 127 的数字。</p></div><ul><li>字符集编码（Character Encoding，简称编码）是一种方案或方法，<code>它定义了如何将字符集中的字符转换为计算机存储和传输的数据（通常是一串二进制数字）</code>。简而言之，编码是字符到二进制数据之间的映射规则。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>ASCII 编码方案定义了如何将 ASCII 字符集中的每个字符表示为 7 位的二进制数字。例如：大写字母<code>&#39;A&#39;</code>在 ASCII 编码中表示为二进制的<code>1000001</code>，十进制的 <code>65</code> 。</p></div><ul><li><code>字符集</code>和<code>字符集编码</code>之间的关系如下：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/35.CGTVELeO.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>Linux 中安装帮助手册：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/36.Bz4_lEH0.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_3-3-2-ascii-编码" tabindex="-1">3.3.2 ASCII 编码 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-2-ascii-编码" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.3.2 ASCII 编码&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>从<code>冯·诺依曼</code>体系结构中，我们知道，计算机中所有的<code>数据</code>和<code>指令</code>都是以<code>二进制</code>的形式表示的；所以，计算机中对于文本数据的数据也是以二进制来存储的，那么对应的流程如下：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/37.CcDWE4nn.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>我们知道，计算机是上个世纪 60 年代在美国研制成功的，为了实现字符和二进制的转换，美国就制定了一套字符编码，即英语字符和二进制位之间的关系，即 ASCII （American Standard Code for Information Interchange）编码： <ul><li>ASCII 编码只包括了英文字符、数字和一些特殊字符，一共 128 个字符，并且每个字符都分配了唯一的数字，范围是 0 - 127。</li><li>ASCII 编码中的每个字符都使用 7 位的二进制数字表示；但是，计算机中的存储的最小单位是 1 B = 8 位，那么最高位统一规定为 0 。</li></ul></li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① 其实，早期是没有字符集的概念的，只是后来为了解决乱码问题，而产生了字符集的概念。</li><li>② 对于英文体系来说，<code>a-zA-Z0-9</code>以及一些<code>特殊字符</code>一共 <code>128</code> 就可以满足实际存储需求；所以，在也是为什么 ASCII 码使用 7 位二进制（2^7 = 128 ）来存储的。</li></ul></div><ul><li>在操作系统中，就内置了对应的编码表，Linux 也不例外；可以使用如下的命令查看：</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">man</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ascii</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="/c/assets/38.B7y2_JVX.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>其对应的 ASCII 编码表，如下所示：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/39.Btcc3rs2.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>但是，随着计算机的发展，计算机开始了东征之路，由美国传播到东方：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/40.CR4ARW8y.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>先是传播到了欧洲，欧洲在兼容 ASCII 编码的基础上，推出了 ISO8859-1 编码，即： <ul><li>ISO8859-1 编码包括基本的拉丁字母表、数字、标点符号，以及西欧语言中特有的一些字符，如：法语中的 <code>è</code>、德语中的 <code>ü</code> 等。</li><li>ISO 8859-1 为每个字符分配一个单字节（8 位）编码，意味着它可以表示最多 256 （2^8）个不同的字符（编号从 0 到 255）。</li><li>ISO 8859-1 的前 128 个字符与 ASCII 编码完全一致，这使得 ASCII 编码的文本可以无缝转换为 ISO 8859-1 编码。</li></ul></li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/39.Btcc3rs2.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="/c/assets/42.DOX3ymYP.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>计算机继续传播到了亚洲，亚洲（双字节）各个国家分别给出了自己国家对应的字符集编码，如： <ul><li>日本推出了 Shift-JIS 编码： <ul><li>单字节 ASCII 范围：0 - 127。</li><li>双字节范围： <ul><li>第一个字节：129 - 159 和 224 - 239 。</li><li>第二个字节：64 - 126 和 128 - 252 。</li></ul></li></ul></li><li>韩国推出了 EUC-KR 编码： <ul><li>单字节 ASCII 范围：0 - 127。</li><li>双字节范围：从 41281 - 65278。</li></ul></li><li>中国推出了 GBK 编码： <ul><li>单字节 ASCII 范围：0 - 127。</li><li>双字节范围：33088 - 65278 。</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① 通过上面日本、韩国、中国的编码十进制范围，我们可以看到，虽然这些编码系统在技术上的编码范围存在重叠（特别是在高位字节区域），但因为它们各自支持的字符集完全不同，所以实际上它们并不直接冲突。</li><li>② 但是，如果一个中国人通过 GBK 编码写的文章，通过邮件发送给韩国人，因为韩国和中国在字符集编码上的高位字节有重叠部分，必然会造成歧义。</li></ul></div><h3 id="_3-3-3-unicode-编码" tabindex="-1">3.3.3 Unicode 编码 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-3-unicode-编码" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.3.3 Unicode 编码&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li><p>在 Unicode 之前，世界上存在着数百种不同的编码系统，每一种编码系统都是为了支持特定语言或一组语言的字符集。这些编码系统，包括：ASCII、ISO 8859 系列、GBK、Shift-JIS、EUC-KR 等，它们各自有不同的字符范围和编码方式。这种多样性虽然在局部范围内解决了字符表示的问题，但也带来了以下几个方面的挑战：</p><ul><li><code>编码冲突</code>：由于不同的编码系统可以为相同的字节值分配不同的字符，因此在不同编码之间转换文本时，如果没有正确处理编码信息，就很容易产生乱码。这种编码冲突在尝试处理多种语言的文本时尤为突出。</li><li><code>编码的复杂性</code>：随着全球化的发展，软件和系统需要支持越来越多的语言，这就要求开发者和系统同时处理多种不同的编码系统。这不仅增加了开发和维护的复杂性，而且也增加了出错的风险。</li><li><code>资源限制</code>：在早期计算机技术中，内存和存储资源相对有限。不同的编码标准要求系统存储多套字符集数据，这无疑增加了对有限资源的消耗。</li><li>……</li></ul></li><li><p>针对上述的种种问题，为了推行全球化，Unicode 应运而生，Unicode 的核心规则和设计原则是建立一个全球统一的字符集，使得世界上所有的文字和符号都能被唯一地识别和使用，无论使用者位于何地或使用何种语言。这套规则包括了字符的编码、表示、处理和转换机制，旨在确保不同系统和软件间能够无缝交换和处理文本数据。</p><ul><li><code>通用字符集 (UCS)</code>：Unicode 为每一个字符分配一个唯一的编号（称为<code>“码点”</code>）。这些码点被组织在一个统一的字符集中，官方称之为 “通用字符集”（Universal Character Set，UCS）。码点通常表示为 <code>U+</code> 后跟一个十六进制数，例如：<code>U+0041</code> 代表大写的英文字母 <code>“A”</code>。</li><li><code>编码平面和区段</code>：Unicode 码点被划分为多个 “平面（Planes）”，每个平面包含 65536（16^4）个码点。目前，Unicode定义了 17 个平面（从 0 到16），每个平面被分配了一个编号，从 “基本多文种平面（BMP）” 的 0 开始，到 16 号平面结束。这意味着 Unicode 理论上可以支持超过 110万（17*65536）个码点。</li></ul></li><li><p>Unicode 仅仅只是字符集，给每个字符设置了唯一的数字编号而已，却没有给出这些数字编号实际如何存储，可以通过如下命令查看：</p></li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/43.Cie9_tkP.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>为了在计算机系统中表示 Unicode 字符，定义了几种编码方案，这些方案包括 UTF-8、UTF-16 和 UTF-32 等。 <ul><li><strong>UTF-8</strong>：使用 1 - 4 个字节表示每个 Unicode 字符，兼容 ASCII，是网络上最常用的编码。</li><li><strong>UTF-16</strong>：使用 2 - 4 个字节表示每个 Unicode 字符，适合于需要经常处理基本多文种平面之外字符的应用。</li><li><strong>UTF-32</strong>：使用固定的 4 个字节表示每个 Unicode 字符，简化了字符处理，但增加了存储空间的需求。</li></ul></li><li><code>Unicode 字符集</code>和对应的<code>UTF-8 字符编码</code>之间的关系，如下所示：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/44.DLjH9Ges.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" 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data-v-e315a0ad><div class="container" data-v-e315a0ad><p class="message" data-v-e315a0ad>Released under the MIT License.</p><p class="copyright" data-v-e315a0ad>Copyright © 2024 许大仙</p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br></div></div><h2 id="_2-8-运算符优先级" tabindex="-1">2.8 运算符优先级 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-8-运算符优先级" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;2.8 运算符优先级&quot;">​</a></h2><ul><li>C 语言中运算符的优先级，如下所示：</li></ul><table tabindex="0"><thead><tr><th><strong>优先级</strong></th><th><strong>运算符</strong></th><th><strong>名称或含义</strong></th><th><strong>结合方向</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>1</strong></td><td><code>[]</code></td><td>数组下标</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>()</code></td><td>圆括号</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>.</code></td><td>成员选择（对象）</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-&gt;</code></td><td>成员选择（指针）</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>2</strong></td><td><code>-</code></td><td>负号运算符</td><td>⬅️（从右到左）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>（类型）</code></td><td>强制类型转换</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>++</code></td><td>自增运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>--</code></td><td>自减运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*</code></td><td>取值运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&amp;</code></td><td>取地址运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>!