diff --git a/docs/notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/index.md b/docs/notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/index.md index ab7e434..8b39e52 100644 --- a/docs/notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/index.md +++ b/docs/notes/01_c-basic/00_xdx/index.md @@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ >- ① 存储器越往上速度越快，但是价格越来越贵， 越往下速度越慢，但是价格越来越便宜。 >- ② 正是由于计算机各个部件的速度不同，容量不同，价格不同，导致了计算机系统/编程中的各种问题以及相应的解决方案。 > ->总结：CPU 都是直接和内存打交道的，即：CPU 会直接从内存中读取数据，待数据处理完毕之后，会将结果再次写入到内存中；如果需要将数据持久化（永久）保存（内存是易失性存储器，内存中的数据是以电荷形式存储在存储单元中的。当计算机关闭或断电时，这些电荷很快消散，导致存储在内存中的数据丢失），那么就会内存中的数据再刷新到磁盘或硬盘上，即：落盘。 +>总结：CPU 都是直接和内存打交道的，即：CPU 会直接从内存中读取数据，待数据处理完毕之后，会将结果再次写入到内存中；如果需要将数据持久化（永久）保存（内存是易失性存储器，内存中的数据是以电荷形式存储在存储单元中的。当计算机关闭或断电时，这些电荷很快消散，导致存储在内存中的数据丢失），那么就需要将内存中的数据再刷新到磁盘或硬盘上，即：落盘。 ## 1.4 计算机软件 @@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ int main() { // 定义主函数 > * ② 系统、扎实的学习 C 语言可以让你了解底层硬件、一些简单的数据结构和算法，并培养计算机思维。 * C 语言是一门通用性的语言，并没有针对某个领域进行优化，在实际项目中，C 语言主要用于比较底层的开发，例如： - * Windows、Linux、Unix 等操作系统的内核 90% 以上都使用 C 语言开发（Rust 语言有望未来，在更多的操作系统开发中占据一席之地，特别是在对安全性和性能要求极高的领域）。 + * Windows、Linux、Unix 等操作系统的内核 90% 以上都使用 C 语言开发（Rust 语言有望未来，在操作系统开发中占据一席之地，特别是在对安全性和性能要求极高的领域）。 * 开发硬件驱动，让硬件和操作系统连接起来，这样用户才能更有效的使用硬件。 * 单片机和嵌入式属于软硬件的结合，是使用 C 语言最多的地方。 * 开发系统组件或服务，用于支撑上层应用。 diff --git a/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/1.jpg b/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/1.jpg deleted file mode 100644 index a0a752f..0000000 Binary files a/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/1.jpg and /dev/null differ diff --git a/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/1.png b/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/1.png index f564cde..0a06e02 100644 Binary files a/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/1.png and b/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/1.png differ diff --git a/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/10.png b/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/10.png index 7adb100..7e20bc7 100644 Binary files a/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/10.png and b/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/10.png differ diff --git a/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/100.png b/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/100.png index 5497322..427d0da 100644 Binary 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/dev/null differ diff --git a/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/98.png b/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/98.png index 46ffa21..168e260 100644 Binary files a/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/98.png and b/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/98.png differ diff --git a/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/99.png b/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/99.png index 5c92607..2022a3d 100644 Binary files a/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/99.png and b/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/assets/99.png differ diff --git a/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/index.md b/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/index.md index 78fbea0..07d635d 100644 --- a/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/index.md +++ b/docs/notes/01_c-basic/01_xdx/index.md @@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ * 要开发 C/C++ 程序，需要安装 C/C++ 编译器，目前有两种主流实现，即： * GCC（GNU Compiler Collection）：全平台实现，即支持 Windows、MacOS、Linux 等。 * MSVC（Microsoft Visual C++）：只支持 Windows 系统。 - * GCC 在 Windows 上的版本有很多，如：[MinGW-w64](https://www.mingw-w64.org/)、[Gygwin](https://cygwin.com/)、[MSYS2](https://www.msys2.org/)。它们之间的区别，如下所示： | 特性 | MinGW-w64 | Cygwin | MSYS2 | @@ -38,11 +37,11 @@ > > 下载地址在[这里](https://github.com/niXman/mingw-builds-binaries/releases/download/13.2.0-rt_v11-rev1/x86_64-13.2.0-release-posix-seh-ucrt-rt_v11-rev1.7z)。 -![](./assets/24.png) +![](./assets/1.png) * 解压到指定的目录，即： -![](./assets/25.png) +![](./assets/2.png) > [!NOTE] > @@ -52,21 +51,21 @@ * 配置环境变量，以便任意目录都可以执行 gcc 命令，即： -![](./assets/26.png) +![](./assets/3.png) -![](./assets/27.png) +![](./assets/4.png) -![](./assets/28.png) +![](./assets/5.png) -![](./assets/29.png) +![](./assets/6.png) -![](./assets/30.png) +![](./assets/7.png) > [!NOTE] > > 因为，本人安装 MinGW-w64 的目录是 `D:\develop\mingw64`，所以配置 path 环境变量就需要 `D:\develop\mingw64\bin`。 -![](./assets/31.png) +![](./assets/8.png) * 测试是否安装成功： @@ -74,7 +73,7 @@ gcc --version ``` -![](./assets/32.gif) +![](./assets/9.gif) ### 1.1.3 Cygwin 的安装和配置 @@ -86,47 +85,47 @@ gcc --version > > 下载地址在[这里](https://www.cygwin.com/install.html)。 -![](./assets/33.png) +![](./assets/10.png) * 点击安装： -![](./assets/34.png) +![](./assets/11.png) -![](./assets/35.png) +![](./assets/12.png) -![](./assets/36.png) +![](./assets/13.png) -![](./assets/37.png) +![](./assets/14.png) -![](./assets/38.png) +![](./assets/15.png) -![](./assets/39.png) +![](./assets/16.png) -![](./assets/40.png) +![](./assets/17.png) -![](./assets/41.png) +![](./assets/18.png) > [!NOTE] > > 默认是最小化安装，没有 GCC，需要选择 gcc-core、gcc-g++、make、gdb、binutils 。 -![](./assets/42.png) +![](./assets/19.png) -![](./assets/43.png) +![](./assets/20.png) -![](./assets/44.png) +![](./assets/21.png) -![](./assets/45.png) +![](./assets/22.png) -![](./assets/46.png) +![](./assets/23.png) -![](./assets/47.png) +![](./assets/24.png) -![](./assets/48.png) +![](./assets/25.png) -![](./assets/49.png) +![](./assets/26.png) -![](./assets/50.png) +![](./assets/27.png) #### 1.1.3.2 配置 path 环境变量 @@ -142,23 +141,23 @@ gcc --version > > 下载地址在[这里](https://www.msys2.org/)。 -![](./assets/51.png) +![](./assets/28.png) * 点击安装： -![](./assets/52.png) +![](./assets/29.png) -![](./assets/53.png) +![](./assets/30.png) -![](./assets/54.png) +![](./assets/31.png) -![](./assets/55.png) +![](./assets/32.png) -![](./assets/56.png) +![](./assets/33.png) * 出现命令终端： -![](./assets/57.png) +![](./assets/34.png) * 替换清华镜像源（可选）： @@ -166,7 +165,7 @@ gcc --version sed -i "s#https\?://mirror.msys2.org/#https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/msys2/#g" /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist* ``` -![](./assets/58.gif) +![](./assets/35.gif) * 安装 gcc 等相关开发包： @@ -182,7 +181,7 @@ pacman -Sy base-devel --noconfirm # 安装开发工具包 pacman -Sy mingw-w64-x86_64-toolchain --noconfirm # 安装开发 gcc 相关工具链 ``` -![](./assets/59.gif) +![](./assets/36.gif) #### 1.1.4.2 配置 path 环境变量 @@ -200,73 +199,73 @@ pacman -Sy mingw-w64-x86_64-toolchain --noconfirm # 安装开发 gcc 相关工 * 鼠标双击，进入安装： -![](./assets/60.png) +![](./assets/37.png) * 下一步： -![](./assets/61.png) +![](./assets/38.png) * 下一步： -![](./assets/62.png) +![](./assets/39.png) * 下一步： -![](./assets/63.png) +![](./assets/40.png) * 安装： -![](./assets/64.png) +![](./assets/41.png) * 安装完成： -![](./assets/65.png) +![](./assets/42.png) #### 1.2.1.3 配置 * 打开 CLion ： -![](./assets/66.png) +![](./assets/43.png) * 安装中文插件（可选）： -![](./assets/67.png) +![](./assets/44.png) -![](./assets/68.png) +![](./assets/45.png) * 配置新 UI ： -![](./assets/69.png) +![](./assets/46.png) -![](./assets/70.png) +![](./assets/47.png) * 新 UI 配置自定义字体（可选）： -![](./assets/71.png) +![](./assets/48.png) * 配置`自动保存`功能： -![](./assets/72.png) +![](./assets/49.png) * 配置`文件编码` 为 