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docs/notes/01_c-basic/07_xdx/assets/10.svg
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@ -86,4 +86,60 @@
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> - ① 存储器越往上速度越快，但是价格越来越贵， 越往下速度越慢，但是价格越来越便宜。
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> - ② 正是由于计算机各个部件的速度不同，容量不同，价格不同，导致了计算机系统/编程中的各种问题以及相应的解决方案。
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* 正是由于 CPU、内存以及 IO 设备之间的速度差异，从而导致了计算机的性能瓶颈，即所谓的
|
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* 正是由于 CPU、内存以及 IO 设备之间的速度差异，从而导致了计算机的性能瓶颈，即所谓的`“冯·诺依曼体系结构的瓶颈”`。
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* 因为 CPU 的处理速度远远快于内存和 IO 设备，导致在等待数据处理和传输的时候，CPU 大部分处于空闲状态。就是这种显著的速度差异就导致了计算机的性能瓶颈，限制了整个计算机系统的效率。
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> [!NOTE]
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>
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> * 对于硬件的这种显著的速度差异，我们程序员是无法解决的。
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> * 但是，为了平衡三者之间的速度鸿沟，我们可以通过引入`缓冲区`技术，来降低系统的 IO 次数，降低系统的开销。
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* 其实，在硬件上也是有`缓冲区`的，即：CPU 内部集成了缓存，将经常使用到的数据从内存中加载到缓存中。
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> [!NOTE]
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>
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> 对于缓存和内存中数据的同步解决方案，会有各种各样的算法，如：LRU 等。
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## 1.3 缓冲区
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### 1.3.1 概述
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* 我们所编写的程序，都是运行在内存中的，如果我们不使用缓冲区，那么其在内存中就是这样的，如下所示：
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* 而缓冲区的本质就是在`内存`中开辟一块用来`临时存储数据`的`区域`，它在速度较慢的内存和 IO 设备起到了桥梁的作用，那么其在内存中就是这样的，如下所示：
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> [!NOTE]
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>
|
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> 其实，C 语言中的 `printf` 函数和 `scanf` 函数，其内部就使用了缓冲区。
|
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>
|
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> * ① 当我们使用 `printf` 函数输出数据的时候，数据并不会立即就写出到输出设备（如：屏幕等）。而是先将其放置到 `stdout 缓冲区`中，然后在满足条件的时候，再从缓冲区中刷新到输出设备。
|
||||
> * ② 当我们使用 `scanf` 函数输入数据的时候，数据并不会立即就从输入设备中读取（如：键盘等）。而是先将其放置到 `stdin 缓冲区`中，然后在满足条件的时候，再从缓冲区中加载数据。
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|
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### 1.3.2 缓冲区到底如何实现系统效率的提升？
|
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|
||||
* 如果没有缓冲区，假设有 5 个数据，输入设备每次传递 1 个数据，CPU 必须立即接收并处理，因此有 5 次 IO 操作，每次都是逐个处理，如下所示：
|
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* 如果存在没有缓冲区，假设有 5 个数据，输入设备每次传递 1 个数据，但它们先存储到缓冲区中。CPU 在缓冲区满时一次性处理多个数据，减少了频繁的等待，如下所示：
|
||||
|
||||
|
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|
||||
> [!IMPORTANT]
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 假设每次 IO 操作的时间是 1 秒，CPU 处理数据的时间也是 1 秒，那么：
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * ① 没有缓冲区的情况下，总耗时是：5 次 I/O 操作 + 5 次处理 = 10 秒，即：没有缓冲区的情况下，每次 I/O 操作和处理器的处理是交替进行的，因此总共需要 10 秒（5 次 I/O + 5 次处理）
|
||||
> * ② 使用缓冲区的情况下，总耗时是：5 次 I/O 操作 + 1 次批量处理 = 6 秒，即：使用缓冲区的情况下，I/O 操作和处理器处理是分开的，I/O 操作先全部完成，处理器一次性批量处理所有数据。因此，总耗时减少为 6 秒（5 秒传输 + 1 秒处理）。
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 使用缓冲区能够显著减少总的执行时间，因为它允许处理器批量处理数据，而不是在每次数据传递后都进行等待处理。
|
||||
|
||||
|
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