</code></td><td>逻辑非运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>~</code></td><td>按位取反运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>sizeof</code></td><td>长度运算符</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>3</strong></td><td><code>/</code></td><td>除</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*</code></td><td>乘</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>%</code></td><td>余数（取模）</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>4</strong></td><td><code>+</code></td><td>加</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-</code></td><td>减</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>5</strong></td><td><code>&lt;&lt;</code></td><td>左移</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;&gt;</code></td><td>右移</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>6</strong></td><td><code>&gt;</code></td><td>大于</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;=</code></td><td>大于等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;</code></td><td>小于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;=</code></td><td>小于等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>7</strong></td><td><code>==</code></td><td>等于</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>!=</code></td><td>不等于</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>8</strong></td><td><code>&amp;</code></td><td>按位与</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>9</strong></td><td><code>^</code></td><td>按位异或</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>10</strong></td><td><code>|</code></td><td>按位或</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>11</strong></td><td><code>&amp;&amp;</code></td><td>逻辑与</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>12</strong></td><td><code>||</code></td><td>逻辑或</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>13</strong></td><td><code>?:</code></td><td>条件运算符</td><td>⬅️（从右到左）</td></tr><tr><td><strong>14</strong></td><td><code>=</code></td><td>赋值运算符</td><td>⬅️（从右到左）</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>/=</code></td><td>除后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>*=</code></td><td>乘后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>%=</code></td><td>取模后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>+=</code></td><td>加后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>-=</code></td><td>减后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&lt;&lt;=</code></td><td>左移后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&gt;&gt;=</code></td><td>右移后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>&amp;=</code></td><td>按位与后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>^=</code></td><td>按位异或后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><code>|=</code></td><td>按位或后赋值</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>15</strong></td><td><code>,</code></td><td>逗号运算符</td><td>➡️（从左到右）</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><ul><li>① 不要过多的依赖运算符的优先级来控制表达式的执行顺序，这样可读性太差，尽量<code>使用小括号来控制</code>表达式的执行顺序。</li><li>② 不要把一个表达式写得过于复杂，如果一个表达式过于复杂，则把它<code>分成几步</code>来完成。</li><li>③ 运算符优先级不用刻意地去记忆，总体上：一元运算符 &gt; 算术运算符 &gt; 关系运算符 &gt; 逻辑运算符 &gt; 三元运算符 &gt; 赋值运算符。</li></ul></div><h1 id="第三章-附录" tabindex="-1">第三章：附录 <a class="header-anchor" href="#第三章-附录" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;第三章：附录&quot;">​</a></h1><h2 id="_3-1-字符集和字符集编码" tabindex="-1">3.1 字符集和字符集编码 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-1-字符集和字符集编码" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.1 字符集和字符集编码&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="_3-3-1-概述" tabindex="-1">3.3.1 概述 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-1-概述" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.3.1 概述&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>字符集和字符集编码（简称编码）计算机系统中处理文本数据的两个基本概念，它们密切相关但又有区别。</li><li>字符集（Character Set）是一组字符的集合，其中每个字符都被分配了一个<code>唯一的编号</code>（通常是数字）。字符可以是字母、数字、符号、控制代码（如换行符）等。<code>字符集定义了可以表示的字符的范围</code>，但它并不直接定义如何将这些字符存储在计算机中。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>ASCII（美国信息交换标准代码）是最早期和最简单的字符集之一，它只包括了英文字母、数字和一些特殊字符，共 128 个字符。每个字符都分配给了一个从 0 到 127 的数字。</p></div><ul><li>字符集编码（Character Encoding，简称编码）是一种方案或方法，<code>它定义了如何将字符集中的字符转换为计算机存储和传输的数据（通常是一串二进制数字）</code>。简而言之，编码是字符到二进制数据之间的映射规则。</li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><p>ASCII 编码方案定义了如何将 ASCII 字符集中的每个字符表示为 7 位的二进制数字。例如：大写字母<code>&#39;A&#39;</code>在 ASCII 编码中表示为二进制的<code>1000001</code>，十进制的 <code>65</code> 。</p></div><ul><li><code>字符集</code>和<code>字符集编码</code>之间的关系如下：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/35.CGTVELeO.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>Linux 中安装帮助手册：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/36.Bz4_lEH0.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><h3 id="_3-3-2-ascii-编码" tabindex="-1">3.3.2 ASCII 编码 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-2-ascii-编码" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.3.2 ASCII 编码&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li>从<code>冯·诺依曼</code>体系结构中，我们知道，计算机中所有的<code>数据</code>和<code>指令</code>都是以<code>二进制</code>的形式表示的；所以，计算机中对于文本数据的数据也是以二进制来存储的，那么对应的流程如下：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/37.CcDWE4nn.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>我们知道，计算机是上个世纪 60 年代在美国研制成功的，为了实现字符和二进制的转换，美国就制定了一套字符编码，即英语字符和二进制位之间的关系，即 ASCII （American Standard Code for Information Interchange）编码： <ul><li>ASCII 编码只包括了英文字符、数字和一些特殊字符，一共 128 个字符，并且每个字符都分配了唯一的数字，范围是 0 - 127。</li><li>ASCII 编码中的每个字符都使用 7 位的二进制数字表示；但是，计算机中的存储的最小单位是 1 B = 8 位，那么最高位统一规定为 0 。</li></ul></li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① 其实，早期是没有字符集的概念的，只是后来为了解决乱码问题，而产生了字符集的概念。</li><li>② 对于英文体系来说，<code>a-zA-Z0-9</code>以及一些<code>特殊字符</code>一共 <code>128</code> 就可以满足实际存储需求；所以，在也是为什么 ASCII 码使用 7 位二进制（2^7 = 128 ）来存储的。</li></ul></div><ul><li>在操作系统中，就内置了对应的编码表，Linux 也不例外；可以使用如下的命令查看：</li></ul><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme line-numbers-mode"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">man</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ascii</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><img src="/c/assets/38.B7y2_JVX.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>其对应的 ASCII 编码表，如下所示：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/39.Btcc3rs2.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>但是，随着计算机的发展，计算机开始了东征之路，由美国传播到东方：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/40.CR4ARW8y.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>先是传播到了欧洲，欧洲在兼容 ASCII 编码的基础上，推出了 ISO8859-1 编码，即： <ul><li>ISO8859-1 编码包括基本的拉丁字母表、数字、标点符号，以及西欧语言中特有的一些字符，如：法语中的 <code>è</code>、德语中的 <code>ü</code> 等。</li><li>ISO 8859-1 为每个字符分配一个单字节（8 位）编码，意味着它可以表示最多 256 （2^8）个不同的字符（编号从 0 到 255）。</li><li>ISO 8859-1 的前 128 个字符与 ASCII 编码完全一致，这使得 ASCII 编码的文本可以无缝转换为 ISO 8859-1 编码。</li></ul></li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/39.Btcc3rs2.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><p><img src="/c/assets/42.DOX3ymYP.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>计算机继续传播到了亚洲，亚洲（双字节）各个国家分别给出了自己国家对应的字符集编码，如： <ul><li>日本推出了 Shift-JIS 编码： <ul><li>单字节 ASCII 范围：0 - 127。