UTF-8： -![](./assets/73.png) +![](./assets/50.png) * 配置`控制台编码`为 UTF-8： -![](./assets/74.png) +![](./assets/51.png) * 配置`显示方法分隔符`功能： -![](./assets/75.png) +![](./assets/52.png) * 配置`编辑器`的字体（可选）： -![](./assets/76.png) +![](./assets/53.png) * 检测 GCC 工具链是否安装成功： -![](./assets/77.png) +![](./assets/54.png) ### 1.2.2 VS Code @@ -282,49 +281,49 @@ pacman -Sy mingw-w64-x86_64-toolchain --noconfirm # 安装开发 gcc 相关工 * 鼠标双击，进入安装： -![](./assets/78.png) +![](./assets/55.png) * 同意协议： -![](./assets/79.png) +![](./assets/56.png) * 下一步： -![](./assets/80.png) +![](./assets/57.png) * 下一步： -![](./assets/81.png) +![](./assets/58.png) * 下一步： -![](./assets/82.png) +![](./assets/59.png) * 安装： -![](./assets/83.png) +![](./assets/60.png) * 安装过程： -![](./assets/84.png) +![](./assets/61.png) * 安装完成： -![](./assets/85.png) +![](./assets/62.png) #### 1.2.2.3 配置 * 安装`中文`插件： -![](./assets/86.png) +![](./assets/63.png) -![](./assets/87.png) +![](./assets/64.png) * 安装 `C/C++` 插件： -![](./assets/88.png) +![](./assets/65.png) -![](./assets/89.png) +![](./assets/66.png) ### 1.2.3 Microsoft Visual Studio @@ -342,69 +341,69 @@ pacman -Sy mingw-w64-x86_64-toolchain --noconfirm # 安装开发 gcc 相关工 * 鼠标双击，进入安装： -![](./assets/90.png) +![](./assets/67.png) * 继续： -![](./assets/91.png) +![](./assets/68.png) * 等待： -![](./assets/92.png) +![](./assets/69.png) * 工作负荷（使用 C++ 的桌面开发）： -![](./assets/93.png) +![](./assets/70.png) * 单个组件： -![](./assets/94.png) +![](./assets/71.png) * 语言包： -![](./assets/95.png) +![](./assets/72.png) * 安装位置（修改默认的安装位置）： -![](./assets/96.png) +![](./assets/73.png) * 如果不是第一次安装，可能会出现`共享组件、工具和 SDK`不可以修改，即： -![](./assets/97.png) +![](./assets/74.png) * 此时，就需要打开`注册表编辑器`，将如下图中的除了第一个选项，全部删除，然后关闭再重新安装，即： -![](./assets/98.png) +![](./assets/75.png) * 开始安装： -![](./assets/99.png) +![](./assets/76.png) * 安装中： -![](./assets/100.png) +![](./assets/77.png) * 安装完成，然后关闭： -![](./assets/101.png) +![](./assets/78.png) #### 1.2.3.3 配置 * 在开始菜单处，启动 VS ： -![](./assets/102.png) +![](./assets/79.png) * 登录或跳过该选项（有微软账号就注册，没有就暂时跳过）： -![](./assets/103.png) +![](./assets/80.png) * 继续： -![](./assets/104.png) +![](./assets/81.png) * 注册 VS ： -![](./assets/105.png) +![](./assets/82.png) * 填写注册码： @@ -413,19 +412,19 @@ pacman -Sy mingw-w64-x86_64-toolchain --noconfirm # 安装开发 gcc 相关工 > * ① Pro 版本：`TD244-P4NB7-YQ6XK-Y8MMM-YWV2J` > * ② Enterprise 版本：`VHF9H-NXBBB-638P6-6JHCY-88JWH` -![](./assets/106.png) +![](./assets/83.png) -![](./assets/107.png) +![](./assets/84.png) -# 第二章：HelloWorld（⭐） +# 第二章：C 语言入门（HelloWorld，⭐） -### 2.3.1 手动版 +## 2.1 手动版 * ① 新建一个 `HelloWorld.c` 的文件： -![](./assets/108.png) +![](./assets/85.png) * ② 通过`记事本`等软件打开该文件，输入如下的代码，并保存： @@ -438,7 +437,7 @@ int main(){ } ``` -![](./assets/109.gif) +![](./assets/86.gif) * ③ 通过 `gcc` 命令编译该文件： @@ -446,7 +445,7 @@ int main(){ gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.exe ``` -![](./assets/110.gif) +![](./assets/87.gif) * ④ 执行： @@ -454,27 +453,27 @@ gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.exe ./HelloWorld.exe ``` -![](./assets/111.gif) +![](./assets/88.gif) -### 2.3.2 VS Code 版 +## 2.2 VS Code 版 * ① 新建一个`空`文件夹（目录），用于存放代码： -![](./assets/112.png) +![](./assets/89.png) * ② 通过 `vscode` 打开该目录： -![](./assets/113.gif) +![](./assets/90.gif) * ③ 在 `vscode` 中新建 `HelloWorld.c` 文件： -![](./assets/114.gif) +![](./assets/91.gif) * ④ 设置 VSCode 中 C/C++ 的代码格式为行尾风格（可选）： -![](./assets/115.png) +![](./assets/92.png) -![](./assets/116.png) +![](./assets/93.png) * ⑤ 编写如下的代码，并保存： @@ -487,7 +486,7 @@ int main(){ } ``` -![](./assets/117.gif) +![](./assets/94.gif) * ⑥ 通过 `gcc` 命令编译该文件： @@ -495,7 +494,7 @@ int main(){ gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.exe ``` -![](./assets/118.gif) +![](./assets/95.gif) * ⑦ 