</li><li>双字节范围： <ul><li>第一个字节：129 - 159 和 224 - 239 。</li><li>第二个字节：64 - 126 和 128 - 252 。</li></ul></li></ul></li><li>韩国推出了 EUC-KR 编码： <ul><li>单字节 ASCII 范围：0 - 127。</li><li>双字节范围：从 41281 - 65278。</li></ul></li><li>中国推出了 GBK 编码： <ul><li>单字节 ASCII 范围：0 - 127。</li><li>双字节范围：33088 - 65278 。</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><div class="note custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">NOTE</p><p></p><ul><li>① 通过上面日本、韩国、中国的编码十进制范围，我们可以看到，虽然这些编码系统在技术上的编码范围存在重叠（特别是在高位字节区域），但因为它们各自支持的字符集完全不同，所以实际上它们并不直接冲突。</li><li>② 但是，如果一个中国人通过 GBK 编码写的文章，通过邮件发送给韩国人，因为韩国和中国在字符集编码上的高位字节有重叠部分，必然会造成歧义。</li></ul></div><h3 id="_3-3-3-unicode-编码" tabindex="-1">3.3.3 Unicode 编码 <a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-3-unicode-编码" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;3.3.3 Unicode 编码&quot;">​</a></h3><ul><li><p>在 Unicode 之前，世界上存在着数百种不同的编码系统，每一种编码系统都是为了支持特定语言或一组语言的字符集。这些编码系统，包括：ASCII、ISO 8859 系列、GBK、Shift-JIS、EUC-KR 等，它们各自有不同的字符范围和编码方式。这种多样性虽然在局部范围内解决了字符表示的问题，但也带来了以下几个方面的挑战：</p><ul><li><code>编码冲突</code>：由于不同的编码系统可以为相同的字节值分配不同的字符，因此在不同编码之间转换文本时，如果没有正确处理编码信息，就很容易产生乱码。这种编码冲突在尝试处理多种语言的文本时尤为突出。</li><li><code>编码的复杂性</code>：随着全球化的发展，软件和系统需要支持越来越多的语言，这就要求开发者和系统同时处理多种不同的编码系统。这不仅增加了开发和维护的复杂性，而且也增加了出错的风险。</li><li><code>资源限制</code>：在早期计算机技术中，内存和存储资源相对有限。不同的编码标准要求系统存储多套字符集数据，这无疑增加了对有限资源的消耗。</li><li>……</li></ul></li><li><p>针对上述的种种问题，为了推行全球化，Unicode 应运而生，Unicode 的核心规则和设计原则是建立一个全球统一的字符集，使得世界上所有的文字和符号都能被唯一地识别和使用，无论使用者位于何地或使用何种语言。这套规则包括了字符的编码、表示、处理和转换机制，旨在确保不同系统和软件间能够无缝交换和处理文本数据。</p><ul><li><code>通用字符集 (UCS)</code>：Unicode 为每一个字符分配一个唯一的编号（称为<code>“码点”</code>）。这些码点被组织在一个统一的字符集中，官方称之为 “通用字符集”（Universal Character Set，UCS）。码点通常表示为 <code>U+</code> 后跟一个十六进制数，例如：<code>U+0041</code> 代表大写的英文字母 <code>“A”</code>。</li><li><code>编码平面和区段</code>：Unicode 码点被划分为多个 “平面（Planes）”，每个平面包含 65536（16^4）个码点。目前，Unicode定义了 17 个平面（从 0 到16），每个平面被分配了一个编号，从 “基本多文种平面（BMP）” 的 0 开始，到 16 号平面结束。这意味着 Unicode 理论上可以支持超过 110万（17*65536）个码点。</li></ul></li><li><p>Unicode 仅仅只是字符集，给每个字符设置了唯一的数字编号而已，却没有给出这些数字编号实际如何存储，可以通过如下命令查看：</p></li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/43.Cie9_tkP.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></p><ul><li>为了在计算机系统中表示 Unicode 字符，定义了几种编码方案，这些方案包括 UTF-8、UTF-16 和 UTF-32 等。 <ul><li><strong>UTF-8</strong>：使用 1 - 4 个字节表示每个 Unicode 字符，兼容 ASCII，是网络上最常用的编码。</li><li><strong>UTF-16</strong>：使用 2 - 4 个字节表示每个 Unicode 字符，适合于需要经常处理基本多文种平面之外字符的应用。</li><li><strong>UTF-32</strong>：使用固定的 4 个字节表示每个 Unicode 字符，简化了字符处理，但增加了存储空间的需求。</li></ul></li><li><code>Unicode 字符集</code>和对应的<code>UTF-8 字符编码</code>之间的关系，如下所示：</li></ul><p><img src="/c/assets/44.DLjH9Ges.png" alt="" loading="lazy"></p></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" 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<span class="line"></span> <span class="line"></span>
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<title>第一章：数组的概念 | Hi，终于等到你</title> <title>第一章：数组的概念 | Hi，终于等到你</title>
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<span class="line"></span> <span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">;</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> return</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> 0</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">;</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br></div></div><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><p>在上述示例中，<code>arr</code> 和 <code>&amp;arr</code> 的值是一样的，但是对应的含义是不同的。</p><ul><li>① <code>arr</code> 是数组名，在大多数情况下会转换为数组第一个元素的地址，即：<code>arr</code> 等价于 <code>&amp;arr[0]</code>，其数据类型是 <code>int *</code>。</li><li>② <code>&amp;arr</code>是数组名的地址，即整个数组的地址，它指向数组本身，并不是数组第一个元素的地址，<code>&amp;arr</code> 的数据类型是 <code>int(*)[3]</code>。</li></ul></div></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-e257564d><!----><div class="last-updated" data-v-e257564d><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-e257564d data-v-e98dd255>上次更新: <time datetime="2024-08-12T02:47:17.000Z" data-v-e98dd255></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/04_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>上一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>流程控制</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>下一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>指针</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><footer class="VPFooter has-sidebar" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-e315a0ad><div class="container" data-v-e315a0ad><p class="message" data-v-e315a0ad>Released under the MIT License.</p><p class="copyright" data-v-e315a0ad>Copyright © 2024 许大仙</p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">}</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br></div></div><div class="warning custom-block github-alert"><p class="custom-block-title">WARNING</p><p></p><p>在上述示例中，<code>arr</code> 和 <code>&amp;arr</code> 的值是一样的，但是对应的含义是不同的。</p><ul><li>① <code>arr</code> 是数组名，在大多数情况下会转换为数组第一个元素的地址，即：<code>arr</code> 等价于 <code>&amp;arr[0]</code>，其数据类型是 <code>int *</code>。</li><li>② <code>&amp;arr</code>是数组名的地址，即整个数组的地址，它指向数组本身，并不是数组第一个元素的地址，<code>&amp;arr</code> 的数据类型是 <code>int(*)[3]</code>。</li></ul></div></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-e257564d><!----><div class="last-updated" data-v-e257564d><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-e257564d data-v-e98dd255>上次更新: <time datetime="2024-08-12T02:47:17.000Z" data-v-e98dd255></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/04_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>上一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>流程控制</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>下一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>指针</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><footer class="VPFooter has-sidebar" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-e315a0ad><div class="container" data-v-e315a0ad><p class="message" data-v-e315a0ad>Released under the MIT License.</p><p class="copyright" data-v-e315a0ad>Copyright © 2024 许大仙</p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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<title>第一章：颇具争议的指针 | Hi，终于等到你</title> <title>第一章：颇具争议的指针 | Hi，终于等到你</title>