执行： @@ -503,33 +502,33 @@ gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.exe ./HelloWorld.exe ``` -![](./assets/119.gif) +![](./assets/96.gif) * ⑧ 安装 Code Runner 插件（步骤略），实现右键直接编译执行（可选）： -![](./assets/120.gif) +![](./assets/97.gif) -### 2.3.3 VS 版 +## 2.3 VS 版 * ① 新建空项目： -![](./assets/121.png) +![](./assets/98.png) -![](./assets/122.png) +![](./assets/99.png) -![](./assets/123.png) +![](./assets/100.png) -![](./assets/124.png) +![](./assets/101.png) * ② 打开`解决方案资源管理器`： -![](./assets/125.png) +![](./assets/102.png) -![](./assets/126.png) +![](./assets/103.png) * ③ 新建 `HelloWorld.c` 文件： -![](./assets/127.gif) +![](./assets/104.gif) * ④ 编写如下代码，并保存： @@ -542,21 +541,21 @@ int main(){ } ``` -![](./assets/128.gif) +![](./assets/105.gif) * ⑤ 编译和执行： -![](./assets/129.gif) +![](./assets/106.gif) -### 2.3.4 CLion +## 2.4 CLion 版 * ① 新建空项目： -![](./assets/130.png) +![](./assets/107.png) -![](./assets/131.png) +![](./assets/108.png) -![](./assets/132.png) +![](./assets/109.png) * ② 编写如下代码，并保存： @@ -569,21 +568,21 @@ int main(){ } ``` -![](./assets/133.gif) +![](./assets/110.gif) * ③ 编译和运行： -![](./assets/134.gif) +![](./assets/111.gif) * ④ 默认情况下，一个项目只能有一个 c 源文件包含 main 函数，但是 CLion 可以有多个，如下： -![](./assets/135.gif) +![](./assets/112.gif) * ⑤ 如果之后，有中文乱码问题，那么请做如下步骤： -![](./assets/136.png) +![](./assets/113.png) -![](./assets/137.gif) +![](./assets/114.gif) > [!NOTE] > @@ -596,10 +595,110 @@ int main(){ -# 第三章：注释（⭐） + + +# 第三章：五花八门的 C 语言编译器（⭐） ## 3.1 概述 +* 由于 C 语言的历史比较久，而且早期没有规范，整个计算机产业也都处于拓荒的年代，所以就涌现了很多款 C 语言编译器，它们各有特点，适用于不同的平台。 + +## 3.2 桌面操作系统 + +* 目前而言，主流的桌面操作系统就是 Windows、Linux 和 MacOS 。 +* 对于 Windows 而言，使用的最多的 C/C++ 编译器是 `MSVC` （Microsoft Visual C++），被集成在 Visual Studio 开发环境中，其特点如下： + * ① **兼容性**: 与 Windows 操作系统和 Windows API 深度集成，生成的二进制文件为 PE 格式。 + * ② **调试工具**: 提供强大的调试工具，如：Visual Studio Debugger。 + * ③ **优化**: 支持各种编译器优化，特别是针对 Windows 平台的优化。 + * ④ **库支持**: 提供丰富的 Windows 专用库，如：~~MFC（Microsoft Foundation Class Library）~~。 + +> [!NOTE] +> +> MSVC 不开源，我们可以使用 Visual Studio Community 社区版，但是如果想使用 Visual Studio Community 社区版生成出来的应用进行商用，就需要好好阅读微软的许可证和说明书了。 + +* 对于 Linux 而言，使用的最多的 C/C++ 编译器是 `GCC`（支持多种架构和语言），并且很多 Linux 发行版本都将 GCC 作为默认的编译器，其特点如下所示： + * ① **广泛支持**: 支持各种 Linux 发行版，是大多数开源项目的默认编译器。 + * ② **强大的优化**: 提供各种编译优化选项，适合多种性能需求的开发。 + * ③ **丰富的工具链**: 和 GDB（GNU 调试器）、Make、Autoconf 等工具无缝集成。 + +> [!NOTE] +> +> 目前而言，GCC 已经属于跨平台的项目了，支持 Windows、Linux 和 MacOS ，在 Windows 上 GCC 的移植项目，如：MinGW、Cygwin 以及 MSYS2，其差别如下所示： +> +> * ① MinGW 提供了 GCC 编译器的 Windows 版本，可以生成 Windows 兼容的本地代码。 +> * ② Cygwin 是一个在 Windows 上运行的类 Unix 环境，它提供了一套完整的 POSIX 兼容工具，包括 GCC 编译器。 +> * ③ MSYS2 是一个在 Windows 上运行的轻量级、开源的 Unix-like 环境，它为 Windows 用户提供了类似于 Linux 的开发环境。MSYS2 是 MinGW 和 Cygwin 的后继者，旨在提供更现代化和更强大的开发工具集。 + + + +* 对于 MacOS 而言，使用的最多的 C/C++ 编译器是 `Clang/LLVM`，其特点如下： + * ① **Xcode 集成**: 深度集成到 Xcode 中，支持 Apple 的所有平台（macOS、iOS、tvOS、watchOS）的开发。 + * ② **优化和兼容**: 生成的代码针对 Apple 的硬件进行优化，并兼容 GCC 的大部分功能。 + * ③ **现代化**: Clang 提供了对 C 语言标准的全面支持，并且以其快速的编译速度和易读的错误报告而著称。 + +> [!NOTE] +> +> 在 MacOS 中，尽管 Clang 是默认编译器；但是，也可以 Homebrew 等包管理器来安装 GCC ，以便开发 C/C++ 项目。 + +## 3.3 嵌入式系统 + +* 在嵌入式系统开发中，可用的 C 语言编译器以及工具链非常丰富， 有很多是免费或开源的，如下所示： + + * `GCC (GNU Compiler Collection)`： + * 简介：GCC 是最广泛使用的开源编译器集合之一，支持多种处理器架构，包括 ARM、AVR、MIPS、RISC-V 等。 + * 开源或免费：完全开源且免费，受到广泛的社区支持。 + * `Clang/LLVM`： + * 简介：Clang 是基于 LLVM 架构的开源编译器，支持多种架构，并且与 GCC 兼容。 + * 开源或免费：开源且免费，具有快速的编译速度和现代化的代码分析工具。 + * `SDCC (Small Device C Compiler)`： + * 简介: SDCC 是一个开源的跨平台 C 编译器，主要用于 8 位和 16 位微控制器，如：8051、Z80、PIC 等。 + * 开源或免费：完全开源且免费，适合教育和小型项目开发。 + * `MPLAB XC Compilers`： + * 简介：MPLAB XC 是由 Microchip 提供的编译器系列，专门用于其 PIC 和 dsPIC 微控制器。 + * 开源或免费：提供免费版本（使用标准优化级别），但也有付费版本提供更高级的优化。 + * `ARM GCC`： + * 简介：ARM GCC 是 GCC 的一个专门版本，针对 ARM Cortex-M 系列微控制器进行了优化。 + * 开源或免费：完全开源且免费，广泛用于工业、教育和开源项目中。 + * `PlatformIO` ： + * 简介：PlatformIO 是一个开源的嵌入式开发生态系统，支持多种开发板、框架和编译器。 + * 开源或免费：基本功能免费，部分高级功能和插件需要订阅服务。 + * `Eclipse` ： + * 简介：Eclipse 是一个开源的集成开发环境（IDE），可以通过插件支持嵌入式开发。 + * 开源或免费：Eclipse 和 GCC 都是开源免费的，适合跨平台开发。 + * `Arduino IDE`： + * 简介：Arduino IDE 是一个简单易用的开源开发环境，广泛用于 Arduino 开发板和其他兼容开发板。 + * 开源或免费：完全开源且免费，非常适合教育和入门级开发。 + * ... +* 这些编译器以及工具链各有优势，开发者应根据目标硬件平台、项目需求和开发环境选择最适合的编译器。 + +## 3.4 C 语言为什么有那么多的编译器？ + +* C 语言并没有一个官方机构，也不属于哪个公司，它只有一个制定标准的委员会，任何其他组织或者个人都可以开发 C 语言的编译器，而这个编译器要遵守哪个 C 语言标准，是 100% 遵守还是部分遵守，并没有强制性的措施，也没有任何约束。 + +> [!NOTE] +> +> 各个厂商可以为了自己的利益、根据自己的喜好来开发编译器。 + +* 这就导致了一个棘手的问题，有的编译器遵守较新的 C 语言标准，有的编译器只能遵守较老的 C 语言标准，有的编译器还进行了很多扩展。比如： + * GCC、LLVM/Clang 更新非常及时，能够支持最新的 C 语言标准。 + * MSVC 更新比较缓慢，迟迟不能支持新标准，例如：VC 6.0、VS2010 都在使用 C89 标准，VS2015 部分支持 C99 标准。 + +> [!NOTE] +> +> 微软官方给出的答复：最新的标准已经在 C++ 中支持了，C 语言就没必要再重复了。 + +* 初学者经常会遇到这种情况，有些代码在 MSVC 下能够正常运行，拿到 GCC 下就不行了，一堆报错信息； 或者反过来，在 GCC 上能运行的代码在 MSVC 下不能运行。这是因为不同的编译器支持的标准不同，每个编译器都进行了自己的扩展，假如你使用了 MSVC 自己的扩展函数，那么拿到 GCC 下肯定是不支持的。 + +> [!IMPORTANT] +> +> 在学习的时候，无所谓使用那个 C 语言编译器了；但是，如果要开发实际项目（开源或商业），最好使用 GCC 编译器，因为其功能最强大、开源、跨平台、免费，支持最新的 C 语言标准。 + + + +# 第四章：注释（⭐） + +## 4.1 概述 + * 编程语言中，`注释`是一种`特殊`的文本，它不会被编译器执行，而仅用于代码的解释和文档说明。 >[!NOTE] @@ -607,7 +706,7 @@ int main(){ >* ① 注释是一个程序员必须有具有的良好编程习惯。 >* ② 在实际开发中，程序员可以将自己的思路通过`注释`整理出来，然后再用`代码`去实现。 -## 3.2 单行注释 +## 4.2 单行注释 * C 语言中的单行注释的格式，如下所示： @@ -634,7 +733,7 @@ int main() { // 定义主函数 } ``` -## 3.3 多行注释 +## 4.3 多行注释 * C 语言中的多行注释的格式，如下所示： @@ -672,11 +771,11 @@ int main() { -# 第四章：HelloWorld 的规范（⭐） +# 第五章：HelloWorld 的规范（⭐） -## 4.1 规范的代码风格 +## 5.1 规范的代码风格 -### 4.1.1 正确的缩进和空白 +### 5.1.1 正确的缩进和空白 * ① 使用一次 `tab` 操作，实现缩进，默认整体向右边移动；如果使用 `shift + tab` 则整体向左移动。 * ② 运算符两边习惯各加一个空格，如：`2 + 4 = 6`。 @@ -704,7 +803,7 @@ int main() { } ``` -### 4.1.2 代码风格 +### 5.1.2 代码风格 * 在 C 语言中，有两种代码风格：`行尾风格`和`次行风格`。 @@ -746,9 +845,9 @@ int main() } ``` -## 4.2 代码细节剖析 +## 5.2 代码细节剖析 -### 4.2.1 main() 函数 +### 5.2.1 main() 函数 * 在 C 语言中，一个程序或工程可以定义很多函数，但是有且只有一个 main() 函数，作为程序执行的入口，并且在 main() 函数结尾结束整个程序的运行，即： @@ -766,14 +865,14 @@ int main(){ > * ① 在 C 语言中，人们约定，如果 `return 0`，就表示 main() 函数终止运行，且运行成功；如果返回其它非零整数，则表示运行失败。 > * ② 默认情况下，如果 main() 函数中省略 `return 0` ，则编译器会自动加上；但是，为了保持统一的代码风格，不建议省略。 -### 4.2.2 函数体 +### 5.2.2 函数体 * ① 一对花括号 `{}` 定义了函数的主体，所有函数都必须以大括号开头和结尾，成对出现。 * ② C 程序中的函数体指的是作为该函数一部分的语句。它可以是任何操作，比如：搜索、排序、打印等。 * ③ 每一个执行语句后面都会有一个英文分号`;`作为语句结束的标志。 * ④ 一行内可写几条语句，一条语句也可写在几行上。 -### 4.2.3 printf() 函数 +### 5.2.3 printf() 函数 * printf() 函数的格式，如下所示： @@ -793,9 +892,9 @@ printf ("Hello World"); // 将字符串输出到控制台，行尾不换行 printf("Hello World\n"); ``` -### 4.2.4 标准库和头文件 +### 5.2.4 标准库和头文件 -#### 4.2.4.1 概述 +#### 5.2.4.1 概述 * printf() 函数是在标准库的头文件 `stdio.h` 中定义的，要想在程序中使用这个函数，必须在源文件的头部引入该头文件，即： @@ -803,7 +902,7 @@ printf("Hello World\n"); #include ``` -#### 4.2.4.2 标准库（Standard Library） +#### 5.2.4.2 标准库（Standard Library） * C 语言的`标准库`是由一组函数组成，这些函数提供了许多常用的操作和功能，如：输入输出、字符串处理、内存管理、数学计算等。标准库中的函数由编译器提供，遵循 ANSI C 标准（如：C89/C90、C99、C11等）。 * 换言之，C 语言的`标准库`就是包含函数的实际代码，这些代码在编译的时候被链接到我们的程序中，无需手动包含。C 语言的`标准库`提供了可重用的函数实现，使得程序员不必编写常用的功能。 @@ -812,7 +911,7 @@ printf("Hello World\n"); > > 实际的 printf() 函数的实现代码通常位于标准库的实现文件中，如：在 Linux 中的标准库`libc.so.6` 就包含了 printf() 函数的实现。 -#### 4.2.4.3 头文件（Header Files） +#### 5.2.4.3 头文件（Header Files） * `头文件`是包含函数声明、宏定义、数据类型定义等内容的文件。头文件的作用是为源代码提供必要的声明和定义，以便编译器能够正确解析和链接函数调用。头文件通常以`.h`作为文件扩展名。 * 换言之，头文件包含函数声明、宏定义和数据类型定义，但不包含函数的实现。头文件告知编译器如何使用标准库中的函数和定义，确保编译时的正确性。头文件需要在源代码文件中使用`#include`指令显式包含，如：`#include `。 @@ -830,7 +929,7 @@ printf("Hello World\n"); | **stdbool.h** | 布尔类型库 | `bool`， `true`， `false` | | **assert.h** | 断言库 | `assert` | -#### 4.2.4.4 预处理命令 +#### 5.2.4.4 预处理命令 * `#include` 命令的作用是将指定文件的内容插入到包含该命令的源文件中。这通常用于包含头文件，以便使用头文件中声明的函数、宏和数据类型。 * 语法： @@ -849,16 +948,16 @@ printf("Hello World\n"); -# 第五章：CLion 高级配置（⭐） +# 第六章：CLion 高级配置（⭐） -## 5.1 安装和配置 WSL2 +## 6.1 安装和配置 WSL2 -### 5.1.1 概述 +### 6.1.1 概述 * WSL 2，全称为 Windows Subsystem for Linux 2，是微软提供的一种技术，允许用户在 Windows 操作系统上运行 Linux 内核。WSL 2 是 WSL 的升级版，它引入了一个真正的 Linux 内核来代替 WSL 1 中使用的兼容层，从而提供更高的性能和更广泛的系统调用支持。 * 其架构图，如下所示： -![](./assets/138.png) +![](./assets/115.png) * WSL2 的功能，如下所示： * ① **真实的Linux内核**：WSL 2 使用了微软开发的轻量级虚拟机，它包含了一个完整的 Linux 内核。这意味着 WSL 2 能够运行更多的 Linux 应用程序，并且支持更多的系统调用。 @@ -873,15 +972,15 @@ printf("Hello World\n"); * ③ **多平台开发**：对于跨平台开发者来说，WSL 2 允许他们在一个操作系统上同时进行 Windows 和 Linux 平台的开发和测试，提高工作效率。 * ④ **运行 Linux 工具和应用程序**：WSL 2 支持在 Windows 上直接运行各种 Linux 工具和应用程序，如：Docker、数据库、编程语言环境等。 -### 5.1.2 WSL2 的安装 +### 6.1.2 WSL2 的安装 * ① BIOS 或 UEFI 中，开启虚拟化：步骤略。 -![](./assets/139.png) +![](./assets/116.png) * ② 查看是否开启了虚拟化： -![](./assets/140.png) +![](./assets/117.png) * ③ 启用适用于 Linux 的 Windows 子系统： @@ -895,7 +994,7 @@ dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux -![](./assets/141.gif) +![](./assets/118.gif) * ④ 启用虚拟机功能： @@ -907,7 +1006,7 @@ dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:VirtualMachinePlatform /all /nores > > 以管理员身份打开 PowerShell 并运行，执行完上述命令之后，如果提示需要重启计算机，那就重启计算机。 -![](./assets/142.gif) +![](./assets/119.gif) * ⑤ 更新 Linux 内核包： @@ -919,7 +1018,7 @@ wsl --update > > wsl2 的最新 Linux 内核包托管在 GitHub 上，某些国家可能会污染 Github 相关的域名，那么就需要手动下载，然后安装即可，下载地址在[这里](https://wslstorestorage.blob.core.windows.net/wslblob/wsl_update_x64.msi)。 -![](./assets/143.gif) +![](./assets/120.gif) * ⑥ 将 wsl2 设置为默认版本： @@ -927,7 +1026,7 @@ wsl --update wsl --set-default-version 2 ``` -![](./assets/144.gif) +![](./assets/121.gif) * ⑦ 查看官方在线支持的 Linux 版本： @@ -935,7 +1034,7 @@ wsl --set-default-version 2 wsl --list --online ``` -![](./assets/145.gif) +![](./assets/122.gif) * ⑧ 安装指定版本的 Linux ： @@ -947,11 +1046,11 @@ wsl --install Ubuntu-24.04 > > 官方支持的 Linux 版本，托管在 Github 上，某些国家可能会污染 Github 的域名；此时，要么走科学上网，要么在 `Microsoft Store` 中搜索并安装。 -![](./assets/146.gif) +![](./assets/123.gif) * ⑨ 在 Microsoft Store 中搜索并安装（可选）： -![](./assets/147.png) +![](./assets/124.png) * ⑩ 查询本地安装的 Linux 版本： @@ -959,9 +1058,9 @@ wsl --install Ubuntu-24.04 wsl --list ``` -![](./assets/148.gif) +![](./assets/125.gif) -### 5.1.3 配置 WSL2 +### 6.1.3 配置 WSL2 * 本人的安装的是 AlmaLinux9 ，所以需要执行如下命令，以便安装 cmake 相关工具链： @@ -974,13 +1073,13 @@ sudo dnf install make -y # 安装 make sudo dnf install gdb -y # 安装 gdb ``` -![](./assets/149.gif) +![](./assets/126.gif) * 可以通过 CLion 测试是否安装成功： -![](./assets/150.gif) +![](./assets/127.gif) -### 5.1.4 配置 WSL2 +### 6.1.4 配置 WSL2 * 本人的安装的是 Ubuntu 24.04，所以需要执行如下命令，以便安装 cmake 相关工具链： @@ -992,7 +1091,7 @@ sudo apt install cmake -y # 安装 cmake sudo apt install gdb -y # 安装 gdb ``` -![](./assets/151.gif) +![](./assets/128.gif) * 可以通过 CLion 测试是否安装成功： @@ -1000,19 +1099,19 @@ sudo apt install gdb -y # 安装 gdb > > 默认仓库中的 GDB 的版本会很高，CLion 会不支持，那么就需要手动下载源码，自行编译，本次不再演示！！！ -![](./assets/152.gif) +![](./assets/129.gif) -## 5.2 切换 CLion 中的 cmake 的工具链 +## 6.2 切换 CLion 中的 cmake 的工具链 * 可以在 CLoin 中切换 cmake 的工具链，以便支持不同平台的 cmake ，即： -![](./assets/153.gif) +![](./assets/130.gif) -## 5.3 修改 CMakeLists.txt 文件 +## 6.3 修改 CMakeLists.txt 文件 * 前文也提到了，在一个 C 语言项目中，只能有一个 main() 函数；但是，我们可以修改 `CMakeLists.txt` 文件的内容，以便其支持在一个 C 语言项目中，可以有多个包含 main() 函数的文件，如下所示： -![](./assets/154.png) +![](./assets/131.png) * `CMakeLists.txt` 的内容，如下所示： @@ -1083,11 +1182,11 @@ foreach (SOURCE ${SOURCES}) endforeach () ``` -## 5.4 配置 .clang-format 文件 +## 6.4 配置 .clang-format 文件 * 配置 `.clang-format` 格式化文件，以便写代码的时候，可以自动保存并格式化 C 