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<span class="line"></span> <span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">printf</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;Address of array: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">%p\n</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">&amp;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;">arr</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">);</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> // 返回整个数组的地址</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">printf</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;Address of array: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">%p\n</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">&amp;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;">arr</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">);</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> // 返回整个数组的地址</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">printf</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;Address of pointer: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">%p\n</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">&amp;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;">ptr</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">);</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> // 返回指针变量ptr的地址</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div></li></ol><p>综上所述，通过这些示例和解释，可以看出数组名虽然在某些场合下可以像指针一样使用，但它并不是一个真正的指针变量，而是一个常量，表示数组的首地址。</p></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-e257564d><!----><div class="last-updated" data-v-e257564d><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-e257564d data-v-e98dd255>上次更新: <time datetime="2024-08-13T02:39:52.000Z" data-v-e98dd255></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/05_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>上一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>数组</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/07_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>下一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>函数</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><footer class="VPFooter has-sidebar" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-e315a0ad><div class="container" data-v-e315a0ad><p class="message" data-v-e315a0ad>Released under the MIT License.</p><p class="copyright" data-v-e315a0ad>Copyright © 2024 许大仙</p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div> <span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">printf</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;Address of pointer: </span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;">%p\n</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">, </span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">&amp;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#E36209;--shiki-dark:#FFAB70;">ptr</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">);</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> // 返回指针变量ptr的地址</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers-wrapper" aria-hidden="true"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div></li></ol><p>综上所述，通过这些示例和解释，可以看出数组名虽然在某些场合下可以像指针一样使用，但它并不是一个真正的指针变量，而是一个常量，表示数组的首地址。</p></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><div class="edit-info" data-v-e257564d><!----><div class="last-updated" data-v-e257564d><p class="VPLastUpdated" data-v-e257564d data-v-e98dd255>上次更新: <time datetime="2024-08-13T02:39:52.000Z" data-v-e98dd255></time></p></div></div><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/05_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>上一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>数组</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/07_xdx/" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>下一篇</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>函数</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><footer class="VPFooter has-sidebar" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-e315a0ad><div class="container" data-v-e315a0ad><p class="message" data-v-e315a0ad>Released under the MIT License.</p><p class="copyright" data-v-e315a0ad>Copyright © 2024 许大仙</p></div></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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data-v-17a5e62e><button data-v-17a5e62e>返回顶部</button><!----></div></div></div><aside class="VPSidebar" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-319d5ca6><div class="curtain" data-v-319d5ca6></div><nav class="nav" id="VPSidebarNav" aria-labelledby="sidebar-aria-label" tabindex="-1" data-v-319d5ca6><span class="visually-hidden" id="sidebar-aria-label" data-v-319d5ca6> Sidebar Navigation </span><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C 语言基础</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>编程基础</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C 语言入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/02_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>变量和进制</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/03_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>数据类型和运算符</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/04_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>流程控制</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/05_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>数组</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>指针</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/07_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>函数</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/08_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>预处理器</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/09_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>自定义数据类型</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/10_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>内存管理</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/11_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>文件操作</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-basic/13_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>调试工具和调试技巧（gdb和make）</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/13_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>常用库函数</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C 语言高级</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-advance/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>变量和内存分布</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-advance/02_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>指针强化</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-advance/03_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>结构体和文件的高级用法</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-advance/04_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>链表和回调函数</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-advance/05_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>编译过程和面向接口</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>项目构建工具</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><section class="VPSidebarItem level-1 collapsible collapsed" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h3 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>meson</h3><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-2 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/03_build/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>meson 入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section><section class="VPSidebarItem level-1 collapsible collapsed" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h3 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Cmake</h3><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-2 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/03_build/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Cmake 入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/03_build/01_${commonDirectoryName}/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Conan </p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><section class="VPSidebarItem level-1 collapsible collapsed" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h3 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Gradle</h3><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-2 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/03_build/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Gradle 入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Linux</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/04_linux/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Linux 初识和安装</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 基础</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/02_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>变量、数据类型、运算符</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/03_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>流程控制</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/04_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>数组</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/05_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>指针</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/06_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>函数</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/07_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>自定义数据类型</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/08_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>类和对象</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/09_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 引用</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/10_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>继承和派生</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/11_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 多态和虚函数</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/12_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>运算符重载</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/13_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>模板</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/14_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 异常</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/15_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>面向对象进阶</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/16_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>文件操作和 IO 流</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/17_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>STL（标准模板库）</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><div class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 高级</p><!----></div><!----></div></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><div class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>QT 桌面开发</p><!----></div><!----></div></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><div class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Linux 高并发服务器开发</p><!----></div><!----></div></div><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></nav></aside><div class="VPContent has-sidebar" id="VPContent" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-1428d186><div class="VPDoc has-sidebar has-aside" data-v-1428d186 data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><div class="container" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside" data-v-39a288b8><div 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tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>编程基础</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C 语言入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/02_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>变量和进制</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/03_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>数据类型和运算符</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/04_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>流程控制</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/05_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>数组</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/06_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>指针</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/07_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>函数</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/08_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>预处理器</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/09_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>自定义数据类型</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/10_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>内存管理</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/11_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>文件操作</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-basic/13_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>调试工具和调试技巧（gdb和make）</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/13_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>常用库函数</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C 语言高级</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-advance/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>变量和内存分布</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-advance/02_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>指针强化</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" 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level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>项目构建工具</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><section class="VPSidebarItem level-1 collapsible collapsed" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h3 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>meson</h3><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-2 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/03_build/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>meson 入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section><section class="VPSidebarItem level-1 collapsible collapsed" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h3 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Cmake</h3><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-2 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/03_build/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Cmake 入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/03_build/01_${commonDirectoryName}/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Conan </p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><section class="VPSidebarItem level-1 collapsible collapsed" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h3 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Gradle</h3><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-2 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/03_build/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Gradle 入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Linux</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/04_linux/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Linux 初识和安装</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 基础</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/02_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>变量、数据类型、运算符</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/03_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>流程控制</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/04_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>数组</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/05_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>指针</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/06_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>函数</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/07_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>自定义数据类型</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/08_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>类和对象</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/09_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 引用</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/10_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>继承和派生</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/11_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 多态和虚函数</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/12_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>运算符重载</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/13_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>模板</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/14_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 异常</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/15_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>面向对象进阶</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/16_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>文件操作和 IO 流</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/17_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>STL（标准模板库）</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><div class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 高级</p><!----></div><!----></div></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><div class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>QT 桌面开发</p><!----></div><!----></div></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><div class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Linux 高并发服务器开发</p><!----></div><!----></div></div><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></nav></aside><div class="VPContent has-sidebar" id="VPContent" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-1428d186><div class="VPDoc has-sidebar has-aside" data-v-1428d186 data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><div class="container" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside-curtain" data-v-39a288b8></div><div class="aside-container" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside-content" data-v-39a288b8><div class="VPDocAside" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-3f215769><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--><nav aria-labelledby="doc-outline-aria-label" class="VPDocAsideOutline" data-v-3f215769 data-v-a5bbad30><div class="content" data-v-a5bbad30><div class="outline-marker" data-v-a5bbad30></div><div aria-level="2" class="outline-title" id="doc-outline-aria-label" role="heading" data-v-a5bbad30>目录</div><ul class="VPDocOutlineItem root" data-v-a5bbad30 data-v-b933a997><!--[--><!--]--></ul></div></nav><!--[--><!--]--><div class="spacer" data-v-3f215769></div><!--[--><!--]--><!----><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div></div><div class="content" data-v-39a288b8><div class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _c_notes_about_" data-v-39a288b8><div><h3 id="后端技术栈" tabindex="-1">后端技术栈 <a class="header-anchor" href="#后端技术栈" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;后端技术栈&quot;">​</a></h3><p><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Spring-6DB33F?logo=Spring&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="Spring" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Spring%20Boot-6DB33F?logo=Spring-Boot&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="Spring Boot" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-MySQL-4479A1?logo=MySQL&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="MySQL" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-MariaDB-A9A9A9?logo=MariaDB&amp;logoColor=003545" alt="MariaDB" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-PostgreSQL-C0C0C0?logo=PostgreSQL&amp;logoColor=4169E1" alt="PostgreSQL" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Oracle-C0C0C0?logo=Oracle&amp;logoColor=F80000" alt="Oracle" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Microsoft%20SQL%20Server-D3D3D3?logo=Microsoft-SQL-Server&amp;logoColor=CC2927" alt="Microsoft SQL Server" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Redis-DC382D?logo=Redis&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="Redis" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-MongoDB-47A248?logo=MongoDB&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="MongoDB" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-RabbitMQ-FF6600?logo=RabbitMQ&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="RabbitMQ" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Solr-D9411E?logo=Apache-Solr&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="Solr" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-ElasticSearch-005571?logo=ElasticSearch&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="ElasticSearch" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Logstash-A9A9A9?logo=Logstash&amp;logoColor=005571" alt="Logstash" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Kibana-A9A9A9?logo=Kibana&amp;logoColor=005571" alt="Kibana" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Kafka-C0C0C0?logo=Apache-Kafka&amp;logoColor=231F20" alt="Kafka" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Consul-F24C53?logo=Consul&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="Consul" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Tomcat-F8DC75?logo=Apache-Tomcat&amp;logoColor=000" alt="Tomcat" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-JUnit5-25A162?logo=JUnit5&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="JUnit5" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Liquibase-2962FF?logo=Liquibase&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="Liquibase" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Maven-C71A36?logo=Apache-Maven&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="Maven" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Gradle-D3D3D3?logo=Gradle&amp;logoColor=02303A" alt="Gradle" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Spring%20Security-6DB33F?logo=Spring-Security&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="Spring