程序代码，如下所示： -![](./assets/155.png) +![](./assets/132.png) * `.clang-format` 的内容，如下所示： @@ -1129,13 +1228,13 @@ SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses: false * CLion 中配置`保存`的时候`自动格式化`，即： -![](./assets/156.gif) +![](./assets/133.gif) -## 5.5 配置 .gitignore 文件 +## 6.5 配置 .gitignore 文件 * 需要在项目中，配置 `.gitignore` 文件，以便在提交代码到 Git 仓库的时候，忽略某些文件或目录，如下所示： -![](./assets/157.png) +![](./assets/134.png) * `.gitignore` 文件的内容，如下所示： @@ -1146,7 +1245,7 @@ cmake-build-* build ``` -## 5.6 演示 +## 6.6 演示 * 我们可以在项目中，临时创建或复制一个文件，看上述配置是否生效，即： @@ -1154,17 +1253,17 @@ build > > 如果是复制并粘贴一个文件到项目中，请点击`重新加载 CMake 项目`！！！ -![](./assets/158.gif) +![](./assets/135.gif) -# 第六章：C 语言的编译过程（⭐） +# 第七章：C 语言的编译过程（⭐） -## 6.1 概述 +## 7.1 概述 * C 程序的编译过程，如下所示： -![](./assets/159.png) +![](./assets/136.png) * 过程 ① ：编写（编辑）源代码，即：编写 C 语言源程序代码，并以文件的形式存储在磁盘中。 @@ -1205,14 +1304,14 @@ build > > 如果`修改`了源代码，还需要重新`编译`、`链接`，并生成新的 `*.exe`文件，再执行，方能生效。 -## 6.2 GCC 编译器的介绍 +## 7.2 GCC 编译器的介绍 * 编辑器，如：vim 、vscode 等，是指我们用它来编写源程序的（编辑代码），而我们写的代码语句，电脑是不懂的，我们需要把它转成电脑能懂的语句，编译器就是这样的转化工具。换言之，我们用编辑器编写程序，由编译器编译后才可以运行！ * 编译器是将易于编写、阅读和维护的高级计算机语言翻译为计算机能解读、运行的低级机器语言的程序。 * gcc（GNU Compiler Collection，GNU 编译器套件），是由 GNU 开发的编程语言编译器。gcc 原本作为 GNU 操作系统的官方编译器，现已被大多数类 Unix 操作系统（如：Linux、BSD、Mac OS X 等）采纳为标准的编译器，gcc 同样适用于微软的 Windows 。 * gcc 最初用于编译 C 语言，随着项目的发展， gcc 已经成为了能够编译 C、C++、Java、Ada、fortran、Object C、Object C++、Go 语言的编译器大家族。 -## 6.3 通过 gcc 直接生成可执行文件 +## 7.3 通过 gcc 直接生成可执行文件 * 示例：进行预处理、编译、汇编和链接 @@ -1220,11 +1319,11 @@ build gcc HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.exe ``` -![](./assets/160.gif) +![](./assets/137.gif) -## 6.4 通过 gcc 分步编译 +## 7.4 通过 gcc 分步编译 -### 6.3.1 概述 +### 7.3.1 概述 * 预处理命令： @@ -1250,7 +1349,7 @@ gcc -c 源文件.s -o 源文件.o # 在 Linux 中，通常以 .o 结尾；在 Wi gcc 源文件.o -o 源文件.exe # 在 Linux 中，通常以 .out 结尾；在 Windows 中，通常以 .exe 结尾 ``` -### 6.4.2 应用示例 +### 7.4.2 应用示例 * 示例：只进行预处理 @@ -1258,7 +1357,7 @@ gcc 源文件.o -o 源文件.exe # 在 Linux 中，通常以 .out 结尾；在 W gcc -E HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.i ``` -![](./assets/161.gif) +![](./assets/138.gif) @@ -1268,7 +1367,7 @@ gcc -E HelloWorld.c -o HelloWorld.i gcc -S HelloWorld.i -o HelloWorld.s ``` -![](./assets/162.gif) +![](./assets/139.gif) @@ -1278,7 +1377,7 @@ gcc -S HelloWorld.i -o HelloWorld.s gcc -c HelloWorld.s -o HelloWorld.o ``` -![](./assets/163.gif) +![](./assets/140.gif) @@ -1288,15 +1387,15 @@ gcc -c HelloWorld.s -o HelloWorld.o gcc HelloWorld.o -o HelloWorld.exe ``` -![](./assets/164.gif) +![](./assets/141.gif) -# 第七章：附录 +# 第八章：附录 -## 7.1 WSL2 代理问题 +## 8.1 WSL2 代理问题 * 在安装和配置 WSL2 之后，可能会出现如下的提示，即： -![](./assets/166.png) +![](./assets/142.png) * 那么，只需要修改 `%USERPROFILE%\.wslconfig`文件，内容如下： @@ -1313,7 +1412,7 @@ bestEffortDnsParsing=true useWindowsDnsCache=true ``` -![](./assets/167.png) +![](./assets/143.png) * 在命令行中，执行如下的命令： @@ -1321,21 +1420,21 @@ useWindowsDnsCache=true wsl --shutdown ``` -![](./assets/168.gif) +![](./assets/144.gif) * 此时，再打开终端，就没有这种提示了： -![](./assets/169.png) +![](./assets/145.png) -## 7.2 CLion 调试问题 +## 8.2 CLion 调试问题 * 在 CLion 中进行 run（运行）程序的时候，对于 `printf` 函数或 `scanf` 函数很正常，如下所示： -![](./assets/170.gif) +![](./assets/146.gif) * 但是，当我们 debug（调试） 的时候，对于 `printf` 函数或 `scanf` 函数会一直没有输出，如下所示： -![](./assets/171.gif) +![](./assets/147.gif) * 原因是 `scanf` 函数并不是直接让用户从键盘输入数据，而是先检查缓冲区，处理缓冲区中的数据；当遇到 `scanf` 函数时，程序会先检查输入缓冲区中是否有数据，所以解决方案就是`禁用缓冲区`，如下所示： @@ -1360,11 +1459,11 @@ int main() { * 那么，就会达到我们想要的效果了，如下所示： -![](./assets/172.gif) +![](./assets/148.gif) -## 7.3 内存泄露检测 +## 8.3 内存泄露检测 -### 7.3.1 概述 +### 8.3.1 概述 * C 语言中的指针是否使用是个颇具争议的话题，现代化的高级编程语言通过各种策略和机制，在编译期就能解决指针危险的问题。但是，遗憾的是，C 语言的指针很大程度上，在运行期才会暴露问题。 * 幸运的是，我们可以使用 `Valgrind` 项目来进行`内存泄露检测`和`性能分析`，而 `Valgrind` 只支持 Linux 。 @@ -1373,7 +1472,7 @@ int main() { > >win 11 中的 WSL2 就是个 Linux 环境，我们可以在上面跑各种 Linux 工具，这样我们就不需要再安装虚拟机软件了，如：VMware Workstation（它会完整的模拟一个硬件系统，并在上面跑各种 Linux ，实在是太笨重了）。 -### 7.3.2 安装 +### 8.3.2 安装 * 在 WSL2 上安装 Valgrind ： @@ -1385,7 +1484,7 @@ dnf -y upgrade && dnf -y install valgrind # AlmaLinux apt -y update && apt -y upgrade && apt -y install valgrind # Ubuntu ``` -![](./assets/173.gif) +![](./assets/149.gif) * 查看 valgrind 可执行文件的安装位置： @@ -1393,17 +1492,17 @@ apt -y update && apt -y upgrade && apt -y install valgrind # Ubuntu which valgrind ``` -![](./assets/174.gif) +![](./assets/150.gif) -### 7.3.3 整合 +### 8.3.3 整合 * CLion 中将工具链设置为 WSL2 ： -![](./assets/175.gif) +![](./assets/151.gif) * CLion 中配置 valgrind 的路径： -![](./assets/176.png) +![](./assets/152.png) * 查看 WSL2 中 cmake 的版本： @@ -1411,7 +1510,7 @@ which valgrind cmake --version ``` -![](./assets/177.png) +![](./assets/153.png) * 修改项目中 CMakeLists.txt 中 cmake 的版本： @@ -1484,21 +1583,21 @@ endforeach () * 在 CLion 中正常运行代码： -![](./assets/178.gif) +![](./assets/154.gif) * 在 CLion 中通过 valgrind 运行代码： -![](./assets/179.gif) +![](./assets/155.gif) -## 7.4 性能分析 +## 8.4 性能分析 -### 7.4.1 概述 +### 8.4.1 概述 * `perf` 是一个 Linux 下的性能分析工具，主要用于监控和分析系统性能。它可以帮助开发者和系统管理员了解系统中哪些部分在消耗资源、识别性能瓶颈以及分析程序的运行效率。 -### 7.4.2 安装 +### 8.4.2 安装 -#### 7.4.2.1 AlmaLinux9 +#### 8.4.2.1 AlmaLinux9 * 在 WSL2 中的 AlmaLinux 安装 perf ： @@ -1506,9 +1605,9 @@ endforeach () dnf -y install perf ``` -![](./assets/180.gif) +![](./assets/156.gif) -#### 7.4.2.2 Ubuntu 22.04 +#### 8.4.2.2 Ubuntu 22.04 * 在 WSL2 中的 Ubuntu 安装 perf ： @@ -1517,7 +1616,7 @@ apt -y update \ && apt -y install linux-tools-common linux-tools-generic linux-tools-$(uname -r) ``` -![](./assets/181.gif) +![](./assets/157.gif) > [!NOTE] > @@ -1529,7 +1628,7 @@ apt -y update \ uname -sr ``` -![](./assets/182.gif) +![](./assets/158.gif) * 设置环境变量，方便后续引用： @@ -1537,7 +1636,7 @@ uname -sr export KERNEL_VERSION=$(uname -r | cut -d'-' -f1) ``` -![](./assets/183.gif) +![](./assets/159.gif) * 安装依赖库： @@ -1551,7 +1650,7 @@ apt -y update && \ libelf++0 libbfb0-dev python-dev-is-python3 ``` -![](./assets/184.gif) +![](./assets/160.gif) * 下载源码： @@ -1562,7 +1661,7 @@ git clone \ https://github.com/microsoft/WSL2-Linux-Kernel.git ``` -![](./assets/185.gif) +![](./assets/161.gif) * 编译内核代码： @@ -1574,7 +1673,7 @@ cd WSL2-Linux-Kernel make -j $(nproc) KCONFIG_CONFIG=Microsoft/config-wsl ``` -![](./assets/186.gif) +![](./assets/162.gif) * 编译 perf 工具： @@ -1586,7 +1685,7 @@ cd tools/perf make clean && make ``` -![](./assets/187.gif) +![](./assets/163.gif) * 复制到 PATH 变量所指向的路径中： @@ -1594,19 +1693,19 @@ make clean && make cp perf /usr/bin/ ``` -![](./assets/188.gif) +![](./assets/164.gif) -### 7.4.3 整合 +### 8.4.3 整合 * CLion 中配置 perf 的路径： -![](./assets/189.png) +![](./assets/165.png) * 在 CLion 中通过 perf 运行代码： -![](./assets/190.gif) +![](./assets/166.gif) -## 7.5 Win 中文乱码问题 +## 8.5 Win 中文乱码问题 * 前文，我们提及到，在 Win 中，如果出现`中文乱码`问题，就需要去`语言和区别`设置`系统区域`的编码为 UTF-8 ；但是，这样可能会造成其它的软件出现中文乱码问题，如：Xshell 等。 @@ -1617,17 +1716,17 @@ cp perf /usr/bin/ * 其实，还有一种解决方案，如下所示： -![](./assets/191.png) +![](./assets/167.png) -![](./assets/192.png) +![](./assets/168.png) -![](./assets/193.png) +![](./assets/169.png) * 测试一下，是否配置成功： -![](./assets/194.gif) +![](./assets/170.gif) -## 7.6 CLion 中自动导入头文件 +## 8.6 CLion 中自动导入头文件 * 在 CLion 中，最为强大的功能就是直接输入函数，然后让 IDE 帮我们自动导入头文件，包括自定义的头文件，相当实用。 @@ -1636,11 +1735,11 @@ cp perf /usr/bin/ > * ① CLion 中的`自动导入头文件`的`快捷键`是 `Alt + Enter` 。 > * ② CLion 中的`自动提取变量的类型`的`快捷键`是 `Ctrl + Alt + V` 。 -![](./assets/195.gif) +![](./assets/171.gif) * 开启自动导入头文件的步骤，如下所示： -![](./assets/196.png) +![](./assets/172.png) -![](./assets/197.png) +![](./assets/173.png)