Security" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Hibernate-59666C?logo=Hibernate&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="Hibernate" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-JSON-000?logo=JSON&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="JSON" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-JWT-000?logo=JSON-Web-Tokens&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="JWT" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Java-F78C40?logo=OpenJDK&amp;logoColor=FFF" alt="Java" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Python-A9A9A9?logo=Python&amp;logoColor=3776AB" alt="Python" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Android-C0C0C0?logo=Android&amp;logoColor=3DDC84" alt="Android" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Go-DCDCDC?logo=Go&amp;logoColor=00ADD8" alt="Go" style="display:inline-block;">  <img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-GraphQL-FFF?logo=GraphQL&amp;logoColor=E10098" alt="GraphQL" style="display:inline-block;">  </p><h3 id="前端技术栈" tabindex="-1">前端技术栈 <a class="header-anchor" href="#前端技术栈" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;前端技术栈&quot;">​</a></h3><p><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/-Vue3-C0C0C0?logo=Vue.js&amp;logoColor=4FC08D" alt="Vue3" style="display:inline-block;">  <img 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data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>自定义数据类型</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/10_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>内存管理</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/11_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>文件操作</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-basic/13_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>调试工具和调试技巧（gdb和make）</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/13_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>常用库函数</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C 语言高级</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-advance/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>变量和内存分布</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-advance/02_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>指针强化</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-advance/03_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>结构体和文件的高级用法</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-advance/04_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>链表和回调函数</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-advance/05_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>编译过程和面向接口</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>项目构建工具</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><section class="VPSidebarItem level-1 collapsible collapsed" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h3 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>meson</h3><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-2 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/03_build/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>meson 入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section><section class="VPSidebarItem level-1 collapsible collapsed" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h3 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Cmake</h3><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-2 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/03_build/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Cmake 入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/03_build/01_${commonDirectoryName}/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Conan </p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><section class="VPSidebarItem level-1 collapsible collapsed" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h3 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Gradle</h3><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-2 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/03_build/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Gradle 入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Linux</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/04_linux/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Linux 初识和安装</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 基础</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/02_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>变量、数据类型、运算符</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/03_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>流程控制</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/04_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>数组</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/05_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>指针</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/06_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>函数</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/07_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>自定义数据类型</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/08_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>类和对象</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/09_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 引用</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/10_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>继承和派生</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/11_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 多态和虚函数</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/12_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>运算符重载</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/13_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>模板</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/14_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 异常</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/15_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>面向对象进阶</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/16_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>文件操作和 IO 流</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/17_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>STL（标准模板库）</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><div class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 高级</p><!----></div><!----></div></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><div class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>QT 桌面开发</p><!----></div><!----></div></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><div class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Linux 高并发服务器开发</p><!----></div><!----></div></div><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></nav></aside><div class="VPContent has-sidebar" id="VPContent" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-1428d186><div class="VPDoc has-sidebar has-aside" data-v-1428d186 data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><div class="container" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside" data-v-39a288b8><div 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data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/02_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>变量和进制</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/03_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>数据类型和运算符</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/04_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>流程控制</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div 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class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/08_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>预处理器</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/09_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>自定义数据类型</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/01_c-basic/10_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>内存管理</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" 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data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C 语言高级</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-advance/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>变量和内存分布</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-advance/02_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>指针强化</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-advance/03_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>结构体和文件的高级用法</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-advance/04_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>链表和回调函数</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/02_c-advance/05_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>编译过程和面向接口</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>项目构建工具</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><section class="VPSidebarItem level-1 collapsible collapsed" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h3 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>meson</h3><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-2 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/03_build/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>meson 入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section><section class="VPSidebarItem level-1 collapsible collapsed" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h3 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Cmake</h3><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-2 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/03_build/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Cmake 入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/03_build/01_${commonDirectoryName}/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Conan </p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><section class="VPSidebarItem level-1 collapsible collapsed" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h3 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Gradle</h3><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-2 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/03_build/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Gradle 入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Linux</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/04_linux/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Linux 初识和安装</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><section class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><h2 class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 基础</h2><div class="caret" role="button" aria-label="toggle section" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><span class="vpi-chevron-right caret-icon" data-v-b7550ba0></span></div></div><div class="items" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/01_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 入门</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/02_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>变量、数据类型、运算符</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/03_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>流程控制</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/04_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>数组</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/05_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>指针</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/06_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>函数</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/07_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>自定义数据类型</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/08_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>类和对象</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/09_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 引用</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/10_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>继承和派生</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/11_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 多态和虚函数</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/12_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>运算符重载</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/13_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>模板</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/14_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 异常</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/15_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>面向对象进阶</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/16_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>文件操作和 IO 流</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b7550ba0 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/c/notes/05_cpp/17_xdx/" data-v-b7550ba0><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>STL（标准模板库）</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><div class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>C++ 高级</p><!----></div><!----></div></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><div class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>QT 桌面开发</p><!----></div><!----></div></div><div class="no-transition group" data-v-c40bc020><div class="VPSidebarItem level-0 collapsible collapsed" data-v-c40bc020 data-v-b7550ba0><div class="item" role="button" tabindex="0" data-v-b7550ba0><div class="indicator" data-v-b7550ba0></div><p class="text" data-v-b7550ba0>Linux 高并发服务器开发</p><!----></div><!----></div></div><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></nav></aside><div class="VPContent has-sidebar" id="VPContent" data-v-5d98c3a5 data-v-1428d186><div class="VPDoc has-sidebar has-aside" data-v-1428d186 data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><div class="container" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside-curtain" data-v-39a288b8></div><div class="aside-container" data-v-39a288b8><div class="aside-content" data-v-39a288b8><div class="VPDocAside" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-3f215769><!--[--><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--><nav aria-labelledby="doc-outline-aria-label" class="VPDocAsideOutline" data-v-3f215769 data-v-a5bbad30><div class="content" 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